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THE LEGAL STATUS of ḎIMMĪ-S in the ISLAMIC WEST Maribel Fierro, John Tolan

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THE LEGAL STATUS of ḎIMMĪ-S in the ISLAMIC WEST Maribel Fierro, John Tolan THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḎIMMĪ-S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST Maribel Fierro, John Tolan To cite this version: Maribel Fierro, John Tolan. THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḎIMMĪ-S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST. THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḎIMMĪ-S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST, Mar 2011, Madrid, Espagne. BREPOLS, 2013, Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies (RELMIN 1), <http://www.brepols.net/Pages/BrowseBySeries.aspx?TreeSeries=RELMIN>. <halshs-01079944> HAL Id: halshs-01079944 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01079944 Submitted on 4 Nov 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons ttribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivativesttribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḏimmī-s IN THE ISLAMIC WEST H © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 1 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies 1 Series Editor John TOLAN Editorial Board: Camilla ADANG, Tel Aviv University Nora BEREND, Cambridge University Nicolas DE LANGE, Cambridge University Maribel FIERRO, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientíicas Christian MÜLLER, Institut de Recherches et d’Histoire des Textes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientiique Kenneth PENNINGTON, Catholic University of America In the middle ages, from Baghdad to Barcelona, signiicant communities of religious minorities resided in the midst of polities ruled by Christians and Muslims: Jews and Christians throughout the Muslim world (but particularly from Iraq westward), lived as dhimmis, protected but subor- dinate minorities; while Jews (and to a lesser extent Muslims) were found in numerous places in Byzantine and Latin Europe. Legists (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) forged laws meant to regulate interreligious interactions, while judges and scholars interpreted these laws. Religion and Law in medieval Christian and muslim societies presents a series of studies on these phenomena. Our goal is to study Hthe history of the legal status of religious minorities in Medieval societies in all their variety and complexity. Most of the publications in this series are the prod- ucts of research of the European Research Council project RELMIN: The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean World (5th-15th centuries) (www.relmin.eu). Au moyen âge, de Bagdad à Barcelone, des communautés importantes de minorités religieuses vécurent dans des Etats dirigés par des princes chrétiens ou musulmans : dans le monde musulman (surtout de l’Iraq vers l’ouest), juifs et chrétiens résidèrent comme dhimmis, minorités protégées et subordonnées ; tandis que de nombreuses communautés juives (et parfois musulmanes) habitèrent dans des pays chrétiens. Des légistes (juifs, chrétiens et musulmans) édictèrent des lois pour réguler les relations interconfessionnelles, tandis que des juges et des hommes de lois s’eforcèrent à les interpréter. La collection Religion and Law in medieval Christian and muslim societies présente une série d’études sur ces phénomènes. Une partie importante des publications de cette collection est issue des travaux efectués au sein du programme ERC RELMIN : Le Statut Légal des Minorités Religieuses dans l’Espace Euro-méditerranéen (Ve-XVe siècles) ( www.relmin. eu). © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 2 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḎIMMĪ-S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST (second/eighth-ninth/ifteenth centuries) Edited by MaribelH FIERRO and John TOLAN F © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 3 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 Relmin is supported by the European Research Council, under the EU 7th Framework Programme. Relmin est inancé par le Conseil Européen de la Recherche, sous le 7ème Programme Cadre de l'Union Européenne. H © 2013, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2013/0095/93 ISBN 978-2-503-54854-8 Printed in the E.U. on acid-free paper. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 4 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 Summary 1. FIERRO, Maribel, “introduction” 9 I. Legal views on ḏimmī-s. 2. mÜlleR, christian, “non-muslims as part of islamic law: Juridical 21 casuistry in a ifth/eleventh-century law manual”. 3. CHÉRIF, Mohamed, « Encore sur le statut des ḏimmī-s sous les 65 Almohades ». II. The early period: submission and adaptation. 4. CARMONA, Alfonso, “Doctrina sobre lağizya en el Occidente 91 islámico pre-moderno”. 5. NEF, Annliese, “le statut des ḏimmī-s dans la Sicile aghlabide 111 (212/827-297/910)”. 6. GARCIA SANJUÁN, Alejandro, “la formación de la doctrina legal 131 mālikí sobre lugares de culto de los ḏimmíes”. 7. MOLÉNAT, Jean-Pierre, « LaH fatwā sur la construction des églises à 157 Cordoue au IVe/Xe siècle ». 8. AILLET, Cyrille, « La construction des frontières interconfession- 167 nelles: le cas des chrétiens d’al-Andalus dans les sources juridiques (IIe/VIIIe-VIe/XIIe s.) ». 9. VIGUERA, María Jesús, “Dimmíes en crónicas de al-Andalus: 199 intereses y estrategias relejadas enal-muqtabis II-1 de Ibn Ḥayyān”. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 5 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 6 SUMMARY III. Exploring legal casuistry. 10. BOUCHIBA, Farid, « Cimetières et opérations funéraires en al- 215 Andalus : Ḏimmīs et non-musulmans face à la mort. Étude de cas à partir du Kitāb al-ğanā’iz de la mustaḫrağa d’al-‘Utbī (m. 255/869) et de son commentaire al-Bayān wa l-taḥṣīl du Qāḍī Ibn Rušd al-Ğadd (m. 520/1126) ». 11. HERNÁNDEZ, Adday, “La compraventa de vino entre musulmanes 243 y cristianos ḏimmíes a través de textos jurídicos mālikíes del Occidente islámico medieval”. 12. OULDDALI, Ahmed, « Recevabilité du témoignage du ḏimmī d’après 275 les juristes mālikites d’Afrique du Nord ». IV. Going to court. 13. VOGUET, Elise, « Les communautés juives du Maghreb central à la 295 lumière des fatwa-s mālikites de la in du Moyen Âge ». 14. RUSTOW, Marina, “The legal status of ḏimmī-s in the Fatimid East: 307 A view from the palace in Cairo”. V. The non-Muslims’ sources. 15. WASSERSTEIN, David,H “Families, Forgery And Falsehood: Two 335 Jewish Legal Cases From Medieval islamic north africa”. 16. ECHEVARRIA, Ana, “Jews as heretics in the eyes of an Arabized 347 christian community”. 17. TOLAN, John, “Conclusions” 365 Sources and bibliography 373 Index 405 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 6 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 Note on transliteration The transliteration of Arabic terms follows the norms of the Journal Arabica ʾ b t ṯ ǧ ḥ ḫ d ḏ r z s š ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ gh f q k l m n h w y -ʾ (hamza) is not to be used in initial position In the General Bibliography the references have been standardized in English. H © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 7 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 H © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT relmin1.indd 8 BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 9/10/13 09:38 THE LEGAL STATUS OF ḎIMMĪ-S IN THE ISLAMIC WEST (SECOND/EIGHTH-NINTH/FIFTEENTH CENTURIES): AN INTRODUCTION Maribel FIERRO CCHS-CSIC (Madrid) The starting point for this collaborative volume was John Tolan’s sugges- tion made in October 2010 to organize together in Madrid a conference on the topic of the legal status of the ḏimmī-s - i.e., the ‘protected’ Jewish and Christian communities in Islamic lands - who lived in al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal). Before the suggestion was made, John Tolan had kindly invited me to join the scientiic committee of his project RELMIN ( The legal status of religious minorities in the Euro-mediterranean space, ifth-ifteenth centuries ) funded by the European Research Council (ERC) with an Advanced Research Grant (ARG) for the period 2010-2015.1 I attended the kick-of conference that took place in the University of Nantes in October 2010 and became enthusiastic about both the aims of the project, and the team of young and energetic researchers involved in it. Moreover, I saw in the collaboration with John Tolan and his project a way to enrich my own research project KOHEPOCU (Knowledge, he- resy, and political culture in the islamic West eighth-ifteenth centuries), funded also by the ERC with an ARG for the period 2009-2014.2 The study of the status of religious minorities in theH Islamic West - including al-Andalus, Sicily and North Africa with the exception of Egypt - is in fact a crucial issue for a better understanding of the ways in which Islamic legal and theological doctrines and norms intersect with legal and social practices, and of the changing poli- tical backgrounds for the application, deviation or abandonment of such norms.
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