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The Good Life Is out There Somewhere: British and U.S. Women's Utopian Literature 1836-1916

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The Good Life Is out There Somewhere: British and U.S. Women's Utopian Literature 1836-1916 Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 5-6-2019 The Good Life is out there Somewhere: British and U.S. Women's Utopian Literature 1836-1916 Dan M.R. Abitz Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Abitz, Dan M.R., "The Good Life is out there Somewhere: British and U.S. Women's Utopian Literature 1836-1916." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2019. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/215 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GOOD LIFE IS OUT THERE SOMEWHERE: BRITISH AND U.S. WOMEN’S UTOPIAN LITERATURE 1836-1916 by DANIEL MELVIN ROBERT ABITZ Under the Direction of Janet Ann Gabler-Hover ABSTRACT This dissertation reads women’s utopian literature from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in order to understand how authors both famous and unknown used women’s political liberation as the foundation for utopian revolutions. Taking up novels from the United States and the United Kingdom, this transatlantic project connects well-known authors such as George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, Pauline Hopkins, Lady Florence Dixie, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman to obscure writers like Lillian B. Jones Horace, Mary E. Bradley Lane, Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett, Annie Denton Cridge, and Mary Griffith. Chapter I explores how Gaskell and Eliot used different conceptions of “utopia” to connect women’s rights and worker’s rights. Chapter II examines issues of movement, borders, and identity in Gilman’s utopian trilogy. Chapter III combines Freudian psychoanalysis, critical race theory, and gender studies to argue that utopia and melancholy are interrelated psychical responses to the traumas of race, gender, and sexuality. Finally, Chapter IV looks at how Cridge and Dixie deconstruct the gender binary in ways that reveal gender to be entirely social, constitutive, and performative. Rather than treat women’s utopian literature as a genre too politically stunted for modern readers, this dissertation instead looks at these novels as representative of women’s radical political visions that have yet to come to fruition. In this way, this project argues that our modern utopian visions should be influenced and informed by ones from over hundred years ago. INDEX WORDS: Utopian Literature, Women’s Writing, Feminist Theory, Queer Theory, Race Studies, Nineteenth Century. THE GOOD LIFE IS OUT THERE SOMEWHERE: BRITISH AND U.S. WOMEN’S UTOPIAN LITERATURE 1836-1916 by DANIEL MELVIN ROBERT ABITZ A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2019 Copyright by Daniel Melvin Robert Abitz 2019 THE GOOD LIFE IS OUT THERE SOMEWHERE: BRITISH AND U.S. WOMEN’S UTOPIAN LITERATURE 1836-1916 by DANIEL MELVIN ROBERT ABITZ Committee Chair: Janet Gabler-Hover Committee: Paul Schmidt LeeAnne Richardson Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2019 iv DEDICATION For Mom. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe more than I can ever quantify to Dr. Janet Gabler-Hover, whose indefatigable efforts as both a reader and mentor have shaped my life, work, and time as a graduate student. Her knowledge of the field, theoretical insights, critical acumen, and editorial prowess have made me the scholar and person I am today. My committee members Dr. Paul Schmidt and Dr. LeeAnne Richardson, who also served as my professors along the way, provided indelible support throughout my time at Georgia State. I can only hope to payback in kind their work, time, and investment. The most heartfelt and gracious thanks to Pops, Mel, and Julie; Hannah and the IBCC; Hubie, Nat, Hank, Matthew, Steven, Tom, Jenna, Lindsay, Patrick, Kally, Zach; Andrew, Randi, David, and Brian and the Pinecones; Cristine, Devin, and Colleen; Sara, Ian, Susi, and Michael; Christine, Stephanie, Matty; Paul Donnelly, Dr. Elizabeth West, and the rest of SAMLA; the Abitzes, Shaibes, Ondrichs, Morans, Rockmans, and Byerses. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ V INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1 UTOPIANISM IN ELIZABETH GASKELL AND GEORGE ELIOT .............. 19 1.1 North, South, and Utopia .................................................................................. 21 1.2 Daydreams, Inheritance, and the Working Class .......................................... 31 1.3 A Queer Epilogue .............................................................................................. 39 2 TRAVELING THROUGH THE ROOTS AND ROUTES OF CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN’S UTOPIAN TRILOGY ........................................................................ 53 2.1 Sea Change: Travel, Immigration, and Alterity ............................................ 57 2.2 Rape Culture in/and Herland .......................................................................... 69 2.3 Van’s Imperialism and Ellador’s Utopianism: The Bi-Sexual Method ....... 77 3 LOSS, RACE, AND THE MELANCHOLY OF UTOPIA ................................... 94 3.1 Melancholy in Utopia ........................................................................................ 99 3.2 Melancholy and Utopia ................................................................................... 116 3.3 Melancholic, Utopic, Queer ............................................................................ 143 4 FEMINIST UTOPIANISM AND THE DISRUPTION OF THE GENDER BINARY IN MAN’S RIGHTS AND GLORIANA .................................................................. 150 4.1 Men, Women, and Butterflies ........................................................................ 153 4.2 Gloriana/Hector and the Queerness of Desire .............................................. 179 vii 4.3 Androgynocracy .............................................................................................. 196 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 203 WORKS CITED............................................................................................................ 209 viii 1 INTRODUCTION In the Preface to her utopian novel Moving the Mountain (1911), Charlotte Perkins Gilman claims that the human mind possesses “a natural tendency to hope, desire, foresee, and then, if possible, obtain” what she calls “better human possibilities” (6). Gilman presents this natural tendency towards utopianism as procedural. For Gilman, utopianism begins with a strong sense of wishing and longing, moves towards imagining ways to fulfill those hopes and desires, and then culminates, if at all possible, in actionable responses towards achieving those goals. These goals are not castles in the sky; rather, they are necessary and attainable improvements made to the world’s current condition. This is why, according to Gilman, Moving the Mountain “involves no other change than a change of mind, the mere awakening of people, especially the women, to existing possibilities. It indicates what people might do, real people, now living, in thirty years – if they would” (6). Gilman thus presents Moving the Mountain as a plea for social and political action in the short-term, as a glimpse into a conceivable alternative future that only requires a collective decision to make things better for everyone. Gilman’s definition of utopianism anticipates, by nearly a century, the ways modern utopian theorists understand this “natural tendency” of the human mind. In Utopia as Method (2013), Ruth Levitas defines utopia as “the expression of the desire for a better way of being or of living, and as such is braided through human culture” (xii). Levitas continues, qualifying utopia “in terms of desire” as “analytic rather than descriptive. It generates a method which is primarily hermeneutic but which repeatedly returns us from existential and aesthetic concerns to the social and structural domain” (xiii). Though Levitas calls it “human culture” rather than the “human mind,” both Levitas and Gilman believe that this mechanism of desire, imagination, and propulsion takes place ubiquitously or universally. Too, each author links hope and desire to a 2 “better life,” foregoing an insistence on perfection, focusing instead on alternative pathways towards success and fulfilment. Eschewing perfection, Gilman and Levitas highlight the importance of openness and multiplicity in utopianism. Foreclosing the imaginative capabilities of the utopian subject places limits on how that subject might desire, might look to the future to satisfy such desire, and what actionable pathways might be taken to create future material conditions that would allow for such satisfaction to occur. Of course, Gilman highlights women as the one group in particular whose collective awakening most impacts Moving the Mountain’s utopian vision. Moving the Mountain presents a utopian United States beneficial to all US citizens and made possible by women’s full political liberation. In the novel, women’s
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