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Vitamin a Fortified Edible Oils and Rice J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 67, 13–20, 2021 Vitamin A Fortifi ed Edible Oils and Rice: The Knowledge Level and Consumption Rate among Different Place of Residences in Tangail District, Bangladesh Rokeya BEGUM1, Nannur RAHMAN1,2, Rakibul HASAN1, Yusuf JAMIL1, Sanjida Anjom TAMANNA1 and Robiul ISLAM1 1 Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail–1902, Bangladesh 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong (Received July 28, 2020) Summary A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in four residential areas of Tangail Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh aiming to explore the knowledge about vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and rice as well as the their consumption rate. A total of 400 partici- pants were randomly selected. Data were collected through face to face interviews. Only 15.0% and 3.5% participants had knowledge about vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and rice respectively. Precisely vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils knowledge level was found inferior in rural (11.7%) and slum (0%) than urban (48.3%) and semi-urban (40.0%) participants. Knowledge about vitamin A fortifi ed rice was found higher in urban (78.6%) than rural (14.3%) and slum (0%) participants. Most of the participants received knowledge through advertisements (Nϭ45 and Nϭ12 for fortifi ed oils and rice respectively). Maximum partici- pants (62.3%) did not consume vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and consumption rate in rural (11.8%) and slum (10.2%) areas were poorer than urban (53.5%) and semi-urban (24.4%) areas. Consumption rate of vitamin A fortifi ed rice was found nil in all the study areas. Lack of knowledge about vitamin A fortifi ed rice and oils accounted solely for poor consumption. Knowledge level about vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and rice and consumption rate were found statistically signifi cantly (pϽ0.05) with participant’s place of residences, education level and monthly income. Finally, this study indicates that the overall knowledge level and consumption rate of vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and rice is poor especially in rural and slum populations in Tangail Sadar Upazila. Key Words nutritional knowledge, vitamin A fortifi ed foods, intake pattern, socio-demo- graphic factors, rural, urban Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals play Government of Bangladesh has initiated various aiding an important role in the promotion of health and pre- programs to reduce this public health problem e.g. dis- vention of disease (1). Global estimates show that one tribution of vitamin A capsule, fortifi cation of edible third of the world’s preschool-age population suffers oils and rice by vitamin A. Food fortifi cation with vita- from vitamin defi ciency disorders and the populations min A is a feasible and cost effective approach to reduce from South Asian developing countries are the most vul- vitamin A defi ciency. In Bangladesh, edible oil is a suit- nerable groups (2). An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 able vehicle for vitamin A fortifi cation because of the vitamin A defi cient children become blind every year, advantages such as centralized processing, widespread half of them dying within 12 mo of losing their sight distribution, and high consumption (7). According to a (3). Vitamin A defi ciency affects about 19 million preg- previous report 99% of the Bangladeshi population nant women and 190 million preschool-age children, consumes vegetable oils at full implementation (8). mostly from Africa and South-East Asia (4). Vitamin A According to “National Edible Oil Fortifi cation Law, defi ciency alone is responsible for almost 8% of deaths 2013” Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution among children under the age of 5 y in South-East Asia (BSTI) set standards for 4 types of fortifi ed oils except (5). Many factors contribute to micronutrient defi cien- for mustard oil and vitamin A content must be at 15 to cies, such as diets with low nutrient quality and diver- 30 ppm per 100 g of oil (9). Fortifi ed rice holds great sity, low household purchasing power, inadequate potential for bringing essential micronutrients to a large access to drinking water, sanitation facilities, inade- part of the world population as it is the staple food in quate knowledge of nutritional practices, and inequal- many countries (10). Vitamin A fortifi ed rice is a poten- ity (6). Vitamin A defi ciency has long been identifi ed as tial intervention strategy to prevent vitamin A defi - a serious public health problem in Bangladesh. The ciency in at risk populations (11). Globally, the use of fortifi ed rice has improved micronutrient intake and E-mail: [email protected] reduced micronutrient defi ciencies in several countries 13 14 BEGUM R et al. Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Residence N (%) Characteristics Urban Semi-urban Rural Slum Total (Nϭ100) (Nϭ100) (Nϭ100) (Nϭ100) (Nϭ400) Sex Male 32 (45.7) 15 (21.4) 20 (28.6) 3 (4.3) 70 (17.5) Female 68 (20.6) 85 (25.8) 80 (20.0) 97 (29.4) 330 (82.5) Age (y) 21–30 4 (13.8) 4 (13.8) 7 (24.1) 14 (48.3) 29 (7.3) 31–40 32 (20.8) 39 (25.3) 43 (27.9) 40 (26.0) 154 (38.5) 41–50 37 (27.0) 39 (28.5) 36 (26.3) 25 (18.2) 137 (34.3) Ͼ50 27 (33.8) 18 (22.5) 14 (17.5) 21 (26.3) 80 (20.0) Current employment status Govt. Service 21 (60.0) 11 (31.4) 2 (5.7) 1 (2.9) 35 (8.8) Non Govt. Service 28 (46.7) 16 (26.7) 11 (18.3) 5 (8.3) 60 (15.0) Business 34 (26.8) 41 (32.3) 33 (26.0) 19 (15.0) 127 (31.8) Agriculture 0 (0) 9 (26.5) 25 (73.5) 0 (0) 34 (8.5) Housewife 8 (13.3) 17 (28.3) 14 (23.3) 21 (35.0) 60 (15.0) Others 9 (10.7) 6 (7.1) 15 (17.9) 54 (64.3) 84 (21.0) Education level Graduate and above 22 (68.8) 7 (21.9) 3 (9.4) 0 (0) 32 (8.0) Higher Secondary Certifi cate (HSC) 13 (39.4) 11 (33.3) 7 (21.2) 2 (6.1) 33 (8.3) Secondary School Certifi cate (SSC) 37 (37.8) 35 (35.7) 20 (20.4) 6 (6.1) 98 (24.5) Primary 11 (10.5) 30 (28.6) 32 (30.5) 32 (30.5) 105 (26.3) Illiterate 17 (12.9) 17 (12.9) 38 (28.8) 60 (45.5) 132 (33.0) Household monthly income (BDT1) Ͻ10,000 8 (5.2) 19 (12.3) 50 (32.5) 77 (50.0) 154 (38.5) 10,000–20,000 16 (13.6) 47 (39.8) 35 (29.7) 20 (16.9) 118 (29.5) 20,000–30,000 30 (43.5) 23 (33.3) 13 (18.8) 3 (4.3) 69 (17.3) 30,000–40,000 19 (90.5) 1 (4.8) 1 (4.8) 0 (0) 21 (5.3) Ͼ40,000 28 (73.6) 10 (26.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 38 (9.5) 1 BDT: Bangladeshi Taka. (12). In Bangladesh, rice fortifi cation is supported by Tangail city (urban), Santosh (semi-urban), Porabari the government and the World Food Programme (WFP) (rural), and North Akur-Takur para (slum) of Tangail with funding from the Netherlands government. The district in Bangladesh. This research was conducted in production of fortifi ed rice in this project took place in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and two steps i) the production of fortifi ed rice kernels and approved by the ethics committee of the Mawlana Bha- ii) the homogeneous blending of fortifi ed rice with shani Science and Technology University [Approval un-fortifi ed rice, usually at a 1 : 100 ratio. The micro- Number: MBSTU/FTNS/ERB/2019(02)]. nutrient fortifi cants used to fortify the rice per 100 g Sample size determination. The sample size was deter- fortifi ed rice includes vitamin A (150 ␮g), vitamin B1 mined using the sample size formula for single propor- (0.4 ␮g), vitamin B12 (1 ␮g), folic acid (130 ␮g), iron tion (6 mg), and zinc (4 mg) (13). Consumer’s knowledge z2ϫPq nϭ and consumption rate of vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils d2 and rice in Tangail regions were hardly reported before. Where n is the minimum sample size, Zϭ1.96 corre- In this study, the present scenario of knowledge about sponding to 95% confi dence interval, Pϭ0.052 (14), vitamin A fortifi ed edible oils and rice as well as their dlevel of precision taken at 5% acceptable margin of consumption rate among various residential areas of error, and q1 ϪP. Tangail district were assessed comprehensively. Besides The sample size as following using, P0.052, q this study also identifi ed potential reasons behind less 0.948, d0.05, Z1.96. consumption of fortifi ed foods and investigated various 1.96ϫ1.96ϫ0.052ϫ0.0948 nϭ socio-demographic infl uencing factors on participant’s 0.05ϫ0.05 knowledge level and consumption rate. nϭ75.72 nϭ75.72ϩ10% allowance for nonresponse MATERIALS AND METHODS nϭ75.72ϩ7.572 ϭ82.572ϭ83 Study area. The study which was descriptive popula- The sample size calculation using Pϭ0.052 from Sen- tion based cross sectional in design was conducted in banjo and Adejuyigbe (14) yielded a sample size of 83. Vitamin A Fortifi ed Edible Oils and Rice Knowledge and Consumption 15 Table 2. Distribution of knowledge with place of residences.
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