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The Role of Higher Education Experience in Students‘ Adult Identity Formation

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The Role of Higher Education Experience in Students‘ Adult Identity Formation THE ROLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION EXPERIENCE IN STUDENTS‘ ADULT IDENTITY FORMATION Vom Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern zur Verleihung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n vorgelegt von Amina Isanović Hadžiomerović Tag der Disputation: Kaiserslautern, 31. Mai, 2021. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Michael Fröhlich Vorsitzende/r: JProf. Dr. Florian Böller Gutachter/in: 1. Prof. Dr. Rolf Arnold 2. Prof. Dr. Ekkehard Nuissl von Rein D 386 Kaiserslautern, Juni 2021. 2 Not I, not any one else can travel that road for you, You must travel it for yourself. It is not far, it is within reach, Perhaps you have been on it since you were born and did not know, Perhaps it is everywhere on water and on land. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Song of Myself, 46 3 Acknowledgments This dissertation has been a learning process in which I feel profoundly indebted to many persons for their continual support and encouragement. First and foremost, it was my exceptional privilege to have Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Rolf Arnold as my supervisor, by whose scholarly work and renowned reputation I was fascinated. The opportunity to learn directly from Professor Arnold was a life-changing experience, which has substantially impacted my development. I also owe my deep gratitude to Dr. Michael Schön for his insightful comments and suggestions regarding the parts of the work. His kindness and directions throughout the process were truly encouraging and much-needed support. Dino Čubela provided friendly support and assistance when it was most needed, for which I am forever grateful. I feel that I owe all my achievements to my family – to my parents Šida and Nusret for providing the most stimulating environment one could imagine, to my sister Hatidža, brothers Abdullah and Ahmed for being amazing persons, successful professionals and role models. Every moment of the writing process was shared with my husband Nedžad, without whose understanding, dedication and faith this would be inconceivable. The dearest thanks go to our sons Jahja and Talha for making life worth living. I also wish to express thankfulness to professors and colleagues from the Department of Education, Faculty of Philosophy, the University of Sarajevo for their understanding when it seemed that the process was moving too slowly. It is my pleasant duty to thank the students who shared pieces of their life stories and experiences that shaped their growth. They were the chief inspiration for this work. It is, therefore, cordially dedicated to their efforts in inventing the best possible versions of themselves. Being at the end of this journey, I feel humbled and grateful for the opportunity to take part in it. 4 Summary The present work investigates the role of higher education experience in the process of students’ adult identity formation. In the broadest sense, adult identity is “seeing oneself as an adult” (Macmillan, 2007: 20), and it lays in the core of intensive processes of personal identity formation in the years following adolescence, which are for an increasing number of youth over the past decades spent in higher education. Approaches to adulthood in prior studies reveal ongoing discussions and attempts at re- conceptualisation against changing conditions and regimes of transition to adulthood. Traditionally, the so-called “objective markers” of adulthood have dominated the discourses for a long time, emphasising role transitions and demographic features as criteria for adulthood. The new research venues adding biographical approaches and subjective experiences reveal significance of inner, psychological processes of becoming an adult. However, the problem of the role of higher education in the process of students’ adult identity has not been fully illuminated thus far. The reason for this might be sought within the domain of disciplinary orientation of the field of higher education and Educational Sciences. Higher education research focuses on the overall, “grand” effects of education, while traditional Educational Sciences have not been showing much interest in higher education topics. Substantial work has been produced from developmental sciences, psychology in particular, which has revealed an intricate forest of today’s adulthood and conditions for its attainment, leaving open a whole set of educational, social, economic, cultural antecedents, correlates and experiences affecting transition to adulthood. Besides, as analyses presented in Chapter 2 show, students’ position in dominant discourses marked by political and economic imperatives is marginal. Their experiences and voices are in a sense excluded, making it almost impossible to infer on actual students’ personal benefits of the higher education process. The theoretical framework for this research consists of Erikson’s (Erikson, 1959; 1963; 1968) positions on human development in post-adolescent years, and McAdams’s 5 model of narrative identity (1988; 2011; 2018), which also arose from Eriksonian tradition. Psychosocial theory (Erikson, 1959; 1963; 1968) assumes that social institutions provide structure and guidance to personal development, whereby they create a niche for psychosocial moratorium enabling youth a period of “identity work” before taking on long-term adult commitments. Research over recent decades reporting that higher education provides opportunities for students’ self-growth, exploration and resolving key identity questions in a variety of fields (e.g., Adams and Fitch, 1983; Arnett, 2004a; Berman, Kennerley, Kennerley, 2008; Mayhew, Rockenbach, Bowman, Seifert, Wolniak, Pascarella, Terenzin, 2016) supports such theoretical stances. The present research intends to extend existing knowledge raising the central question: What role of higher education experience students perceive in their adult identity formation? The empirical part reports on biographical research into senior year students’ lived experiences of their developmental path and their meaning to the higher education process. Students’ experiences are approached using the qualitative technique of problem-centred interviewing (PCI), which helps focus participants’ narration on the researcher’s interest and subsequent in-depth analysis of collected experiences. In total, 40 senior year students coming from diverse backgrounds were interviewed. Data were analysed in Atlas.ti software, which enabled the coding system’s better organization and browsing through transcripts. The qualitative analysis process consisted of both inductive and deductive approaches, wherein open and thematic coding techniques were performed interchangeably. Research findings indicate that in certain groups of students – but not in all – higher education experience facilitates and enriches the process of adult identity formation granting orientation and guidelines. Students identify experiences with the highest adult identity formational potential organised in the four broad categories: relationships with teachers and peers, respectively, teaching approach and study material, and extra-curricular activities. Based on the obtained findings, four patterns of thinking about the role of higher education in students’ adult identity formation have been identified: generator of adult identity formation, a safe-zone for exploration 6 processes, interim phase leading to adulthood, and higher education suspending adult identity formation. This formed the basis for constructing the four student types; proactive, explorer, comfort-zone and atypical student. Research findings give the rationale for rethinking the educative potential of higher education in terms of its relevance for diverse students personally – for their self-growth and forming their personal identities, in addition to the professional ones. Key words: adult identity, higher education, student types, psychosocial theory, thematic analysis, type building. 7 Die Rolle der Hochschulbildungserfahrung im Formierung der erwachsenen Identität bei Studenten Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle der Hochschulbildungserfahrung im Prozess der Formierung der erwachsenen Identität bei Studenten. Erwachsene Identität bedeutet im weitesten Sinne „sich für einen Erwachsenen halten“ (“seeing oneself as an adult“, Macmillan, 2007: 20) und liegt im Kern der intensiven Prozesse der Formierung persönlicher Identität in den Jahren nach der Adoleszenz, welche in letzten Jahrzehnten von einer zunehmenden Zahl der Jugendlichen in Hochschulbildung verbracht werden. Die Ansätze zum Erwachsensein in früheren Studien weisen auf laufende Diskussionen und Versuche der Rekonzeptualisierung gegen wechselnde Bedingungen und Regime des Übergangs zum Erwachsensein hin. Üblicherweise haben die sogenannten „objektiven Kennzeichen“ („objective markers“) des Erwachsenseins für lange Zeit die Diskurse dominiert, dabei den Wechsel der Rollen und demografische Merkmale als Kriterien für Erwachsensein betonend. Neue Forschungsbereiche umfassen auch biografische Ansätze und subjektive Erfahrungen und drücken dadurch die Signifikanz der inneren, psychologischen Prozesse des Erwachsenwerdens aus. Das Problem der Rolle der Hochschulbildung im Prozess der Formierung der erwachsenen Identität bei Studenten wurde jedoch bis jetzt noch nicht völlig erläutert. Der Grund könnte in der Domäne der disziplinären Ausrichtung des Hochschulbildungsfelds und der Erziehungswissenschaften gefunden werden. Das Feld der Hoschschulbildungsforschung hat allgemeine, “große” Effekte der Bildung
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