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Invasion Routes and Evolution of Brook Stickleback (Culaea Inconstans) in Eastern Washington Samuel Gunselman Eastern Washington University

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Invasion Routes and Evolution of Brook Stickleback (Culaea Inconstans) in Eastern Washington Samuel Gunselman Eastern Washington University Eastern Washington University EWU Digital Commons EWU Masters Thesis Collection Student Research and Creative Works Summer 2017 Invasion Routes and Evolution of Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in Eastern Washington Samuel Gunselman Eastern Washington University Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.ewu.edu/theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Gunselman, Samuel, "Invasion Routes and Evolution of Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in Eastern Washington" (2017). EWU Masters Thesis Collection. 442. http://dc.ewu.edu/theses/442 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research and Creative Works at EWU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in EWU Masters Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of EWU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Invasion Routes and Evolution of Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in Eastern Washington ________________________________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented To Eastern Washington University Cheney, Washington ________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ________________________________________________________________________ By Samuel R. Gunselman Summer 2017 THESIS OF SAMUEL R. GUNSELMAN APPROVED BY _____________________________________________DATE______ PAUL SPRUELL, CHAIR OF GRADUATE STUDY COMMITTEE _____________________________________________DATE______ ROBIN O’QUINN, GRADUATE STUDY COMMITTEE _____________________________________________DATE______ PAUL LINDHOLDT, GRADUATE STUDY COMMITTEE ii MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Eastern Washington University, I agree that the JFK Library shall make copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that copying of this project in whole or in part is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature______________________ Date__________________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor, Paul Spruell, for his guidance and support from start to finish on this project. I would also like to thank my committee, Robin O’Quinn and Paul Lindholdt, for all of their editorial revisions as well as guidance for discussing genetic results. Mike Rule from the United States Department of Fish and Wildlife and the head biologist at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge provided critical information concerning the history of brook stickleback on the refuge and help in obtaining special use permits on the refuge for sample collection and study site surveys. I would like to thank Peter Bilious for his help troubleshooting fragment length analysis and allowing me access to his laboratory supplies, including consumable supplies for the ABI 310. I would also like to thank my fellow students in Eastern Washington University’s Fisheries Research Center, as well as all of my fellow Biology Department graduate students, and the faculty and staff of the Biology Department. Funding for this project came from a Northwest Science Association graduate student grant, an Eastern Washington University Department of Biology graduate minigrant, and an Eastern Washington University Faculty Grant for Research and Creative Works. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ viii CHAPTER 1: Describing the invasion routes of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in eastern Washington Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 13 Results ........................................................................................................................ 16 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 25 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 2: Life-history flexibility in invasive brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in eastern Washington Introduction .............................................................................................................. 39 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 42 Results ........................................................................................................................ 46 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 49 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3: Pelvic spine length shift in invasive brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in eastern Washington Introduction .............................................................................................................. 59 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 62 Results ........................................................................................................................ 62 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 64 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX I: Microsatellite loci and PCR protocols .................................................... 69 APPENDIX II: Coordinates of sample sites and capture information ........................ 71 APPENDIX III: Allele frequencies for all loci in each population ............................... 77 VITA ........................................................................................................................................ 91 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Brook stickleback distribution reported by Scholz et al. (2003) 8 Figure 1.2 Range expansion of brook stickleback on Turnbull National Wildlife 9 Refuge Figure 1.3 Brook stickleback distribution in Pine Creek reported by Glover (2004) 10 Figure 1.4 Brook stickleback distribution Cottonwood Creek drainage reported by 11 Fox (2005) Figure 1.5 Brook stickleback distribution in Rock Creek reported by Porter (2006) 12 Figure 1.6 Brook stickleback distribution in eastern Washington in 2016 19 Figure 1.7 Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards genetic distance UPGMA dendrogram 22 Figure 1.8 Principal component analysis of populations based on allele frequency 23 Figure 1.9 Scatter plot of Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards genetic distance versus riverine 24 distance Figure 2.1 Habitat classification of water bodies sampled in 2016 44 Figure 2.2 Otoliths from brook stickleback depicting age class 0+ (A) and III (B) 45 Figure 2.3 Comparison of median age of brook stickleback in ephemeral, semi- 47 permanent, and permanent habitats Figure 2.4 Length-at-age of brook stickleback in eastern Washington 48 Figure 2.5 Length-at-age with respect to habitat stability of brook stickleback in 53 eastern Washington Figure 3.1 Scatter plot of pelvic spine length versus standard length in 1999 and 63 2016 brook stickleback vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Parameters of genetic variation within populations 20 Table 1.2 Pairwise FST values for all population pairs reported above the diagonal, 21 genetic distance based on Cavalli-Sforza & Edward’s chord distance (DDCSE) values for all population pairs reported below the diagonal. Table 2.1 Age class distribution of brook stickleback with respect to water body 52 Table AI.1 PCR primers and protocols 69 Table AII.1 GPS coordinates and description of all sampling locations 71 Table AII.2 Species present and abundance at each sampling location 74 Table AIII.1 Allele frequencies for S217 in each population 77 Table AIII.2 Allele frequencies for P217 in each population 78 Table AIII.3 Allele frequencies for S328 in each population 79 Table AIII4 Allele frequencies for S186 in each population 80 Table AIII.5 Allele frequencies for P61 in each population 82 Table AIII.6 Allele frequencies for P196 in each population 84 Table AIII.7 Allele frequencies for S168 in each population 85 Table AIII.8 Allele frequencies for P301 in each population 87 Table AIII.9 Allele frequencies for P98 in each population 89 vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION The introduction of nonnative species jeopardizes native ecosystems and can have significant economic costs (Pimentel et al. 2001; Lee 2002). There are many possible negative outcomes for native organisms that result from the introduction of nonnative species, including hybridization (Allendorf et al. 2001), predation (Sepulveda et al. 2013), direct competition for food and other resources
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