DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada-Caribbean Trade

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canada-Caribbean Trade TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1313 115 Cargo Consolidation: Canada-Caribbean Trade MICHAEL c. IRCHA AND BARRY G. BISSON Trade between Canada and the Caribbean has traditionally moved This analysis was limited to the examination of commodity through eastern Canadian ports. Recently'. advances in conti~en­ movements to and from eastern Canada (the four Atlantic tal intermodal services have led to a d1vers10n of Canadian­ provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Caribbean traffic to southern U.S. ports. A market niche study Island, and Newfoundland as well as Quebec and Ontario) of the fea ·ibility of developing a consolidation center in the port of Saint John, New Brun wick for the Caril bean trade is the and seven Caribbean countries (Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, subject of this paper. The analysis includes an in-depth evaluation Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and of trade between ea tern Canada and seven Caribbean countrie , Tobago). The consolidation center evaluation included con­ a review of each Caribbean country's economy and Canada's sideration of Canada-Caribbean trade movements, potential share of their markets, an identification of opportunities for en­ opportunities for enhanced Canadian export trade, transpor­ hancing Canadian exports; a review of the transporta.tion systems tation system needs including all relevant modes, eastern Ca­ connecting Canada to rhe Caribbean; and the requirement for nadian shippers' perspectives on trade with the Caribbean, developing and operating a consolidation cen~er in ~aint Joh.n. (I was concluded that a consolidation center 1 fea 1ble, partic­ and consolidation center operational requirements and op­ ularly if additional traffic to and from otJ1er Cem.ral and South tions. American countries can be attracted through arnt John. The es.~ ential ingredient for success of the consolidation center is the effective marketing of Saint John a Canada' and the New Eng­ land states' primary Caribbean- South American connection. CONCEPT The port of Saint John, New Brunswick has traditionally served An effective consolidation center depends on efficient inter­ as a major Canadian point of entry and exit for Caribbean modal transportation. Arriving individual freight packages and other Central and South American trade. In recent years, can be consolidated into full container loads (FCL) for ship­ an increasing amount of Caribbean-bound general cargo has ment to the Caribbean. Similarly, import shipments can either been diverted through southern U.S. ports as improved in­ be transported inland as FCLs and full truck loads (FTL) or termodal systems have resulted in decreased freight rates and stripped into less than truck load (LTL) size for delivery to enhanced service levels. These improvements in this com­ nearby destinations. petitive alternative have eroded the viability of the all-water A review of several existing intermodal terminals (in Can­ route from Canada to the Caribbean. ada, the United States, and Sweden) revealed that few, if any, In an attempt to reduce the U.S. diversion of Caribbean­ serve in the same capacity as that proposed for the Saint John bound commodities, a consolidation center for this trade in facility. That is, consolidating a wide range of commodities the port of Saint John was proposed. Such a facility would for a specific geographic destination. Normally, consolidation enable reasonable-sized volumes of general cargo and other facilities limit the range of goods handled (for example, spe­ commodities to be easily assembled for shipment. Consoli­ cializing in neobulk forest products) and distribute them glob­ dation could make the port of Saint John attractive to ally. However, existing consolidation facilities provided the Caribbean-bound carriers using larger vessels (resulting in study team with effective standards relating to minimum sizes economies of scale and lower freight rates) with improved of consolidation centers, appropriate throughput levels, and service frequency. the types of facilities and equipment required. The University of New Brunswick Transportation Group In the Canadian context, inland consolidation facilities play was asked to undertake this market niche study to evaluate a significant role in the operation of port consolidation cen­ the feasibility of developing a Caribbean consolidation center ters. These inland facilities enable containers to be stuffed or in Saint John. The sponsoring agencies included External Af­ stripped at a location closest to their point of origin or des­ fairs Canada, Saint John Port Development Commission, Saint tination. John Port Corporation, New Brunswick Department of Com­ As Slack (1) has suggested, inland consolidation centers are merce and Technology, and the Atlantic Canada Opportu­ typically spaced between 800 and 1,400 km apart. Trucks nities Agency. serving a radius of 400 to 700 km are used to deliver goods The Transportation Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Uni­ to and from the inland facility. Unit trains carrying FCLs on versity of New Brunswick, Fredericton . New Brunswick, anada E3B flatcars can then be used to transport the consolidated com­ 5A3 . modities to the port consolidation center. 116 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1313 EASTERN CANADA-CARIBBEAN TRADE The four Atlantic provinces contributed 79 percent of the ANALYSIS eastern Canadian exports to the Caribbean on a tonnage hasis and 35 percent on a dollar value basis (Figures 3 and 4). Nova Published information from Statistics Canada (2,3) along with Scotia contributed the greater proportion of export tonnage a special tabulation on exports by water on a tonnage basis to the Caribbean at 45 percent of the Atlantic Canada total. ( 4) was used to determine the extent of commodity movement New Brunswick provided the highest proportion of exports between Canada and the seven selected Caribbean countries. by value at 43 percent. As shown in Figure 1, in 1987, eastern Canada (Ontario, The major 1987 exports from the Atlantic provinces to the Quebec, and the Atlantic provinces) exported some 30 per­ Caribbean on a tonnage basis included flour and wheat (28 cent of the total Canadian tonnage to the Caribbean. On a percent), newsprint (16 percent), other chemicals (13 per­ dollar value basis (Figure 2), eastern Canadian exports ac­ cent), paperboard (10 percent), potatoes (9 percent), and counted for almost 70 percent of all the Canadian goods shipped dimensioned stone (9 percent). On a dollar value basis, the to the Caribbean. major exports included preserved fish (21 percent), newsprint Cuba is the main recipient of Canadian export goods (pri­ (21 percent), vegetables (13 percent), other food (13 percent), marily wheat) in terms of tonnage . In terms of dollar value, paperboard (11 percent), and flour and wh eat (9 percent). Puerto Rico is the main Caribbean trading nation for eastern In 1987, total Canadian imports from the Caribbean Canada being the destination for some 38 percent of exported amounted to $522 million compared with $800 million worth goods (primarily manufactured commodities). of exports (Figures 2 and 5) . Puerto Rico was the main Car- BAHAMAS BARBADOS CUBA DOM REP JAMA ICA PRT RI CO TRN-TBG EASTERN CANADA 0.6 17.7 250.9 27.1 88.4 166 34.8 WE STERN CANADA 0 1.5 1200.7 1.8 63. 1 82.4 4.7 11111 EASTERN CANADA E2ZJ WESTERN CANADA 585,600 tonnes 1,354,200 lonnes 30% 70% FIGURE 1 Canadian exports to Caribbean (1987 in tonnes x 1,000). BAHAMAS BARBADOS CUBA DOM REP JAMAICA PRT RICO TRN-TBG EASTERN CANADA 29.4 36.4 75.7 51.B 81.5 209 67.2 WESTERN CANADA 1.4 5.3 197.2 3.6 13.3 24.6 3.3 11111 EAST ERN CANADA E2ZJ WESTERN CANADA S55 I ,OOO $248,700 69% 31% FIGURE 2 Canadian exports to l:aribbean (1987 in $ millions). Ircha and Bisson 117 amount of Caribbean-bound throughput such a consolidation center might attract. 6::::1:: ~EJ-.~~~.~- - - - - '777777'~.l'l ::~~:::~ :~:: CARIBBEAN TRADE ANALYSIS AND COUNTRY 60.2 103~ NS 209. 1 453 ------ ----- <.U:.t=.LL.£.£J PROFILE FIGURE 3 Eastern Canada exports to Caribbean (1987 in Despite the locational advantage of Caribbean countries to tonnes x 1,000). Canada, they have often been overlooked relative to other larger export markets (such as Western Europe and the Far QUEBEC $128 73 East). As individual island nations, each of the Caribbean $217 l 393 ---- - - - -- - - - ~ PEI NF'LD $43. l 223 countries offers little opportunity, but, as shown in Table 1, ATLANTIC NB $54 7 283 taken as a whole the Caribbean Basin provides a considerable $193 353 . potential market for Canadian exporters. NS $82.4 433 The data used to examine the Caribbean countries came from the International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade ONTARIO ------------ $140.9 263 Statistics ( 4) and individual country profiles provided by Ex­ ternal Affairs Canada. Tonnage data were unavailable on a FIGURE 4 Eastern Canada exports to Caribbean (1987 in $ millions). country-by-country basis, thus only dollar value commodity movements were used in this analysis. There are inherent difficulties in relying only on monetary ibbean country exporting goods to Canada with its commod­ value information. These difficulties include: change in the ities valued at $217 million or 43 percent of the total Canadian world price of a good may result in changes in the value imports. The major commodities imported by Canada were shipped while tonnage remains constant; currency fluctuations manufactured goods (23 percent), aluminum ores (18 percent) affect the value of imports and exports; and countries
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Marine Pilotage in Canada: a Cost Benefit Analysis
    Canadian Marine Pilots’ Association Marine Pilotage in Canada: A Cost Benefit Analysis Prepared by Transportation Economics & Management Systems, Inc. March, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Discounting Technique and Time Period ......................................................................... 8 1.3 Approach to the Economic Evaluation ............................................................................. 9 2. The Safety Case for Pilotage: Background and Methodology ........................................... 10 2.1 The Effectiveness of Pilotage in the Great Belt of Denmark ......................................... 11 2.2 The Effectiveness of Escort Tugs in Puget Sound and Vancouver ................................ 17 2.3 Summarizing the Safety Effectiveness of Pilotage ........................................................ 18 3. Safety Cost Benefit Analysis by Vessel Type ................................................................... 23 3.1 Tanker Ship Assessment ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CANADA's SIBERIAN POLICY I918
    CANADA'S SIBERIAN POLICY i918 - 1919 ROBERT NEIL MURBY B.A,, University of British Columbia, 1968 A1 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the DEPARTMENT OF SLAVONIC STUDIES We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1969 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thes,is for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Robert N. Murby Department of Slavonic Studies The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Da 1e April 17th. 1969 - ii - ABSTRACT The aim of this essay was to add to the extremely limited fund of knowledge regarding Canada's relations with Siberia during the critical period of the Intervention, The result hopefully is a contribution both to Russian/Soviet and Canadian history. The scope of the subject includes both Canada's military participation in the inter-allied intervention and simultaneously the attempt on the part of Canada to economically penetrate Siberia, The principal research was carried out at the Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa during September and October, 1968. The vast majority of the documents utilized in this essay have never previously been published either in whole or in part.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade
    U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits March 2021 Submitted to: American Petroleum Institute 200 Massachusetts Ave NW Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001 Submitted by: Kevin DeCorla-Souza ICF Resources L.L.C. 9300 Lee Hwy Fairfax, VA 22031 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits This report was commissioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API) 2 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 4 II. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 III. Overview of U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade ................................................................. 7 U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade Volumes Have Surged ........................................................... 7 Petroleum Is a Major Component of Total U.S.-Canada Bilateral Trade ................................. 8 IV. North American Oil Production and Refining Markets Integration ...........................10 U.S.-Canada Oil Trade Reduces North American Dependence on Overseas Crude Oil Imports ..................................................................................................................................10 Cross-Border Pipelines Facilitate U.S.-Canada Oil Market Integration...................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Extremes in the Canadian Prairies in the Last Decade Due to the ENSO Teleconnection—A Comparative Case Study Using WRF
    water Article Hydrological Extremes in the Canadian Prairies in the Last Decade due to the ENSO Teleconnection—A Comparative Case Study Using WRF Soumik Basu * , David J. Sauchyn and Muhammad Rehan Anis Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada; [email protected] (D.J.S.); [email protected] (M.R.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2020; Accepted: 21 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: In the Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, agricultural production depends on winter and spring precipitation. There is large interannual variability related to the teleconnection between the regional hydroclimate and El Niño and La Niña in the Tropical Pacific. A modeling experiment was conducted to simulate climatic and hydrological parameters in the Canadian Prairie region during strong El Niño and La Niña events of the last decade in 2015–2016 and 2010–2011, respectively. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was employed to perform two sets of sensitivity experiments with a nested domain at 10 km resolution using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA) interim data as the lateral boundary forcing. Analysis of the hourly model output provides a detailed simulation of the drier winter, with less soil moisture in the following spring, during the 2015–2016 El Niño and a wet winter during the La Niña of 2010–2011. The high-resolution WRF simulation of these recent weather events agrees well with observations from weather stations and water gauges. Therefore, we were able to take advantage of the WRF model to simulate recent weather with high spatial and temporal resolution and thus study the changes in hydrometeorological parameters across the Prairie during the two extreme hydrological events of the last decade.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2010 Red Head United Church Hall, Saint John, NB Meeting 6:10 Pm – 8:00 Pm
    Canaport LNG Project Canaport Community Environmental Liaison Committee (CCELC) Minutes of Meeting CCELC # 60 Monday, 8 March 2010 Red Head United Church Hall, Saint John, NB Meeting 6:10 pm – 8:00 pm APPROVED AS AMENDED Committee Present: • Armstrong, Carol Resident • Brown, Alice Resident • Debly, Teresa Resident • Dalzell, Gordon SJ Citizens Coalition for Clean Air • Forsythe, Fraser Co-Chair (Canaport LNG) • Garnett, Vern SJ Citizens Coalition for Clean Air • Griffin, Dennis Resident • Hunter, Roger Resident • Johnston, Jan Resident • MacKinnon, Claude ACAP Representative • McNeill, Pam Resident • Smith, Elsie Resident • Thompson, David H. Fundy Baykeeper Committee Absent: • Court, Ivan Mayor of Saint John • Griffin, Glenn Resident • Melvin, Keith Department of Energy • Perry, Yvonne Member • Rogers, Kathy Member • Thompson, David Member • Turner, Rick Saint John Board of Trade Resources: • Forsythe, Joel Fundy Engineering • O’Brien, Kevin City of Saint John • Peterson, David Department of the Environment Observers: • 1 Person CCELC Meeting Minutes: 8 March 2010 1 (1) OPENING REMARKS: The meeting commenced at 6:10 pm with Fraser Forsythe welcoming everyone. Mr. Forsythe introduced Captain John McCann, Director of Operations and Harbour Master for the Port of Saint John. The agenda was approved. Review & Approval of Minutes from Meeting #5 (1 February 2010): The minutes of meeting #59 on 1 February 2010 were approved, motioned by Vern Garnett and seconded by Gordon Dalzell with the following amendments: Within question 17 some comments by Mr. Dalzell were missing. The minutes will be amended to include comments by Mr. Dalzell that the discussion surrounding question 17 exemplifies the need for continued monthly meetings. The approved minutes will be posted to the Canaport LNG website (www.canaportlng.com).
    [Show full text]
  • The Best Route for the Intercolonial Railway Through the Provinces Of
    : 7. - --^;»" y e t- * /^ THE BEST ROUl^ FOR THE "TV INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY THROUGH THE PROVINCES OP QUEBEC AND NEW BRUNSWICK, CONSIDERED BY A\^ALTER. M. BUCK, O. E. ST. JOHN, N. B. ' wrS5 WILLIAM M.WRIGHT, CORNER MARKET SQUARE & FRINGE WILLIAM (STREET, 1867. %.« rr t^ i I- /, I/; ^^ / I >'' ^ f j.i^i i ^ 1/.' I •, :;( I'^s ? : rM}^^!.vjy ^ >*- '>? -•• '" '• ? 'd; .. •^vt^^l::..', fc:^,^'J '^''H'tiH •5;-.-i .j-"^ , ( THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY. WHICH IS TEE BEST ROUTE THROUGH THE PROVINCES OF QUEBEC AND NEW BRUNSWICK? , =. , .. This has become the momentous question of the day, the great topic for Editorial correspondence and comment, and will, before long, be made the important subject for debate iu the new House of Commons at Ottawa. Three routes have been selected from many already surveyed and reported upon. The chosen three are, 1st,—" North Shore" ; 2nd,—'' Central " ; 3rd,— •'Frontier," To these may now be added a fourth, more recently advocated, viz : the "Western" —beinga combination of the "Frontier" and "Central" includ- ing the proposed branch from Fredericton to Hartt's Mills on the Oromocto Kiver, and the Western Extension Railway to St. John. ; Each of these routes has, doubtless, numerous firm supporters as representatives of the Northern and Eastern, the Central, and the Western interests of the Province : and the combined influence of each sectional interest will be brought to bear upon the deliberations of the General Government, during the first Session of the Parliament of the New Dominion. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ROUTES.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Canada Explorer Featuring Vancouver, Victoria and Whistler
    Antioch Seniors AND TravelCenter Travel & Tours presents... 9 DAY HOLIDAY Western Canada Explorer featuring Vancouver, Victoria and Whistler July 24 - August 1, 2020 Tour Dates: Western Canada Explorer Unforgettable experiences await 9 Days • 15 Meals in Canada’s Golden Triangle featuring mountain gondolas, a First Nations cultural experience, a regional Foodie Tour and an incredible wildlife cruise. TOUR HIGHLIGHTS 4 15 Meals (8 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 4 dinners) 4 Round trip airport transfers 4 Spend 3 nights in cosmopolitan Vancouver 4 Take a panoramic tour of Vancouver to see its downtown core, spectacular North Shore and beautiful Stanley Park and visit Capilano Suspension Bridge 4 Travel the scenic “Sea to Sky Highway” to and enjoy the PEAK 2 PEAK experience, a 1.88-mile long gondola ride between Blackcomb and Whistler Mountains 4 Travel by BC Ferry to Vancouver Island and visit world-famous Butchart Gardens 4 Included city tour of Victoria with its delightful English flavor, red double-decker buses and Tudor-style buildings Cross the Capilano Suspension Bridge and enjoy views of the spectacular rainforest 4 Visit Victorian-era Craigdarroch Castle and take the walking Victoria Food Tour, a delicious culinary experience 4 Enjoy a First Nations Cultural Experience at the I-Hos Gallery DAY 1 – Arrive in Beautiful British Columbia featuring a weaving workshop and included lunch with traditional Welcome to Canada’s rugged Northwest in Vancouver and transfer Bannock bread to your hotel. Meet your Tour Manager in the hotel lobby at 6:00 4 Spend 2 nights at the illustrious Painter’s Lodge, located on the p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification & Western Canada's Economic Future
    A SYNTHESIS REPORT OF THE FALL 2011 HONOURABLE JAMES A. RICHARDSON DISCOVERY ROUNDTABLES Who cares about baskets? We’ve got eggs! Diversification & Western Canada’s Economic Future FEBRUARY 2011 Michael Holden, Senior Economist About the James A. Richardson Discovery Roundtables Among the many civic contributions made by the Honourable James A. Richardson during his lifetime was his role as one of the four founders of the Canada West Foundation. In fact, it was a suggestion by Minister Richardson at the One Prairie Province Conference in 1970 that led to the creation of the Canada West Foundation as a registered charity on December 31, 1970. Launched in 2006 with the intention of being held on an annual basis, the purpose of the Honourable James A. Richardson Discovery Roundtables is to seek out new thinking to strengthen the voice of western Canadians. Informal but intense, the discussions are designed to engage a small group of individuals with a background in, and a passion for, the topic under discussion. The intent of the Roundtables is to look over the horizon and gain a sense of the policy challenges to come, and how the Canada West Foundation’s research agenda might be better positioned to address those challenges. The Honourable James A. Richardson Discovery Roundtables are made possible by the Richardson family’s contribution to the Canada West Foundation Founder’s Endowment Fund. The Canada West Foundation expresses its sincere appreciation for this generous support. This report is part of the Canada West Foundation’s ongoing Honourable James A. Richardson Discovery Roundtables. The report was prepared by Canada West Foundation Senior Economist Michael Holden.
    [Show full text]
  • Accola, M: “The Empire Traveller”: Purposeful Tourism in Western Canada, 1885-1914
    “The Empire Traveller”: Purposeful Tourism in Western Canada, 1885-1914 by Monica Accola Supervised by Dr. Mariel Grant A Graduating Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements, in the Honours Programme. For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Department Of History The University of Victoria April 26, 2019 i Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... .1 Chapter I: Setting the Stage: Tourism, Empire, and the Canadian Pacific Railway ..................... .2 Chapter II: A Study in Advertising Canada to the British Through the Lens of “Smith (Novelist) and Jones, M.P., in Canada” ............................................................................................. 18 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 40 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 43 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 50 1 Introduction For both advertisers and tourists, British tourism to Western Canada between 1885 and 1914 was not just about taking a holiday; it was purposeful. While Canada was marketed to Britons for its magnificent scenery and recreational possibilities, the end goal of advertisers was to attract
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Mussel Prevention Framework for Western Canada
    JULY 2018 Invasive Mussel Prevention Framework for Western Canada Pacific Northwest economic region estimates that the annual region-wide cost of a zebra and quagga mussel infestation in the northwest would be $500 million Image: ThirdwavephotoInvasive Mussel Prevention Framework for Western Canada | 2018 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Invasive Mussel Prevention For more information or questions on Framework for Western Canada this report, please contact: was prepared for the Pacific North- west Economic Region (PNWER) Matt Morrison, Chief Executive Officer as a common shared call to action for PNWER | pnwer.org Western Canada. The development of this [email protected] report builds on the previous leadership and background report provided by PNWER, Gail Wallin, Executive Director including the Advancing a Regional Defense Invasive Species Council of BC | bcinvasives.ca Against Invasive Mussels in the Pacific [email protected] Northwest. The development of the Invasive Mussel Prevention Framework for Western Canada “The introduction and sub- was made possible thanks to the direction sequent invasion of Dreissenid and contributions from a wide range of mussels has resulted in governments, industries and organizations far-ranging costs to the from across Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta infrastructure and operations and Saskatchewan, including the PNWER of many Canadian Hydropower Invasive Species Working Group. The origi- Association (CHA) member nal Framework was released in 2016 and is organizations. Further, the now updated in 2018, based on input from a wide range of contributors. impact on biodiversity and water quality on the systems Thank you to all the contributors that in which our members operate helped shape the Invasive Mussel Preven- has also been significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Arctic Marine Atlas
    Lincoln Sea Hall Basin MARINE ATLAS ARCTIC CANADA’S GREENLAND Ellesmere Island Kane Basin Nares Strait N nd ansen Sou s d Axel n Sve Heiberg rdr a up Island l Ch ann North CANADA’S s el I Pea Water ry Ch a h nnel Massey t Sou Baffin e Amund nd ISR Boundary b Ringnes Bay Ellef Norwegian Coburg Island Grise Fiord a Ringnes Bay Island ARCTIC MARINE z Island EEZ Boundary Prince i Borden ARCTIC l Island Gustaf E Adolf Sea Maclea Jones n Str OCEAN n ait Sound ATLANTIC e Mackenzie Pe Ball nn antyn King Island y S e trait e S u trait it Devon Wel ATLAS Stra OCEAN Q Prince l Island Clyde River Queens in Bylot Patrick Hazen Byam gt Channel o Island Martin n Island Ch tr. Channel an Pond Inlet S Bathurst nel Qikiqtarjuaq liam A Island Eclipse ust Lancaster Sound in Cornwallis Sound Hecla Ch Fitzwil Island and an Griper nel ait Bay r Resolute t Melville Barrow Strait Arctic Bay S et P l Island r i Kel l n e c n e n Somerset Pangnirtung EEZ Boundary a R M'Clure Strait h Island e C g Baffin Island Brodeur y e r r n Peninsula t a P I Cumberland n Peel Sound l e Sound Viscount Stefansson t Melville Island Sound Prince Labrador of Wales Igloolik Prince Sea it Island Charles ra Hadley Bay Banks St s Island le a Island W Hall Beach f Beaufort o M'Clintock Gulf of Iqaluit e c n Frobisher Bay i Channel Resolution r Boothia Boothia Sea P Island Sachs Franklin Peninsula Committee Foxe Harbour Strait Bay Melville Peninsula Basin Kimmirut Taloyoak N UNAT Minto Inlet Victoria SIA VUT Makkovik Ulukhaktok Kugaaruk Foxe Island Hopedale Liverpool Amundsen Victoria King
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Snow, Ice and Permafrost Across Canada
    CHAPTER 5 Changes in Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Across Canada CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT 195 Authors Chris Derksen, Environment and Climate Change Canada David Burgess, Natural Resources Canada Claude Duguay, University of Waterloo Stephen Howell, Environment and Climate Change Canada Lawrence Mudryk, Environment and Climate Change Canada Sharon Smith, Natural Resources Canada Chad Thackeray, University of California at Los Angeles Megan Kirchmeier-Young, Environment and Climate Change Canada Acknowledgements Recommended citation: Derksen, C., Burgess, D., Duguay, C., Howell, S., Mudryk, L., Smith, S., Thackeray, C. and Kirchmeier-Young, M. (2019): Changes in snow, ice, and permafrost across Canada; Chapter 5 in Can- ada’s Changing Climate Report, (ed.) E. Bush and D.S. Lemmen; Govern- ment of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, p.194–260. CANADA’S CHANGING CLIMATE REPORT 196 Chapter Table Of Contents DEFINITIONS CHAPTER KEY MESSAGES (BY SECTION) SUMMARY 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Snow cover 5.2.1: Observed changes in snow cover 5.2.2: Projected changes in snow cover 5.3: Sea ice 5.3.1: Observed changes in sea ice Box 5.1: The influence of human-induced climate change on extreme low Arctic sea ice extent in 2012 5.3.2: Projected changes in sea ice FAQ 5.1: Where will the last sea ice area be in the Arctic? 5.4: Glaciers and ice caps 5.4.1: Observed changes in glaciers and ice caps 5.4.2: Projected changes in glaciers and ice caps 5.5: Lake and river ice 5.5.1: Observed changes in lake and river ice 5.5.2: Projected changes in lake and river ice 5.6: Permafrost 5.6.1: Observed changes in permafrost 5.6.2: Projected changes in permafrost 5.7: Discussion This chapter presents evidence that snow, ice, and permafrost are changing across Canada because of increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation.
    [Show full text]