William Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie, and the Making of Modern Montreal Don Nerbas
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Document generated on 09/26/2021 11:06 p.m. Urban History Review Revue d'histoire urbaine William Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie, and the Making of Modern Montreal Don Nerbas Volume 43, Number 2, Spring 2015 Article abstract The Place Ville-Marie development was central to the renovation of Montreal URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1031287ar during the 1950s and 1960s. Its cruciform office tower transformed the city’s DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1031287ar skyline and marked the removal of the city’s financial district from St. James Street to the new alley of skyscrapers on Dorchester Boulevard (now Boulevard See table of contents René Lévesque). Earlier studies have emphasized the role of modern planning in the making of Place Ville-Marie and other post–Second World War urban redevelopment projects. This article advances an interpretation of Place Publisher(s) Ville-Marie as a capital investment in the “production of space.” The project was a highly speculative effort by its developer, William Zeckendorf, to utilize Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine monumental architecture to sell prestige to corporate tenants. This took place in specific, historically contingent, and politically contested circumstances. In a ISSN period when modernization was a powerful and popular idea, Zeckendorf cultivated a myth about Place Ville-Marie that accommodated and absorbed 0703-0428 (print) nationalist aspirations within Montreal and Canada that were fixed upon the 1918-5138 (digital) panacea of modernization. While Zeckendorf’s financial woes and the overcapacity of office space that Place Ville-Marie helped create contradicted Explore this journal the project’s mythic image, Place Ville-Marie also embodied new capitalist values and the rise of new capitalist forces in the city. Cite this article Nerbas, D. (2015). William Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie, and the Making of Modern Montreal. Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 43(2), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.7202/1031287ar All Rights Reserved © Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 2015 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ William Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie, and the Making of Modern Montreal Don Nerbas The Place Ville-Marie development was central to the renovation s’appuyant sur la modernisation perçue comme une panacée. Bien of Montreal during the 1950s and 1960s. Its cruciform office tower que les difficultés financières de Zeckendorf et le surplus d’espace transformed the city’s skyline and marked the removal of the city’s entraîné par le projet allaient à l’encontre de l’image mythique de financial district from St. James Street to the new alley of skyscrapers la Place Ville-Marie, cette dernière a également incarné les nouvelles on Dorchester Boulevard (now Boulevard René Lévesque). Earlier valeurs capitalistes et l’émergence de nouvelles forces capitalistes à studies have emphasized the role of modern planning in the making Montréal. of Place Ville-Marie and other post–Second World War urban re- development projects. This article advances an interpretation of Place American real estate developer William (Bill) Zeckendorf stood Ville-Marie as a capital investment in the “production of space.” atop a broad platform, joined by political, religious, and busi- The project was a highly speculative effort by its developer, William ness dignitaries. The media presence was considerable and Zeckendorf, to utilize monumental architecture to sell prestige to the crowd of onlookers large and eager with anticipation. On corporate tenants. This took place in specific, historically contingent, this day, 13 September 1962, they gathered in a new plaza in and politically contested circumstances. In a period when moderniza- Montreal abutted by a commanding forty-two-storey cruciform tion was a powerful and popular idea, Zeckendorf cultivated a myth tower and connected by stairways to a vast underground shop- about Place Ville-Marie that accommodated and absorbed national- ping promenade: this modern real estate development was 1 ist aspirations within Montreal and Canada that were fixed upon Place Ville-Marie, and the event its official inauguration. Before the panacea of modernization. While Zeckendorf ’s financial woes the large audience, Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie’s developer, and the overcapacity of office space that Place Ville-Marie helped declared it “a lasting achievement that will be known as a mile- create contradicted the project’s mythic image, Place Ville-Marie also stone and marker of progress in our time.” Next, Quebec Premier Jean Lesage took the podium. He described the development as embodied new capitalist values and the rise of new capitalist forces in an important phase in Montreal’s passage into modernity: “With the city. the erection of Place Ville-Marie the whole aspect of the centre of Montreal has changed. One of America’s oldest cities is grad- Le développement de la Place Ville-Marie était au centre du renou- ually becoming one of the most modern.” Mayor Jean Drapeau vèlement de la ville de Montréal pendant les années 1950 et 1960. followed to tell the crowd that the development “is not only a Sa tour à bureaux cruciformes a transformé le paysage urbain et a spectacular achievement in its own right, but was and is an marqué le déplacement du quartier financier de la rue St-Jacques impetus for other developers to choose Montreal as the site of vers le quartier des gratte-ciel du boulevard Dorchester (actuel their projects.” And Canadian National Railways (CNR) President boulevard René-Lévesque). De précédentes études ont souligné le Donald Gordon declared, “In my twelve business years in rôle de l’urbanisme moderne dans la réalisation de la Place Ville- Montreal, nothing has given me greater pleasure than the open- Marie et d’autres projets de développement urbain de l’après-guerre. ing of this, the boldest, most imaginative and biggest real estate Cet article propose d’interpréter la Place Ville-Marie comme un development in the Commonwealth, built on Canadian National investissement important pour la production d’un espace spécifique. property that for many years was jokingly referred to as C.N.R.’s 2 Pour le concepteur William Zeckendorf, le projet représentait un hole in the ground.” The day’s ceremonies powerfully revealed déploiement significatif et risqué d’énergie dans le but d’utiliser a diverse group of people—with different backgrounds, interests, l’architecture monumentale pour vendre du prestige aux entreprises and aims—united by the modernizing ethos articulated through qui l’occuperaient. Ce projet s’est déroulé dans des circonstances Place Ville-Marie. “It has been open only for about 10 days and it is not quite finished,” later wrote Pierre Berton, “yet already it spécifiques marquées par le contexte historique et la contestation has started to transform the town. There is no longer any sense politique. À une époque où la modernisation est une idée puissante et talking about the ‘race’ between Montreal and Toronto. For the populaire, Zeckendorf a construit un mythe de la Place Ville-Marie moment the race is over; Montreal has won.”3 en phase avec les aspirations nationalistes de Montréal et du Canada 5 Urban History Review / Revue d’histoire urbaine Vol. XLiiI, No. 2 (Spring 2015 printemps) Zeckendorf, Place Ville-Marie, and Modern Montreal Writers of Montreal’s urban history have likewise emphasized the and made from very specific, historically contingent, and political- transformative impact of Place Ville-Marie upon the city. It deci- ly contested circumstances. It was, indeed, both the product and sively moved the city’s financial district from St. James Street to source of a “creative destruction” that would contribute to the the emerging alley of skyscrapers on Dorchester Boulevard (now financial woes of its developer and introduce new volatility to the Boulevard René-Lévesque), its underground shopping prom- real estate market. Put another way, the project’s mythic image— enade contributed to the material and conceptual framework for as a beacon of modernity, rational planning, and progress that the elaboration of Montreal’s “underground city,” and it heralded transcended old social and political barriers and achieved collec- a building boom—including major investments in infrastructure tive empowerment—shrouds the business and economic realities from the Métro to Expo—that not only transformed the down- that structured its making.7 Its mythic image accommodated and town but linked it to a more car-friendly, suburbanizing environ- absorbed diverse nationalist aspirations fixed upon the panacea ment.4 Like contemporary observers present at its inauguration, of modernization within Montreal and Canada, including an emer- scholars have also explained Place Ville-Marie as a story of gent Quebec neo-nationalism. Yet Place Ville-Marie also reified modern, planned progress. Jean-Claude Marsan has asserted consumer capitalism, broadcast corporate prestige, and thus that, had it not been for Place Ville-Marie, “one can assume expressed new forms of capitalist hegemony.