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Notes to the Text Notes to the Text CHAPTER 1 1. Rhoodie, DO, Suid-Afrika: Van Koloniale Onder­ der Schyff,PF, Eric H Louwin dieSuid-Afrikaanse horigheid tot Soewereine Onafhanklikheid, Pers­ Politiek tot 1948, D. Litt. dissertation, University kor, Johannesburg, 1974, p.7. of Potchefstroom, 1974,pp.221-6. 2. In terms of the South Africa Act, 1910, the fran­ 6. Slee, ATC, Commonwealth Co-operation 1939-45: chise was restricted to white males (in 1930 white South Africa and its London Representation, women received the franchise) , while blacks and D.Phil. dissertation, University of Cape Town, coloureds in the Cape Province were placed on a 1959,p.5. common voters' roll with whites - but only whites 7. Quoted ibid. , p.6. could be elected to Parliament. In 1936 Cape 8. Muller, ME , op. cit., pp.50 & 51. blacks were removed from the common roll and 9. Slee, ATC, op. cit., p.6. were instead to elect three white MPs to represent 10. Muller, ME , op. cit., pp. 48-55. Louw's tenure as them . In 1959 the Cape blacks lost also their sepa­ trade commissioner in America is discussed in rate representation in Parliament, leaving them detail in Van der Schyff, PF, op. cit., pp.20lff. with black homeland legislatures as forums for 11. In the early days of the League , Prime Minister political representation. In 1956 coloureds too Smuts appointed Lord Robert Cecil, a prominent were placed on a separate voters ' roll, and in 1968 British politician , as South Africa's representative they lost their parliamentary representation alto­ in the League Assembly. The move reflected the gether, when the partly elected Coloured Persons strength of the imperial connection and the Representative Council was established. South Union's lack of an independent international African Indians in 1964for the first time received a posture. (Hancock, WK, Smuts : The Fields of modicum of political representation with the crea­ Force, 1919·1950, Cambridge University Press, tion of a nominated South African Indian Council. London, 1968, pp.36 & 130). 3. Rhoodie, DO, op. cit., p.8 and Bekker, MJ, 12. Muller, ME, op. cit., pp.49-56. Histories-Empiriese Studie van die Suid-Afrikaanse 13. Quoted by Rhoodie, DO , op. cit., p.137. Diplomatieke en Konsulere Diens as Staatskakelor­ 14. Quoted by Bekker, MJ, op, cit., p.37. ganisasie, MA dissertation, University of Potchef­ 15. Quoted by Rhoodie, DO, op. cit., p.185. See also stroom, 1973, p.36. Scholtz, GO, Hertzog en Smuts en die Britse Ryk, 4. Muller, ME , Suid-Afrika se Buitelandse Verteen­ Tafelberg , Cape Town, 1975, 158pp. woordiging (1910-1972), Van Schaik , Pretoria, 16. Gey van Pittius, EFW , op. cit., pp.324 & 325. 1976, p.48. 17. Muller, ME, op. cit., p.57. 5. Loc. cit., Bekker, MJ, op. cit., p.37 and Gey van 18. Union of South Africa, Debates of the House of Pittius, EFW, "Die rol van Generaal Hertzog in Assembly (Hansard) (hereafter abbreviated HA die ontvoogding van die Unie", in Nienaber, PJ et Deb.), 10/4/1930,col. 3022 & 3023. al. (Eds), Gedenkboek Generaal IBM Hertzog, 19. Muller, ME , op. cit., p.58. Afrikaanse Pers-Boekhandel, Johannesburg, 20. Bodenstein was an Afrikaner who hailed from the 1965, p.327. For a revealing account of the pro­ Western Transvaal and who had, in the Anglo­ blems that South Africa's uncertain international Boer War, distinguished himself as a Boer scout. status caused its representatives abroad, see Van Before taking up an academic appointment, he was 251 a senior journalist with Die Burger, the National 35. Ibid, p.204. Also widely regarded as a diplomatic Party's Cape mouthpiece. (See Du Plessis, WC, "dumping" was Smuts's appointment of Mr SF du Die Goue Draad: "Op die Trekpad van 'n Nasie", Toit , Clerk of the Senate , as envoy to Sweden in Afrikaanse Pers-Boekhandel, Johannesburg, 1971 , 1946. For Du Toit 's account of his diplomatic p. 44, and Scholtz, GD "Generaal Hertzog en career (which in the event lasted until 1960) see his die internasionale politiek", in Nienaber, PJ, op. memoirs, Home and A broad, Nasionale cit., p. 338.) Some of Bodenstein's officials remem­ Boekh andel , Cape Town, 1969, 222pp. bered him for his modesty; others for his rigorous 36. Geldenhuys, DJ , The Effects of South Af rica's pedantry. A journalist recalled that Bodenstein Racial Policy on A nglo-South African Relations, was never fond of newspapermen and "had a sar­ 1945-1961, Ph.D. dissertation, University of castic tongue and was often biting about the Press" Cambridge, 1977, pp.ll, 14 & 15. (Bellwood, WA, South African Backdrop, Nasio­ 37. Kavina, SDB , The South West Africa Dispute: A nale Boekhandel, Cape Town, 1969, p.145). An­ Political Study, M.Sc. dissertation, University of other glimpse of this complex personality was pro­ Edinburgh, 1967, pp.19, 20 & 57-68. vided by an opposition MP who asked Prime Mini­ 38. Quoted by Geldenhuys, DJ , Anglo-South African ster Hertzog when Bodenstein had been elevated Relations , op. cit., p.36. to the peerage, for he signed himself only "Boden­ 39. See Ezejiofor, G, Protection of Human Rights stein". under the Law, Butterworth, London , 1964, 21. In a statement published in a German journal in pp.52ff., and Luard,E (Ed), The International 1937 Bodenstein said South Africa was a comple­ Protection of Human Rights , Thames & Hudson, tely sovereign and independent state in the fullest London, 1967, pp.14ff. international sense. This prompted the leader of 40. See Hancock, WK, op. cit., pp.467-72. the Dominion Party, Col. CF Stallard, to introduce 41. Smuts in a letter to F Lamont, 31/3/1947, in Van a motion of censure in Parliament on Bodenstein's der Poel, J (Ed) , Selections from the Smuts Papers, action (Rhoodie, DO , op. cit., p.225). Vol. VII (August 1945-0ctober 1950), Cambridge 22. Muller, ME, op. cit., pp.61 & 62. University Press, London, 1973, p.129. 23. Slee, ATC , op. cit., pp.6 & 7. 42. Smuts in a letter to MC Gillett , 14/1/1947, ibid., 24. Muller, ME, op . cit., pp.60-65. See also Van der p.116. See also Smuts , JC (jr), op. cit., p.499. Schyff, PF, op. cit., pp.277-333, on Louw's tenure 43. Geldenhuys, DJ , Anglo-South African Relations, as first head of mission in Washington. op. cit., pp.91 & 92. 25. Muller, ME, op. cit., pp.59-65. 44. Quoted in HA Deb., 12/5/1959, col. 5604. 26. Pachai, B, The International Aspects of the South 45. Hancock, WK, op. cit., p.473. African Indian Question 1860-197/ , Struik, Cape 46. See Mansergh,N, South Africa 1906-196/: The Town, 1971, pp.126, 127 & 154. Price of Magnanimity, George Allen & Unwin, 27. See Egeland, L, Bridges ofUnderstanding: A Per­ London, 1962, pp.64-98. sonal Record in Teaching, Law , Politics and 47. Meintjes , J , General Louis Botha:A Biography, Diplomacy, Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, Cassell, London, 1970, p.279. 1977, p.148; Rosenthal,E, South African 48. Miller, JDB , The Commonwealth in the World, Diplomats Abroad: The South African Department Gerald Duckworth, London , 1965, p.32. of External Affairs, SAIIA, Johanne sburg, 1949, 49. Kruger , DW, The Age of the Generals: A Short p. 22, and Smuts, JC (jr) , Jan Christian Smuts , Political History of the Union of South Africa, Cassell, London , 1952, pp. 451ff. Dagbreekpers, Johannesburg, 1961, pp.106 & 107. 28.Mulder , PWA, Die Suid-Afrikaanse Staats­ 50. Published by Hodder & Stoughton, London , 1918, inligtingsdiens, 1936-1977, met Besondere Beklem­ 71pp. toning van sy Buitelandse Doelstellingeen Funksies, 51. See Smuts, JC (jr), op. cit., pp.219-38 and D.Phil. dissertation, University of Potchefstroom, Hancock , WK, op . cit., pp.3-20. 1977, pp. 55, 56 & 66-9. The post of press officer in 52. Smuts, JC (jr), op. cit., p.422. London had no connection with that of State In­ 53. Ibid ., pp.421 , 429, 449 & 461. formation Officer created in the Union in 1936. 54. See Slee , ATC , op. cit., pp.43 & 44, Heaton The latter post, also in the Department of the Nicholls, G, op . cit., p.387 and Smuts, JC (jr) , op. Prime Minister, involved liaison between the cit., p.432. Union government and the local press. 55. For the text of Smuts's original draft preamble, see 29. Ibid., p.121. Smuts, JC (jr), op. cit., p.478. 30. Ibid ., p.127. 56. Ibid., p.475. 31. Heaton Nicholls, G , South Africa in My Time, 57. Cockram, B, "General Smuts and South African George Allen & Unwin, London , 1961, pp.368ff. Diplomacy" , address to a meeting of the Witwa­ 32. Egeland, L, op, cit., pp.153ff. tersrand branch of the South African Institut e of 33. Van der Schyff, PF, op. cit., pp.162ff. Intern ational Affairs, 16 September 1970, Rone­ 34. See Egeland , L, op. cit., p.l44. oed, p. 6. 252 58. Hancock, WK , op. cit., p. 433. 76. Jooste , a former private secretary of Havenga's, 59. See Friedman, B, Smuts: A Reappraisal, Hugh wrote that the tie between Hertzog and Havenga Keartland Publishers , Johannesburg, 1975, p.178. "was one of intimate friendship and intense loyalty 60. See Lawrence,J, Harry Lawrence, David Philip - the general always the leader and Mr Havenga Publishers, Cape Town, 1978, pp.87 & 198-212. always the adviser and follower" (Jooste, GP , op. 61. Smuts, JC (jr), op. cit., pp.449, 461 & 491. cit., p.26). 62. Hancock, WK , op. cit., pp.36 & 131-49. 77. Van der Schyff, PF, op. cit., pp.201ff. and Van 63. Smuts , JC (jr) , op. cit., ppA91-7 and Egeland, L, Vuuren , OJ , op. cit., pp.20-50. op .
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