A survey of race relations in South Africa: 1968
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A survey of race relations in South Africa: 1968
Author/Creator Publisher
Horrell, Muriel South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg
- Date
- 1969-01
Reports English
Resource type Language Subject
- Coverage (spatial)
- South Africa, South Africa, South Africa, South Africa, South
Africa, Namibia
Coverage (temporal) Source
1968 EG Malherbe Library
- Description
- A survey of race relations in South Africa in 1968 and
includes chapters on: Political Party developments; Organizations concerned with race relations; The population of South Africa; Security measures; Control of publications; Control of persons; Justice; Detentions and trials in South Africa under security laws; Guerilla fighters in southern Africa; Foreign affairs; Employment; The African reserves; Influx control, pass laws and the control of African labour; Sundry matters affecting non-white people; Group areas and housing; The administration of educational services; School education for African pupils; School education for Coloured pupils;School education for Indian pupils in the Transvaal and Natal; School education for White pupils; Technological, technical and vocational education; Africans; Coloured students; Indians; University education; Student attitudes and organizations; Bursary funds; Health; Welfare; Recreation; South West Africa; Legislation of 1968.
Format extent (length/size)
342 pages
http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.BOO19690000.042.000
A SUVE A SUVE 0OT AFRICA
- Compilied by.. :. MURIEL HORRELL
- ,
S TH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS .
A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS Compiled by MURIEL HORRELL Research Officer South African Institute of Race Relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE P.O. BOX 97 RELATIONS JANUARY, 1969 JOHANNESBURG
ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer's very sincere gratitude is expressed to all those who helped in the preparation of this Survey, in particular to Dr. Ellen Hellmann, who went through the manuscript with meticulous care, making valuable suggestions for its improvement, and to Mrs. A. Honeywill, who undertook the tedious task of checking the proofs. Appreciative thanks are extended to all those who helped by contributing material, supplying information, or replying to questions. Among them were Members of Parliament of various parties; officials of the Bantu Education Department, Transkei Education Department, and other government departments; the National Bureau of Educational and Social Research; municipal officials, in particular of the Johannesburg Non-European Affairs Department; the Registrars of Universities, University Colleges, and the South African Nursing Council; the South African Council of Churches, the Christian Institute of Southern Africa, and the Black Sash; trade unionists; Mrs. B. Israel, Mrs. G. Laver, Mr. P. Randall, the Rev. R. J. D. Robertson, and Mr. G. Tabor. Any publication of the Institute of Race Relations represents a team effort. Particular thanks are due to the Institute's library and administrative staff and the staff of Regional Offices, and to Miss F. Teladia and Mrs. M. Smith who did the typing. The writer's thanks are extended, too, to the printers, the Natal Witness (Pty) Ltd. NOTES This Survey is stated to be for the year 1968. As it was wished to have it published in January, 1969, however, it was impossible to include mention of events that took place during the closing weeks of December. This will be done in the next issue. All dates mentioned refer to the year 1968 unless otherwise stated. Printed by THE NATAL WITNESS (PTY) LTD. 244 Longmarket Street Pietermaritzburg Natal
CONTENTS POLITICAL PARTY DEVELOPMENTS N ationalist Party .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... ... U nited Party .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... Commission of Inquiry into Improper Interference and the Political Representation of the Various Population Groups ............. Legislation introduced as a result of the Commission's recommendations Prohibition of Political Interference Act, No. 51 of 1968 .......... Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1968 ... Parliamentary debate on these two Bills ....... .... ... .... ... ... Effects of these Acts on the Progressive and Liberal Parties ...... Protests against the Bills .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... Coloured Persons Representative Council Act, No. 52 of 1968 ...... Coloured political parties and attitudes .... ... .... ....... ... ... South African Indian Council Act, No. 31 of 1968 ............ Attitudes of Africans .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH RACE RELATIONS The South African Council of Churches ........................ The Christian Institute of Southern Africa Meetings of international ecumenical organizations ............ "Message to the People of South Africa" . ................. Pamphlets issued by the Methodist Church ..................... Edendale Ecumenical Centre The effects of industrialization on religious life ... ... ... ... ... Movement of Africans away from the established churches Assistance given by the Christian Institute to the African Independent C hurches .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... Church workers from overseas .... ... .... ....... .... ... ... ... The South African Institute of Race Relations ............... The South African Bureau of Racial Affairs .................... The Black Sash Citizens' Action Committee Abe Bailey Institute for Inter-Racial Studies ....... .... ... ... ... Voluntary service by students and farmers ... ... ... ... ... ... Page 133 5 5 6 6 8 9 10 13 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 THE POPULATION OF SOUTH AFRICA Size of the population .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 30 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, No. 21 of 1968 ... 30 Births, Marriages, and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, No. 18 of 1968 .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 31 Population Registration: Subdivisions of the Coloured group ....... .... ... .... ....... 31 Proposed "Book of Life" ...........................32 Numbers of objections to racial classifications .............. 32 The validity of objections by third parties that were made before 19 M ay 1967 .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... 33 Some other cases that were taken on appeal ................. 34 Some cases of particular hardship ....... .... ... .... ....... 35 Im m orality ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 Human Sciences Research Act, No. 23 of 1968 ............... 37 "Ethnic Attitudes of Johannesburg Youth" .................. 37
- iv
- A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1968
SECURITY MEASURES Armaments Development and Production Act, No. 57 of 1968 ....... 38 Armaments Amendment Act, No. 63 of 1968 ..................... 38 National Supplies Procurement Bill ....... .... ... .... ....... ... 38 Defence equipment .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... 39 CONTROL OF PUBLICATIONS The banning of publications ................. ............ 41 Control of the Press ... ... ... ... .... .. ... ... ... .. . .. 41 CONTROL OF PERSONS Banning orders ...... ... ....... ............... Continued detention of Mr. R. M. Sobukwe ..................... 45 Banishment of Africans ..............................46
42
Emergency regulations in the Transkei ... .... ....... ....... ... 46 Travel documents .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 46 JUSTICE Dangerous Weapons Act, No. 71 of 1968 ........................ 48 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 9 of 1968 .............. 49 Some criminal statistics ................................... 49 Convictions for murder, culpable homicide, and rape .............. 50 Death sentences and executions ....... .... ... .... ....... ....... 51 Police reservists ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 51 Conduct of police and prison officials ... .... ....... ....... ... 52 C onditions in prisons ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54 L egal aid ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 56 DETENTIONS AND TRIALS IN SOUTH AFRICA UNDER THE SECURITY LAWS Persons convicted under the security laws ..................... 57 Detention under security laws ....... .... ... .... ....... ....... 58 Some trials for alleged offences committed in South Africa .......... 59 Terrorist trial in Pretoria ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. 59 GUERRILLA FIGHTERS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Assistance given to guerrilla fighters by other countries .......... 63 Events in South-West Africa ....... .................. 64 Use of the South African Police and Defence Force .............. 65 Attempted new infiltration route ... .... ... .... ....... .... ... 65 Guerrilla fighting in Rhodesia ....... .... ... .... ... .... ....... 65 Sentences passed on men captured in Rhodesia ................. 66 Alleged abductions of men to join freedom fighters ............ 69 Fighting in Angola and Portuguese Guinea ..................... 69 Fighting in M ozambique .... ... .... ....... .... ... .... ... ... 70 FOREIGN AFFAIRS Consideration by the United Nations of South Africa's racial policies 71 South African relationships with Rhodesia ..................... 72 United Nations debates on the Rhodesian issue ................. 73 United Nations Trust Funds ....... ..................... 74 South Africa's relations with Britain: Simonstown Agreement ....... 75 Relationships with the United States ....... ....... .... ... .... ... 76 C anada .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 76 Conference in India .................. .................77 Economic Co-operation Promotion Loan Fund Act, No. 68 of 1968 ... 77 Conferences with other African states ...................... 79 Diplomatic township .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 79 Lesotho .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 79 Botswana ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 80 Swaziland .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 81
- CONTENTS
- v
M alaw i ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 82 Zam bia .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 83 East African states ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 84 EMPLOYMENT The general economic situation .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 85
- Wages of Africans ..................................
- 85
Manpower and productivity .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 85 M anpower Training Bill .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 86 The reservation of work, and productivity bargaining: Mining (87), the metal and engineering industries (88), the motor vehicle industry (90), the furniture industry (90), building construction (91), motor transport driving (92), drivers of taxis (92), barmen (92), the effects so far of job reservation determinations (93). Physical planning ....... .............................. 93 The manufacturing industry in South Africa generally .............. 95 Border industries: General progress made to the end of 1967 (96), further concessions oflered to industrialists (98), progress made in various border industrial areas (100). Other economic development areas ............................ 102 Industries established by Indians ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 102 Employment in: A griculture .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... 103 Mining ... .... ... .... ...... ............... ... .... ... 104 The building industry .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 105 Commerce -......................................... 106 The public service ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 107 W ages of domestic servants .... ... .... ....... .... ... .... ... 109 African professional men ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 110 Statistics relating to membership of trade unions ..................111 Trade union co-ordinating bodies: Sactu (112), Tucsa (112), the Confederation of Labour .(115). The Government's separate industrial conciliation machinery for A fricans ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 116 IHE AFRICAN RESERVES Categories of African areas: Scheduled areas (119), Quota land and released areas (119), Land acquired by Africans prior to 1936 (120). The extent of African areas: Scheduled areas (120), Quota land (120), Black spots (121), total extent of the Bantu areas (122), the future pattern in Natal and the Cape (123). Procedure for the removal of people from Black spots .............. 123 Farming areas and closer settlement areas ..................... 124 Removal schemes from certain Black spots in Natal ............. 125 Some removals effected during 1968: Natal: Representations by the Churches (127), move from Meran to Limehill (127), protests, and action by the Churches (128), subsequent developments at Limehill (129), move from Maria Ratschitz Mission to Limehill (130), Boschhoek to Vergelegen (130), other proposed moves in the Klip River-Dundee area (131), the Weenen area and other farming districts (132), Babanango area (132), Utrecht (133), other parts of Natal (133).
A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1968 Other provinces: Moves in the Marico district (133), Northern Cape (135), Eersterus to Stinkwater and Klipgat (135), the separation of Tsonga and Venda tribesmen (136), move to new Selonstat (137). The boundaries of the Transkei ....... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... The racial zoning of towns in the Transkei ..................... The purchase of White-owned properties in the Transkei .......... Coloured people in the Transkei and Ciskei .................... Powers of the Transkeian Government ........................ The question of independence for the African homelands .......... The Transkeian general election ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The Transkeian Government's budget ... ....... .... ... ... ... Administration of the Transkei .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... Bantu Authorities established in the Republic outside the Transkei ... New territorial authorities for the Ciskei and the Tswana homelands Regulations for Bantu areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The financing of development work in Bantu areas ............ The Promotion of Economic Development of Homelands Act, No. 4 6 o f 196 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Farm ing in the Reserves ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... M in in g ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Loans granted by the Bantu Investment Corporation and the Xhosa Development Corporation .... ....... .... ... .... ....... ... Secondary industry in the Reserves .... ... .... ....... .... ... ... Service concerns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... C om m erce ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Townships in the Reserves .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... INFLUX CONTROL, PASS LAWS, AND THE CONTROL OF AFRICAN LABOUR New Bantu Labour Regulations .................... Draft Bantu Labour Amendment Bill ............. Further possible legislation .... ... .... ... .... ... ... Proposed industrial labour pools ... ... ... ... ... Home ownership denied to Africans in urban areas ... Private Member's motion: laws affecting Africans in ur Proposed extension of the migratory labour system ... Proposed documents of national identification ...... Regulations for urban Bantu residential areas ......... Residential permits for certain professional people ... African widows and divorc6es ..................... Arrests and prosecutions under the pass laws ......... Influx control in the' Western Cape ................ Some notes on influx control in other areas .......... Resettlement villages ... .... .... ... .... ... ... ... Foreign Africans ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .. Some comments on and protests against the pass laws ... ... ... ... 159 ... ... ... 166 ... ... ... 166 ... ... ... 167 ... ... ... 167 in areas ... 168 ... ... ... 169 ... ... ... 16 9 ... ... ... 170 ... ... ... 17 1 ... ... ... 17 1 ... ... ... 172 ... ... ... 17 5 ... ... ... 176 177 ... ... ... 178 -. . ... ... 178 SUNDRY MATTERS AFFECTING NON-WHITE PEOPLE Urban Bantu Councils ............................... Urban local government for Coloured and Indian people .......... State expenditure on Africans ............................. Taxes paid by A fricans ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The rights of African women .... ... .... ....... .... ... ... ... Coloured cadets ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... Coloured Reserves and Mission Stations ........................ Naturalization of Indians .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... The supply of liquor to non-white persons ..................... ba
- CONTENTS
- vii
GROUP AREAS AND HOUSING The provision of amenities in non-white group areas .............. 190 Community Development Amendment Act, No. 58 of 1968 ....... 191 Depreciation and appreciation contributions ..................... 192 Coloured people living in Bantu residential areas ................. 192 Control of Coloured townships in the Transvaal ................. 193 Booklet for those affected by group areas proclamations .......... 193 The provision of housing .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 193 Housing Amendment Act, No. 80 of 1968 ..................... 194 Sub-economic schemes for Africans ....... .... ... .... ....... ... 195 Developments in regard to group areas: Johannesburg (196), Reef towns (197), the future of Coloured people in other parts of the Transvaal (198), other newlyproclaimed group areas in the Transvaal (199), the Cape Peninsula (199), East London (201), Port Elizabeth (201), the Western Cape (202), other new group areas in the Cape (203), the future of Coloured and Indian people in the Eastern Cape (203), group areas in Natal (204), the Free State (204). Some notes on African townships: The Transvaal (205), Bantu Laws Amendment Act, No. 56 of 1968 (205), the Cape (206), Natal (207), emergency camp at Weenen (208). Transport services .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 208 THE ADMINISTRATION OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ................. 210 SCHOOL EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN PUPILS Aims of the Bantu Education Department .................... 211 Control of Bantu education ....... .... ... .... ....... .... ... 211 School boards and committees .... ... .... ....... .... ... .... ... 211 The financing of Bantu education ... ..................... 212 Revenue and expenditure of the Bantu Education Account ...... 212 Other sources of revenue: Loan Account (213), expenditure in the Transkei (214), special education (214). Total expenditure .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 214 Per caput expenditure .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 215 Double sessions ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 215 The location of high schools ...... ... .... ... .... ... .... ....... 216 Contributions by African parents to the costs of education .......... 216 Numbers and distribution of schools ......................... 218 Numbers and distribution of pupils ....... .... ... .... ....... ... 218 Revised syllabuses .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... 219 Standard VI examination results ....... ....... .... ....... ... 220 Farm schools .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 220 The teaching of science and mathematics in post-primary schools ... 221 The teaching of the official languages ........................ 221 Junior Certificate examination results ......................... 222 Matriculation and Senior Certificate examination results .......... 222 African teachers ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 223 Special schools .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 226 Disturbances at schools .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... 226 Adult education ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... 226 SCHOOL EDUCATION FOR COLOURED PUPILS Gradual introduction of compulsory education ................. 228 Financing ... ........................................ 228 Text books and stationery .............................. 229 School buildings and double sessions ....... ....... .... ....... 229 Enrolment and distribution of pupils ....... ....... .... ... ... 230