Music Solo Performance Aural and Written Examination – October/November
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Martin Pfleiderer
Online publications of the Gesellschaft für Popularmusikforschung/ German Society for Popular Music Studies e. V. Ed. by Eva Krisper and Eva Schuck w w w . gf pm- samples.de/Samples17 / pf l e i de r e r . pdf Volume 17 (2019) - Version of 25 July 2019 BEYOND MAJOR AND MINOR? THE TONALITY OF POPULAR MUSIC AFTER 19601 Martin Pfleiderer While the functional harmonic system of major and minor, with its logic of progression based on leading tones and cadences involving the dominant, has largely departed from European art music in the 20th century, popular music continues to uphold a musical idiom oriented towards major-minor tonality and its semantics. Similar to nursery rhymes and children's songs, it seems that in popular songs, a radiant major affirms plain and happy lyrics, while a darker minor key underlines thoughtful, sad, or gloomy moods. This contrast between light and dark becomes particularly tangible when both, i.e. major and minor, appear in one song. For example, in »Tanze Samba mit mir« [»Dance the Samba with Me«], a hit song composed by Franco Bracardi and sung by Tony Holiday in 1977, the verses in F minor announce a dark mood of desire (»Du bist so heiß wie ein Vulkan. Und heut' verbrenn' ich mich daran« [»You are as hot as a volcano and today I'm burning myself on it«]), which transitions into a happy or triumphant F major in the chorus (»Tanze Samba mit mir, Samba Samba die ganze Nacht« [»Dance the samba with me, samba, samba all night long«]). But can this finding also be transferred to other areas of popular music, such as rock and pop songs of American or British prove- nance, which have long been at least as popular in Germany as German pop songs and folk music? In recent decades, a broad and growing body of research on tonality and harmony in popular music has emerged. -
The Hungarian Rhapsodies and the 15 Hungarian Peasant Songs: Historical and Ideological Parallels Between Liszt and Bartók David Hill
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Dissertations The Graduate School Spring 2015 The unH garian Rhapsodies and the 15 Hungarian Peasant Songs: Historical and ideological parallels between Liszt and Bartók David B. Hill James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019 Part of the Musicology Commons Recommended Citation Hill, David B., "The unH garian Rhapsodies and the 15 Hungarian Peasant Songs: Historical and ideological parallels between Liszt and Bartók" (2015). Dissertations. 38. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019/38 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Hungarian Rhapsodies and the 15 Hungarian Peasant Songs: Historical and Ideological Parallels Between Liszt and Bartók David Hill A document submitted to the graduate faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts School of Music May 2015 ! TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! ! Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…iii! ! Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...iv! ! Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1! ! PART!I:!SIMILARITIES!SHARED!BY!THE!TWO!NATIONLISTIC!COMPOSERS! ! A.!Origins…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4! ! B.!Ties!to!Hungary…………………………………………………………………………………………...…..9! -
Chapter 26 Scales a La Mode
CHAPTER 26 SCALES A LA MODE Musical innovation is full of danger to the State, for when modes of music change, the laws of the State always change with them. PLATO WHAT IS A MODE? A mode is a type of scale. Modes are used in music like salsa, jazz, country, rock, fusion, speed metal, and more. The reason the Chapter image is of musicians jamming is that modes are important to understanding (and using) jazz theory, and helpful if you’re trying to understand improvisation. Certain modes go with certain chords. For more information about modes and their specific uses in jazz, read James Levine’s excellent book, Jazz Theory. On the Web at http://is.gd/iqufof These are also called “church modes” because they were first used in the Catholic Church back in Medieval times (remember good old Guido d’ Arezzo?). The names of the modes were taken from the Greek modes, but other than the names, they have no relation to the Greek modes. The two modes that have been used the most, and the only two most people know, are now called the Major and natural minor scales. Their original names were the Ionian mode (Major), and the Aeolian mode (natural minor). The other modes are: dorian, phrygian, lydian, mixolydian, and locrian. Modes are easy to understand. We’ll map out each mode’s series of whole and half steps and use the key of C so there aren’t any sharps or flats to bother with. THE MODES IONIAN Ionian is used in nearly all Western music, from Acid Rock to Zydeco. -
Jazz Harmony Iii
MU 3323 JAZZ HARMONY III Chord Scales US Army Element, School of Music NAB Little Creek, Norfolk, VA 23521-5170 13 Credit Hours Edition Code 8 Edition Date: March 1988 SUBCOURSE INTRODUCTION This subcourse will enable you to identify and construct chord scales. This subcourse will also enable you to apply chord scales that correspond to given chord symbols in harmonic progressions. Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular is used to refer to both men and women. Prerequisites for this course include: Chapter 2, TC 12-41, Basic Music (Fundamental Notation). A knowledge of key signatures. A knowledge of intervals. A knowledge of chord symbols. A knowledge of chord progressions. NOTE: You can take subcourses MU 1300, Scales and Key Signatures; MU 1305, Intervals and Triads; MU 3320, Jazz Harmony I (Chord Symbols/Extensions); and MU 3322, Jazz Harmony II (Chord Progression) to obtain the prerequisite knowledge to complete this subcourse. You can also read TC 12-42, Harmony to obtain knowledge about traditional chord progression. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES MU 3323 1 ACTION: You will identify and write scales and modes, identify and write chord scales that correspond to given chord symbols in a harmonic progression, and identify and write chord scales that correspond to triads, extended chords and altered chords. CONDITION: Given the information in this subcourse, STANDARD: To demonstrate competency of this task, you must achieve a minimum of 70% on the subcourse examination. MU 3323 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Subcourse Introduction Administrative Instructions Grading and Certification Instructions L esson 1: Sc ales and Modes P art A O verview P art B M ajor and Minor Scales P art C M odal Scales P art D O ther Scales Practical Exercise Answer Key and Feedback L esson 2: R elating Chord Scales to Basic Four Note Chords Practical Exercise Answer Key and Feedback L esson 3: R elating Chord Scales to Triads, Extended Chords, and Altered Chords Practical Exercise Answer Key and Feedback Examination MU 3323 3 ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS 1. -
Orientalism As Represented in the Selected Piano Works by Claude Debussy
Chapter 4 ORIENTALISM AS REPRESENTED IN THE SELECTED PIANO WORKS BY CLAUDE DEBUSSY A prominent English scholar of French music, Roy Howat, claimed that, out of the many composers who were attracted by the Orient as subject matter, “Debussy is the one who made much of it his own language, even identity.”55 Debussy and Hahn, despite being in the same social circle, never pursued an amicable relationship.56 Even while keeping their distance, both composers were somewhat aware of the other’s career. Hahn, in a public statement from 1890, praised highly Debussy’s musical artistry in L'Apres- midi d'un faune.57 Debussy’s Exposure to Oriental Cultures Debussy’s first exposure to oriental art and philosophy began at Mallarmé’s Symbolist gatherings he frequented in 1887 upon his return to Paris from Rome.58 At the Universal Exposition of 1889, he had his first experience in the theater of Annam (Vietnam) and the Javanese Gamelan orchestra (Indonesia), which is said to be a catalyst 55Roy Howat, The Art of French Piano Music: Debussy, Ravel, Fauré, Chabrier (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), 110 56Gavoty, 142. 57Ibid., 146. 58François Lesure and Roy Howat. "Debussy, Claude." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/07353 (accessed April 4, 2011). 33 34 in his artistic direction. 59 In 1890, Debussy was acquainted with Edmond Bailly, esoteric and oriental scholar, who took part in publishing and selling some of Debussy’s music at his bookstore L’Art Indépendeant. 60 In 1902, Debussy met Louis Laloy, an ethnomusicologist and music critic who eventually became Debussy’s most trusted friend and encouraged his use of Oriental themes.61 After the Universal Exposition in 1889, Debussy had another opportunity to listen to a Gamelan orchestra 11 years later in 1900. -
I. the Term Стр. 1 Из 93 Mode 01.10.2013 Mk:@Msitstore:D
Mode Стр. 1 из 93 Mode (from Lat. modus: ‘measure’, ‘standard’; ‘manner’, ‘way’). A term in Western music theory with three main applications, all connected with the above meanings of modus: the relationship between the note values longa and brevis in late medieval notation; interval, in early medieval theory; and, most significantly, a concept involving scale type and melody type. The term ‘mode’ has always been used to designate classes of melodies, and since the 20th century to designate certain kinds of norm or model for composition or improvisation as well. Certain phenomena in folksong and in non-Western music are related to this last meaning, and are discussed below in §§IV and V. The word is also used in acoustical parlance to denote a particular pattern of vibrations in which a system can oscillate in a stable way; see Sound, §5(ii). For a discussion of mode in relation to ancient Greek theory see Greece, §I, 6 I. The term II. Medieval modal theory III. Modal theories and polyphonic music IV. Modal scales and traditional music V. Middle East and Asia HAROLD S. POWERS/FRANS WIERING (I–III), JAMES PORTER (IV, 1), HAROLD S. POWERS/JAMES COWDERY (IV, 2), HAROLD S. POWERS/RICHARD WIDDESS (V, 1), RUTH DAVIS (V, 2), HAROLD S. POWERS/RICHARD WIDDESS (V, 3), HAROLD S. POWERS/MARC PERLMAN (V, 4(i)), HAROLD S. POWERS/MARC PERLMAN (V, 4(ii) (a)–(d)), MARC PERLMAN (V, 4(ii) (e)–(i)), ALLAN MARETT, STEPHEN JONES (V, 5(i)), ALLEN MARETT (V, 5(ii), (iii)), HAROLD S. POWERS/ALLAN MARETT (V, 5(iv)) Mode I. -
7'Tie;T;E ~;&H ~ T,#T1tmftllsieotog
7'tie;T;e ~;&H ~ t,#t1tMftllSieotOg, UCLA VOLUME 3 1986 EDITORIAL BOARD Mark E. Forry Anne Rasmussen Daniel Atesh Sonneborn Jane Sugarman Elizabeth Tolbert The Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology is an annual publication of the UCLA Ethnomusicology Students Association and is funded in part by the UCLA Graduate Student Association. Single issues are available for $6.00 (individuals) or $8.00 (institutions). Please address correspondence to: Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology Department of Music Schoenberg Hall University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Standing orders and agencies receive a 20% discount. Subscribers residing outside the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico, please add $2.00 per order. Orders are payable in US dollars. Copyright © 1986 by the Regents of the University of California VOLUME 3 1986 CONTENTS Articles Ethnomusicologists Vis-a-Vis the Fallacies of Contemporary Musical Life ........................................ Stephen Blum 1 Responses to Blum................. ....................................... 20 The Construction, Technique, and Image of the Central Javanese Rebab in Relation to its Role in the Gamelan ... ................... Colin Quigley 42 Research Models in Ethnomusicology Applied to the RadifPhenomenon in Iranian Classical Music........................ Hafez Modir 63 New Theory for Traditional Music in Banyumas, West Central Java ......... R. Anderson Sutton 79 An Ethnomusicological Index to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Part Two ............ Kenneth Culley 102 Review Irene V. Jackson. More Than Drumming: Essays on African and Afro-Latin American Music and Musicians ....................... Norman Weinstein 126 Briefly Noted Echology ..................................................................... 129 Contributors to this Issue From the Editors The third issue of the Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology continues the tradition of representing the diversity inherent in our field. -
CIS 3000 Scales Tutorial
CIS 3000: Introduction to Game Design 1 CIS 3000 Scales Tutorial by Benjamin Hennessy 1. Introduction 2. The Major Scale 3. The (Natural) Minor Scale 4. The Modal Scales 5. The Other Minor Scales a. Harmonic Minor b. Melodic Minor 6. Using Scales While Composing Some graphical content courtesy of musictheory.net . CIS 3000: Introduction to Game Design 2 Introduction A scale is an ordered sequence of notes. Typical ly, a scale spans one octave (twelve half steps on the piano roll, ie from C to C) and contains seven note s (eight if we count the repeated note at the octave). Which seven notes we select out of the possible twelve in a one octave range determines what kind of scale we have. Note: there are scales which have more or less than seven notes, but we will only be focusing on those with se ven, or the heptatonic scales. The Major Scale First we’ll discuss the major scale . A major scale is made up of this sequence of whole steps (W) and half steps ( h): W W h W W W h Knowing this sequence is useful because you can create scales regardless of the starting note. Here is an example of a major scale starting on C in both traditional staff notation and Reason’s piano roll notation: You might notice how the re are no sharps or flats in the C scale, or that all of the notes correspond to the wh ite keys on the piano roll. Here’s what the major scale looks like when we start on the D instead: Notice how there a re now two sharps in the scale, corresponding to the two black keys on the piano roll. -
A-Beginner-Guide-To-Modes.Pdf
A BEGINNER GUIDE TO MODES Here are a few charts to help break down modes, including scale patterns, chord patterns, and the characteristic “colour note / chord” within each scale. Just like with the idea of parallel major and minor scales, you can choose to write solely within one scale (say, D dorian), OR you can borrow a chord from a parallel mode while still using chords from your original scale (i.e., writing in F minor [aeolian] and using a Db major chord, but also using a Bb major chord, borrowed from Dorian mode). The Modes by Numeric Pattern (Rose boxes indicate the scale’s ‘colour note’ or what gives it its character; blue boxes show a potential secondary colour note.) MODE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IONIAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DORIAN 1 2 b3 4 5 6 b7 PHRYGIAN 1 b2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 LYDIAN 1 2 3 #4 5 6 7 MIXOLYDIAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 b7 AEOLIAN 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 LOCRIAN 1 b2 b3 4 b5 b6 b7 IONIAN mode is the major scale, so this mode begins on the 1st degree of the major scale. DORIAN mode begins on the 2nd scale degree of the relative ionian mode (major scale) PHRYGIAN mode begins on the 3rd scale degree of the relative ionian mode (major scale) LYDIAN mode begins on the 4th scale degree of the relative ionian mode (major scale) MIXOLYDIAN mode begins on the 5th scale degree of the relative ionian mode (major scale) AEOLIAN mode (minor scale) begins on the 6th degree of the relative ionian mode (major scale). -
Improvisation Aeolian Mode
Improvisation: From Minor Pentatonic Scale to Aeolian Mode In this lesson students will explore their musical creativity through improvisation by developing ideas for melodic lines using the Aeolian mode. Students will gain an aural and theoretical understanding of the Aeolian mode through improvisation and analysis of a minor key Reggae groove in our Notation Mixer. The clip below features Berklee College of Music students as they talk about what improvisation means to them. For additional resources on improvisation, check out our Improvisation Unit in our PULSE Study Room. Access free resources to enhance this lesson by joining Berklee PULSE. Outcomes: • Students will gain an aural and theoretical understanding of the Aeolian mode through improvisation and analysis. Materials: • PULSE improvisation video • PULSE minor pentatonic and Aeolian scale material • Preferred instrument INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY IDEAS Exposition of Material 1. Review Lesson 1 After watching the improvisation video above students will: o Reflect upon their composition process in Lesson 1 and discuss how their perception of improvisation and musical expression has progressed. o Review the minor pentatonic scale. 2. Review Mode What is a mode? o Modes have seven notes, and are built using a pattern of half steps and whole steps, just like the major and minor scales. Each mode has a “characteristic note,” a note that sets it apart from the other modes. Musicians often use the major scale as the starting point when talking about a mode, because each mode starts on one of the scale degrees of the major scale. We will use the C major scale (key of C) as the starting point for each mode, but you can build modes in any major scale. -
Piano Scales
HAMSA MUSIC INSTITUTE #896/1/3, 1STST FLOOR, 1 ‘A’ MHIN ROAD, MAHALAKSHMI LAYOUT ENTUANCE MAHALASHMIPURAM, BANGALORE-86. Mob:9945169825. www.hamsamusic.wordpress.com [email protected] PIANO SCALES Name…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... C D E F G A B C Major Scale intervals: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 half-steps: 2-2-1-2-2-2-1 notes: C,D,E,F,G,A,B Eb Ab C D F G B C Harmonic Minor Scale intervals: 1,2,b3,4,5,b6,7 half-steps: 2-1-2-2-1-3-1 notes: C,D,Eb,F,G,Ab,B Eb C D F G A B C Melodic Minor (Ascending) Scale intervals: 1,2,b3,4,5,6,7 half-steps: 2-1-2-2-2-2-1 notes: C,D,Eb,F,G,A,B Eb Ab Bb C D F G C Melodic Minor (Descending) Scale a.k.a.: C Natural Minor, C Relative Minor intervals: 1,2,b3,4,5,b6,b7 half-steps: 2-1-2-2-1-2-2 notes: C,D,Eb,F,G,Ab,Bb F# G# Bb C D E C Whole Tone Scale intervals: 1,2,3,#4,#5,b7 half-steps: 2-2-2-2-2-2 notes: C,D,E,F#,G#,Bb C D E G A C Pentatonic Major Scale intervals: 1,2,3,5,6 half-steps: 2-2-3-2-3 notes: C,D,E,G,A Eb Bb C F G C Pentatonic Minor Scale intervals: 1,b3,4,5,b7 half-steps: 3-2-2-3-2 notes: C,Eb,F,G,Bb Eb Gb Bb C F G C Pentatonic Blues Scale intervals: 1,b3,4,b5,5,b7 half-steps: 3-2-1-1-3-2 notes: C,Eb,F,Gb,G,Bb Bb C D F G C Pentatonic Neutral Scale intervals: 1,2,4,5,b7 half-steps: 2-3-2-3-2 notes: C,D,F,G,Bb Db Eb Gb Bb C E G A C Octatonic (H-W) Scale intervals: 1,b2,b3,3,b5,5,6,b7 half-steps: 1-2-1-2-1-2-1-2 notes: C,Db,Eb,E,Gb,G,A,Bb Eb Gb Ab C D F A B C Octatonic (W-H) Scale intervals: 1,2,b3,4,b5,b6,6,7 -
An Analysis and Conductor's Guide to Zdeněk Lukáš
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Music Music 2018 AN ANALYSIS AND CONDUCTOR’S GUIDE TO ZDENĚK LUKÁŠ’ REQUIEM PER CORO MISTO, OP. 252 Samuel James Miller University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-2330 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2018.161 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Miller, Samuel James, "AN ANALYSIS AND CONDUCTOR’S GUIDE TO ZDENĚK LUKÁŠ’ REQUIEM PER CORO MISTO, OP. 252" (2018). Theses and Dissertations--Music. 114. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/114 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Music at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Music by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.