Volume 2 2018 DIPLOMATIC A TRIANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, MALAYSIA VOICE ISSN 2289-1277

Malaysia’s New Minister of Foreign Affairs

It is with great pleasure that IDFR wel- Istana Negara on 2 July 2018. and Public Speaking since 2013. The comes the appointment of The Honour- Honourable Dato’ Saifuddin is a regu- able Dato’ Saifuddin Abdullah as the The Honourable Dato’ Saifuddin was lar columnist with several newspapers, new Minister of Foreign Affairs. Deputy Minister for the Ministry of High- and has written several books on Ma- er Education from 2009 to 2013, and laysian politics, including New Politics The Honourable Dato’ Saifuddin was Deputy Minister for the Ministry of En- 2.0: Multiracial and Moderate Malaysian sworn in as the Minister of Foreign Af- trepreneurship and Cooperative Devel- Democracy (2017). fairs before Seri Paduka Baginda Yang opment from 2008 to 2009. He was Dipertuan Agong Sultan Muhammad also Chief Executive Officer of the Glob- In his maiden press conference held V, together with twelve new Ministers al Movement of Moderates Foundation at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the and 23 Deputy Ministers, at the swear- from 2013 to 2015, and has been Pa- Foreign Minister reiterated the continu- ing-in-ceremony of the new Cabinet at tron to the Malaysian Institute of Debate Continued on page 14

CONTENTS Find us on 1 Malaysia’s New Minister of Foreign Affairs Facebook

2-7 Forum Please like IDFR’s Facebook 8-14 News page and be informed of upcoming programmes 15-16 In and Around IDFR

DIPLOMATIC VOICE FORUM

New Malaysia’s Foreign Policy – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Roadmap for Political and Economic Diplomacy Dato’ Saifuddin Abdullah

New Malaysia – a label now popular- This is especially pertinent to new and proficiency, conflict management, ne- ly used to describe the new Pakatan emergent concerns like violent extrem- gotiation skills and peace building. Harapan Government which took over ism, climate change, refugees, human These measures will be amplified administration following the 9 May trafficking, terrorism, international and through the Institute of Diplomacy and elections – has been carrying out wide- financial crimes and cyber security. Foreign Relations (IDFR) and the Insti- spread reforms to clean up corruption These have become global issues that tute of Strategic and International Stud- and restore the people’s trust in govern- need to be addressed in multilateral fo- ies (ISIS), both of which are agencies ment. These reforms have been led by rums at global and regional levels. the seventh and current Prime Minister aimed at development and research in Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, who was Malaysia will also strive to regain its stat- diplomacy, international relations and also the country’s fourth Prime Minister, ure as a leading example of an inclusive the exchange of views at both the na- having served from 1981 to 2003. and moderate, progressive Muslim-ma- tional and international levels – which jority nation, predicated on principles will no doubt aid the Ministry in forming Despite the corrective measures being of democracy, good governance, free- the best policies. implemented by New Malaysia, rest as- dom, human rights and sustainable de- sured that there will be no major shift Strengthening Public Participation velopment. in the Ministry’s foreign policy princi- in Foreign Policy Making ples. Some “sacred” and fundamental Strengthening the Ministry principles will be retained (including We will also commit to setting up a among others, Malaysia’s commitment Also at the top of the list of priorities consultative council within the Ministry, to non-alignment and friendly diplo- is the strengthening of the Ministry by which will consist of experts from the matic relations with all nations), while building on and amplifying existing ca- private sector and civil society, former new emphasis and greater rigor will be pacity. The Ministry will reorient itself as diplomats and ambassadors, acade- placed on principles that were imple- a force-multiplier in ensuring effective micians and experienced officers from mented in the past but sidelined under coordination of international policies of within the Ministry itself. There is a the previous administration. These in- all ministries, agencies, business cor- wealth of knowledge, experience and clude rejuvenating Malaysia’s proactive porations and civil society organisations wisdom from non-government players role in ASEAN, continuing its “Look within the nation, towards progressing involved in foreign policy which we must East Policy” (with added emphasis on Malaysia’s international affairs. capitalise on. education and human capital devel- opment), and revisiting the Langkawi Greater Coordination with Other These, together with other strategic mi- International Dialogue and the South- Government Ministries cro-measures in the pipeline will build South Cooperation. Malaysia will also towards the Ministry’s new vision of extend regional-based focus to Africa The Ministry will do this by working fostering a vibrant international studies and other developing regions – while with other ministries to enhance coor- community, enabling the free flow of not losing sight of relations with major dination and cooperation on issues with ideas, dialogue and practices between foreign implications. To this end, I have superpowers. government and non-government sec- proposed the setting up of a Parlia- tors for the good of Malaysia’s interna- New Malaysia will continue to strive for mentary Select Committee to address tional relations. peace and stability through diplomacy broad-ranging and complex foreign pol- with all nations regardless of ideology icy issues involving numerous domestic Foreign policy is increasingly embedded and political system, especially with its and international actors. in domestic affairs, and a robust foreign ASEAN neighbours and other like-mind- policy must stem from a strong domes- Measures will be put in place to ed developing nations. Apart from ASE- tic base with the support and input of all strengthen and reorient public diploma- AN, New Malaysia will also seek to players. These measures will solidify the rejuvenate its role in the Non-Aligned cy. The Ministry will start by improving Ministry's role as a force multiplier, en- Movement, the Organization of Islamic consular services and protection of cit- abling the country to punch well above Cooperation, the United Nations, and izens living abroad through long-term its size and weight. other multilateral organisations – espe- human capital development strategies cially in efforts to end injustice and op- aimed at producing world class dip- This article was first published in the Jakarta pression, and uphold international law. lomats. These will include multilingual Post.

2 [email protected] FORUM

Daesh’s Propaganda Online: Challenges and Counter Measures Jasmine Mohamed Jawhar

Introduction Challenges in Countering Daesh’s Another concerning issue is matching Presence Online the rate and speed of terrorists’ propa- This article identifies the challenges in ganda. One of the reasons for success- addressing al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil al- Addressing the threat proves to be a ful Daesh’s online propaganda is that Iraq wa al-Sham’s (Daesh’s) use of the challenge. Among these challenges is the disseminators are not the Daesh’s Internet and to propose several mea- Daesh’s ability to adapt to counter mea- core alone, but also include Daesh’s sures to counter the group’s efforts in sures against them in the cyber realm. media operatives. Anyone, including They often advise their supporters and spreading their propaganda. a Daesh supporter, follower or even followers on how to ensure safety while sympathiser, who has no direct links Propaganda materials distributed by promoting their cause, and to avoid be- with the group, could disseminate and Daesh through the intensive use of so- ing targeted by authorities. As an exam- spread Daesh’s propaganda. cial media platforms like Facebook and ple, in an online publication known as Instagram have been far-reaching and "The Media War upon the Islamic State: Recommendations widespread throughout the globe. This the Media Technique of Misleading the has resulted in tens of thousands of in- Masses", Daesh outlined the various Despite challenges, efforts in combat- dividuals from all walks of life, including ways mainstream media was said to ing the threat of Daesh online must per- women and teenagers globally, travel- be delegitimising the "Islamic State".1 sist. Authorities and relevant agencies ling to Syria and Iraq to fight alongside These included claims that Daesh are need to continue to create and innovate Daesh. Additionally, such usage has distorting events, casting doubt upon actions against the threats posed by also expanded the role of women, as the strength of the fighters, exagger- Daesh. In this regard, this article would religious restrictions would limit face-to- ating western strength, and blaming like to propose a few possible measures face interactions during the recruitment the fighters, particularly for the west’s in countering the group’s propaganda process. In light of this, online recruit- ill treatment of women and children, and presence online. ment is more appealing for women re- among others. cruiters. The intensive use of social me- Developing Religious and Non-Re- dia platforms has also allowed Daesh Another challenge is choosing the right ligious Counter Narratives to Pro- to appear bigger than what they are messengers. Anyone can speak out but mote Critical Thinking through the support of their sympathis- the loudest voice would be one that is ers – with no direct links to the group it- credible and could resonate well with The manipulation of religion could self, and also paved the way for tailored the target audience. Messengers with- be seen as a powerful tool for Daesh propaganda to be disseminated to their in the government sector may face to appear legitimate and righteous. target audience effectively. challenges in this area wherein those Therefore, one way to challenge this inclined to Daesh’s propaganda may is by mobilising religious movements Malaysia is not spared from the threat not view them favourably. In this regard, via the cyber realm to refute claims of Daesh. Terror cells have been creat- government agencies must reach out to ed and terror attacks were planned and based on religious grounds made by more credible sources to become voic- Daesh. However, several factors must conducted based on directions by Ma- es in countering terrorist narratives. laysians abroad, including one based in be considered prior to establishing such Syria known as Mohammad Wanndy In addition, selecting the right audience a movement, including selecting the bin Mohamed Jedi (killed in April 2017). is also a challenge, mainly when there right individuals (messengers), as well Wanndy was known to have recruited is the issue of overlapping identities, as identifying and developing religious and communicated with a number of particularly in the Malaysian context. counter-narratives. individuals through Facebook and relied This is where someone can be identi- Selecting the right individuals to become on Telegram to securely communicate fied by his/her ethnicity, race and/or with his recruits. Through several of his religion and has diverse backgrounds messengers is important to ensure that Telegram channels, Wanndy was able (historical, education and exposure to the messages are getting across to the to plan and direct attacks, including the the society’s values that he/she is living target audience effectively. These indi- Movida club attack in Puchong in June in). Addressing this issue would be ben- viduals should be selected from a local 2016 and a failed attempt to conduct eficial especially in developing counter pool of existing credible imams and re- a large-scale attack in the Klang Valley narratives that aim to stir passion and ligious leaders as they would already using a car bomb. He was also said to tolerance among one another. This is have an adequate understanding of the have directed several individuals in Ma- with the hope that they would be de- local context, while recognising sensi- laysia to channel funds to Daesh fight- terred from supporting or joining terror- tivities among the audience. Therefore, ers in Syria. ist groups. they can develop tailor-made narratives

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 3 FORUM

note that Daesh and its supporters are able to adapt to counter measures and advancements in technology. It is then necessary for the authorities and rele- vant individuals involved in countering the threat of Daesh online to continue enhancing their technological knowl- edge and capabilities, including meth- ods to effectively monitor terrorist narra- tives, as well as measuring the success of counter narratives through the vari- ous analytic tools available.

Supported with

Such reinforcing measures should also be supported with actions in both on- line and offline domains in order to en- sure a fluid and tangible approach in countering the terrorist propaganda.

One of the approaches is by prolifer- easier and at a much faster pace. Aside “caliphate”, as suggested by Abu Bakr from local imams and religious leaders, al-Baghdadi in his declaration of the es- ating counter messages to counter it is also important to select and identify tablishment of the caliphate.2 Daesh’s propaganda. It was estimated those with established rapport among that 90,000 pro-Daesh tweets, as well the target audience or local commu- Reinforced by as social media responses, appear each day.3 This is a serious concern and, nities to ensure credibility and author- Relying just on developing count- coupled with bureaucratic procedures, ity. These include community leaders, er-messages and selecting the right matching this rate by relevant agencies youth leaders and educators. messengers alone would not suffice. would be nearly impossible. Therefore, Such efforts must be reinforced by ac- At the same time, it is also equally im- counter messages – both newly devel- companying measures, such as select- portant to equip these religious leaders oped and existing ones – should contin- ing the best platforms to disseminate and individuals at the community level ue to flood the social media on a daily the counter messages to yield desired with the necessary ICT knowledge and basis, across different platforms. tools with proper training so that they results, and enhancing the technical could actively engage with their com- know-how and capabilities of those in- Another approach is by continuing to munity not only via physical interactions volved in countering the threat. develop and enhance strong legislation against the use of the Internet by ter- but also in the digital realm. One important aspect is to ensure that rorists to constantly reflect its changing counter messages are being dissem- Embedded within the religious narra- nature, as terrorists are always looking inated on active online platforms. This tives are the social, political and eco- for new ways to conduct its terror-relat- would allow readers to engage with the nomic-based narratives employed by ed activities, including on the Internet. author directly whether through replying Daesh to further capture the attention One aspect of strengthening legisla- each other’s posts or through private of their target audience. chats just like how a terrorist would do it tion is with regard to monitoring social media and online communication plat- In this regard, counter-narratives with as opposed to a static post. This is es- sential for users who want further infor- forms. Monitoring these platforms is elements/images that highlight the crucial in order to detect, respond and negative impacts of Daesh’s atrocities mation and to gain a better understand- ing of the posted counter messages, deter any possible spreading of terrorist around the world could be employed propaganda, radicalisation, recruitment, to convince the masses of the mis- especially on religious-based counter narratives. This notwithstanding, careful communications between individuals guided ideology of Daesh. Essentially, consideration need to be put in place and known terrorist elements, activities the idea behind revealing such images in choosing both the right reactive and of data mining, as well as other terror- is to prompt the audience to question proactive messengers, as they would ists-related Internet usages. whether it is possible for an “Islamic require a sound knowledge of religion in State” to falter. Simultaneously, this Apart from that, empowering gate order to embark on online debates on approach is to cast doubt in the minds keepers such as parents, teachers and certain religious issues. of the audience – by encouraging crit- religious leaders are also crucial. These ical thinking – of the legitimacy of the On the other hand, it is important to segments of society are the closest to

4 [email protected] FORUM

individuals who may be susceptible Conclusion and utilising the very same platforms on to terrorist propaganda online. Par- which terrorists operate. The extensive use of social media plat- ents may be able to detect any pos- forms by Daesh has opened up the sible changes in the behaviour of their avenue for various players to spread Endnotes children, while teachers, religious tu- Daesh’s propaganda. This – coupled 1 tors and peers may be able to detect “The Media War Upon the Islamic State: The with the ability of Daesh to react to changes in their students' or friends' Media Techniques of Misleading the Masses”, counter measures and their level of Ansar Al-Khilafah Publication, December 2, behaviours, whilst they are outside the technical knowledge, among others – 2015 (20 Safar 1437), https://archive.org/de- confines of their home. has complicated the effort to counter tails/the-media-war-upon-the-islamic-state1 their presence both online and offline. (accessed June 5, 2016). Additionally, engagement between the public and private sector is of utmost This makes it even more apparent that 2 “Khilafah Declared” in Dabiq: The Return of importance. Public-private partnerships the responsibility to counter the threat the Khilafah, June-July 2014, Issue 1, Al-Hayat (PPPs) in essence could fill in the gaps of Daesh involves every stratum of so- Media Centre, pg 7. both in the knowledge and skills relat- ciety. It includes both online and offline 3 Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Intensifies Effort to ing to securing the cyber space. It is efforts initiated by the government sec- Blunt ISIS’ Message”, February 6, 2015, also useful to utilise the private sector tor and the private sector, supported The New York Times, http://www.nytimes. and civil society groups to disseminate by strong legislations at the national com/2015/02/17/world/middleeast/us-inten- counter narratives in a bid to height- level and by empowering gatekeepers, sifies-effort-to-blunt-isis-message.html?_r=0 en credibility. Civil society groups, for including parents, lecturers, religious (accessed June 3, 2016). example, can provide favourable sen- teachers, community leaders, as well as timents, given their direct involvement enhancing PPPs, particularly with civil Ms. Jasmine Mohamed Jawhar is an Assis- with communities or individuals affect- society. Such efforts must also be rein- tant Director with the Southeast Asia Re- ed by terrorism, or any other forms of forced with continuous learning to keep gional Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Minis- violent extremism. up with the advancement in technology try of Foreign Affairs.

China’s Arctic Policy and ‘Polar Silk Route/Road’ Vivian Louis Forbes

Introduction found influence on international trade, major shipping routes through the Arc- the world economy, capital flow and tic Ocean, namely: the Central Arctic Chinese-registered shipping compa- exploitation of natural resources in the Route (Transpolar Sea Route in 2012); nies, with official blessing from the region. and the North East and North West Government of China in April 2016, Passages – perhaps a precursor for an will encourage maritime trade along According to the Russian Ministry of official policy for the Arctic Region. the Northwest Passage via the Arctic Natural Resources, there was increas- Ocean, a route opened up by glob- ing number of ships attempting to White Paper on Arctic Policy al warming. This route will cut travel navigate, in tough climatic conditions, time and save money in operations. along Russia’s Northern Sea Route On 26 January 2018, the Government The Government of China is increas- without the assistance of an icebreak- of China published a White Paper on its ing activity in the Arctic Polar region: it er. Arctic shipping reached a milestone Arctic policy, pledging cooperative gov- has become one of the biggest mining during 2017, as over 9,000 tonnes of ernance and elaborating a vision of a investors in Greenland and agreed to cargo was shipped to and from ports ‘Polar Silk Road.’ Stating that it was a a free trade deal with Iceland. China’s on the North East Passage. Most of the responsible major country, it was willing Maritime Safety Administration, in April North West Passage is within Canadian to cooperate with all relevant parties 2016, released a guide offering detailed claimed waters. By mid-October 2017, to seize the historic opportunity in the route guidance from the ports along China’s polar research ship Xue Long development of the Arctic Ocean and the northern coast of North America to (Snow Dragon) returned to Shanghai af- to address the challenges brought by the northwest Pacific Ocean. The ra- ter completing an 83-day, 20,000-nau- the changes in the region. The Govern- tionale is that once this route is com- tical mile journey through the Canadian ment’s Arctic policy is to jointly under- monly used, it will have a direct impact Arctic Archipelago. It was the first ship stand, protect, develop, participate and on global maritime transport and a pro- from China to have navigated all three advance Arctic-related cooperation

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 5 FORUM

in accordance with the Belt and Road stops at some of the ports along the sations and local authorities, four bodies Initiative (BRI) it conceived in October route. For a ship plying the Northern that will no doubt have input to ensure 2013. Sea (Arctic Ocean) route between Yo- and enhance safety of navigation will kohama, Japan and London, UK, the be the Arctic Council, the International The Silk Road Economic Belt and the distance is about 7,200 M and via the Maritime Organisation, the Internation- 21st-century Maritime Silk Road, an North West Passage is about 8,600M. al Hydrographic Organisation and their important cooperation initiative of the Alternately, taking the traditional routes national associations, and the World Government of China, will bring oppor- via the Panama Canal (12,600 M) and tunities for parties concerned to jointly Meteorological Organisation. Suez Canal (11,500M) and around the build a ‘Polar Silk Road’ – via the Arctic Cape of Good Cape, South Africa is The Government of China supports Ocean Passages and facilitate connec- nearly 14,800 M. For Chinese manu- peaceful settlement of disputes over tivity, sustainable economic and social factured goods destined for markets territory and maritime rights and inter- development of the Arctic Region, ac- in Europe and Northern America being ests in line with such treaties as the UN cording to the policy paper. China will transported on a ship using the Arctic Charter and the 1982 UN Convention pay due regard to the interests of other on the Law of the Sea and general in- countries and the broader internation- Ocean routes would bring about a sav- al community, while pursuing its own ing in money and time, in theory; and ternational law, and strives to reinforce commercial interests and national de- shaving some 5,000 nautical miles off cooperation with the Arctic States in velopment. the distance. There are obvious benefits maritime and air search and rescue, in taking the Arctic Routes to save the maritime early warning, emergency re- Navigation in the Arctic Ocean distance travelled and hence fuel cost. sponse, and information sharing along However, the voyage is restricted to the polar sea routes. The Arctic Ocean is a body of water certain months of the year. (and ice) of increasing importance for ‘Polar Silk Road’ maritime transport. One of the principal Maritime Concerns effects of climate change on the Arctic The Government of China hopes to Region will be to make the ocean more The Arctic Routes are leading to new work with all parties to build a ‘Polar accessible to shipping by providing ice- maritime concerns, especially in areas Silk Road’ through developing the Arc- free sea lanes for slightly longer periods of increase transiting by the offshore oil tic shipping routes. Chinese enterprises each year. Significantly shorter travelling and gas industry, cruise liners, military are encouraged to participate in infra- distances between Europe and Asia is craft, tugs and barges, and fishing ves- structure development for these routes possible via access to both the North sels. The questions posed are many in and to conduct commercial trial voyag- West Passage through the waters north the context of safety of navigation in a es in line with the law for their commer- of Canada and Alaska, and the North region where previously marine navi- cial and regularized operation. Great East Sea Passage through the waters gation was minimal. Indeed, it is fairly importance will be placed on naviga- north of Russia. Shipping companies safe to make a statement to the effect tion security. The country has actively will naturally direct their ships on routes that much of the coastlines surrounding conducted studies on these routes and continuously strengthened hydrograph- via the Arctic Ocean, especially during the Arctic Ocean had only been partial- ic surveys to improve navigation, secu- the summer months – perhaps July ly surveyed in the past, and reliance on rity and logistical capacities in the Arctic to early-October which is considered nautical charts produced prior to the the period of ice-free Arctic sea lanes. Ocean. Cultural and social issues have 1950s should be treated with utmost This would be cheaper and quick- been studied. caution. It is not to say that the informa- er than transiting traditional shipping tion contained therein and the quality of The Government of China also has an routes around the Cape of Good Hope the charts of earlier periods was inferior. interest in the development of the hy- or through the Straits of Malacca and Indeed, they were valued by, and vital drocarbon reserves, the marine mineral Singapore, the Suez Canal and Strait of to, mariners who used them with the resources and other non-fossil energies, Gibraltar. This fact was discussed ex- observance of good seamanship at all fishing and tourism in the region, joint- tensively in recent years. times and did not have to rely on elec- ly with the Arctic States and the Arctic Council, while respecting traditions and For example, a typical voyage from the tronic aids to navigation. It is just that cultures of the Arctic residents including Port of Shanghai, PRC to Felixstowe the requirements placed on marine nav- the indigenous peoples, and conserving Terminal, England, may take a contain- igation are undergoing rapid change. natural environment. The White Paper er ship some 49 days to cover a dis- promised that more effort will be made tance of about 12,000 nautical miles Ensuring that marine traffic moves to promote scientific research and envi- (M) at an average speed of 10 knots, if smoothly is a growing concern for safe- ronmental protection in the Arctic. it took the sea route through the South ty and also for the economies of the China Sea, the Straits of Singapore and coastal states, the environment and The Government of Canada is emphatic Malacca, the Red Sea and Suez Canal, perceived national security. Among the that no automatic right of transit pas- the Strait of Gibraltar and maybe made many agencies, institutions and organi- sage existed in the waterways of the

6 [email protected] FORUM

Northwest Passage, although it wel- Polar Regions, together with the other is the water column and sea bed be- comes navigation that complies with oceans, the internet and space explo- yond national jurisdiction. the rules and regulations of the nation. ration, have become new but strategic Canada has an unfettered right to reg- areas where the Government of China The Government of China has start- ulate internal waters. Maritime experts is seeking to develop in the future. This ed constructing its second icebreaker, the Xue Long II, which is expected to opine that shipping companies would nation is now seeking resources from all commence its maiden voyage in 2019. most likely be deterred by the unpre- around the world – and Chinese invest- Also, state-owned cargo shipping giant dictable nature of Arctic ice, the total ment is almost everywhere. COSCO is planning to send six ves- absence of infrastructure in the region, The White Paper appears to cap all sels along the Northern Sea Route to relatively shallow waters, lack of mod- these ambitions. The Government of transport items including equipment, ern mapping and increased insurance China sees itself as a ‘near-Arctic state’, steel and pulp, amongst many other costs. a stakeholder and ‘an active participant, items and products. The White Paper The Polar routes would also be stra- builder and contributor’ when it comes stipulates China’s commercial interest tegically important to China’s develop- to the scientific research, commercial in the Arctic, including development of ment and economy. Melting sea ice has development of the Arctic, and Arctic resources and shipping routes – the Silk st spurred more commercial traffic, and governance, according to the White Road Economic Belt and the 21 -cen- tury Maritime Silk Road (Belt and Road the Government of China wants to be- Paper. The paper emphasizes China’s Initiative/BRI) is specifically referred to, come more active in the Arctic, where it respect for the international law frame- thereby officially linking the BRI with the stresses important interests. However, works and institutions governing the Arctic region. According to the White Chinese-flagged ships, even merchant Arctic, its recognition of the legal juris- Paper, the BRI will bring ‘opportunities vessels, using the Northwest Passage dictions of the Arctic states in their re- for parties concerned to jointly build a could raise eyebrows in the US Ad- spective areas of the Arctic Ocean, and ‘Polar Silk Road’. ministration. The Government of China respect for indigenous peoples inhabit- is aware that Russia holds the key to ing the Arctic. In return, China expects *The words route and road are inter-change- much of its Arctic interests, including in mutual respect from the Arctic states able; whereas the former would suggest the regards to current and future shipping, and emphasizes that within the current course taken by the ship; the latter offers the so there is an awareness between the framework of international law, China, alternative of the Maritime Silk Road (BRI). two governments in cooperating further as any other non-Arctic state, has the in Arctic economic development. right for ‘scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine Dr. Vivian Forbes is Adjunct Research Pro- In September 2015, five Chinese Navy cables and pipelines in the high seas fessor at the National Institute for South ships sailed in international waters in and other relevant sea areas in the Arc- China Sea Studies, Haikou and Adjunct As- the Bering Sea off Alaska, in an appar- tic Ocean, and rights to resource explo- sociate Professor at University of Western ent first for China’s military strategy. The ration and exploitation in the area – that Australia, Perth.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in the Forum section are those of the authors.

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 7 NEWS NEWS

Ambassador Lecture Series 1/2018

On 30 April 2018, IDFR hosted Her Ex- cellency Victoria Marguerite Treadell, British High Commissioner to Malaysia for a lecture titled UK Post-Brexit: Impli- cations to UK-Malaysia and UK-ASEAN Relations. Held under the Ambassador Lecture Series, it is a platform for am- bassadors accredited to Malaysia to deliberate on topical issues of impor- tance not only to the host country but also regionally and globally. It serves as a venue for the distinguished guests to highlight their respective govern- ment’s views and policies which could be shared with the audience from the various government agencies and uni- versities as well as foreign missions in Malaysia. attention to Malaysia and ASEAN in a globally engaging than ever before, the Her Excellency Treadell began her lec- post-Brexit world. Malaysia and the UK High Commissioner emphasised that ture by providing a background of Brex- have had a long shared history whereby this could be seen through the manifes- it and highlighted that British politics is both countries have extensive coopera- tation of new initiatives of cooperation at a critical juncture following Brexit. tion in various fields, including defence, and a higher level of engagement with However, the High Commissioner as- education and trade. Concurring with the world. sured the audience that her country is what was said by the Director General The attendees comprised, among oth- committed to the democratic process about the bilateral relations between the ers, officials from the Ministry of Foreign and Britain aims to reach the utmost two countries during his Welcoming Re- Affairs, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of deal with the European Union. Despite marks, Her Excellency Treadell stressed Tourism and Culture, Prime Minister’s the recession hype on the economy fol- that some of the key pillars of the bi- Department, Malaysia External Trade lowing Brexit, Her Excellency Treadell lateral relationship predated Britain’s Development Corporation, National remarked that UK’s economic funda- membership in the EU and that the rela- Professor Council, Malaysian Youth mentals remain strong and continue to tionship has never been viewed through Council, Asian Strategy and Leadership prosper. She further added that Brexit the prism of Britain’s EU membership. Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA and may actually provide a perfect avenue Universiti Utara Malaysia, as well as for Britain to negotiate its own Free Her Excellency Treadell also affirmed Ambassadors and representatives from Trade Agreements with other countries. that the UK aims to establish a stronger economics interface in the ASEAN re- the Embassies of France, Italy, Germa- Her Excellency Treadell also under- gion. As the policy of Global Britain ush- ny, Spain and the European Union in scored the prospects of UK’s relations ers in, which reinforces UK’s commit- Kuala Lumpur. with the wider world, with particular ment to be more outward-looking and

IDFR Lecture Series 1/2018

On 19 July 2018, IDFR hosted Professor H.E. Julia Bentley, High Commisioner of They were unsuccessful due to reasons Amitav Acharya, a renowned Professor Canada to Malaysia and Professor Dr. such as lack of capacity, legitimacy or of International Relations at the School Azirah Hashim, Executive Director of commitment and also because of mu- of International Service, American Uni- the Asia Europe Institute. tual counterbalancing. versity, Washington D.C. for a lecture titled China’s Rise and Asian Regional- Professor Amitav commenced his lec- China became an ASEAN dialogue ism: Implications for ASEAN and Malay- ture by explaining about the geopoliti- partner in the early 1990s but it was sia. The lecture was jointly organised by cal landscape of the region in the past then still a sceptical partner in the larg- IDFR and the Asia-Europe Institute, Uni- whereby no single major power that er ASEAN-centred institutions. Profes- versity of Malaya, and in collaboration tried – including India, US and China sor Amitav noted that China has since with the High Commission of Canada in – succeeded in creating and maintain- shifted to become an active player, due Kuala Lumpur. Also in attendance was ing a viable Asian regional organisation. to its growing capacity and confidence

8 [email protected] NEWS

manifested through Chinese diplomacy of transformation from “keeping a low profile” to “striving for achievements” and following President Xi Jinping’s doctrine of “China will lead”. Against this backdrop, Professor Amitav opined that “ASEAN First” policy should be advocated among the member states emphasising on Southeast Asian unity, autonomy and identity vis-à-vis China’s rise in the region.

When asked about the Indo-Pacific regional concept during the question and answer session, Professor Amitav explained that it is a strategic concept rather than a regionalist concept.

The lecture was attended by more than 100 representatives from various gov- ernment agencies, embassies, think- tanks, universities and international or- ganisations.

Workshop on APEC for Papua New Guinea Officials

IDFR and the Ministry of International building through the Malaysian Techni- and Leaders Declaration; Effective Writ- Trade and Industry jointly organised cal Cooperation Programme. ing and Note-Taking Skills; Theory and an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Elements of Transcribing; and Writing Forty-nine government officials, who will (APEC) workshop for government offi- Practice on Salient Points. A simulation be part of the APEC Summit 2018 team cials from Papua New Guinea from 9 exercise of an APEC Ministerial Meet- of rapporteurs, attended the three- to 11 April 2018. The specialised train- ing was also held. The officials were day workshop held in Port Moresby, also taught how to use a digital voice ing programme was conducted based the capital city of Papua New Guinea. on the agreement by the Prime Minis- recorder, as well as editing and proof- Among the topics covered were Over- reading related documents. ters of both countries during a bilateral view of APEC and Understanding Its Ini- meeting of the 24th APEC Economic tiatives; Roles and Functions of Rappor- IDFR is pleased to be able to contrib- Leaders Meeting. During the meeting, teurs; Drafting Principles and the Role ute to this initiative of cooperation and Malaysia had conveyed our willingness of Host in Preparation for the Drafting knowledge-sharing between Malaysia to assist Papua New Guinea’s capacity Session; Drafting Ministerial Statements and Papua New Guinea.

International Negotiations Workshop 2018

The objective of above workshop, or- Throughout the three-days, the par- for the participants to familiarise them- ganised from 25 to 27 June 2018, was ticipants were exposed to the scope, selves with the different roles of each to enhance the participants’ awareness process, preparation and techniques of actor, and to the types of negotiators on the various obstacles and challeng- effective negotiations. These were done marked by different characters. es commonly encountered during the through simulation exercises and group negotiation process and to pave the discussions which provided room for The workshop was attended by 23 par- way for them to address these issues dialogue among the participants. They ticipants comprising government offi- effectively. The workshop also enabled cers from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the participants to effectively examine were also exposed to negotiation styles their own strengths and gaps as negoti- related to international negotiations, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Educa- ators and to further develop their nego- where multiple rounds of formal and tion, and Ministry of International Trade tiating skills. informal talks were conducted in order and Industry.

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 9 NEWS NEWS

MTCP: Diplomatic Training Course for International Participants 2018

Funded by the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP), the above course was designed to enhance the foreign diplomats’ knowledge in the various aspects of theories, practices and elements of diplomacy and interna- tional affairs.

Held from 25 June to 6 July 2018, 14 participants from Albania, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Indonesia, Iran, Kyrgyz, Lao PDR, Oman, Qatar, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan and Vietnam underwent two weeks of train- ing and covered various topics such as national and international security, economic diplomacy, media relations, counter terrorism and international ne- gotiations. its foreign policy, economy and devel- Under the introduction to state-level Designed to be practical with lectures, opment matters, and were exposed to governance module, the participants discussions and simulation exercises, various diplomatic skills such as public were brought on a trip to the state of the course encouraged active partic- diplomacy, media relations, and negoti- Selangor to discover the unique blend ipation and exchange of information ations. The participants also learned of of culture in Malaysia as well as the among the participants. Throughout the Malaysia’s involvement at the multilater- working relationship between the state course, they gained an understanding al stage, and Malaysia’s experience in and the federal government. of Malaysia’s experience in managing planning for an inclusive development.

MTCP: Economic Diplomacy Course for Vietnamese Officials 2018

Following the Joint Commission Meet- ing between Malaysia and Viet Nam on 27 July 2017, both countries agreed to undertake several activities to com- memorate the 45th Anniversary of Diplo- matic Relations between Malaysia and Viet Nam. The activities include joint broadcast programmes by Radio Tele- visyen Malaysia and Vietnam Television; trade missions; seminars on business opportunities; and training courses. In this regard, IDFR was tasked to orga- nise the Economic Diplomacy Course for Vietnamese Officials from 16 to 27 July 2018.

The course was attended by 15 officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dip- lomatic Academy of Viet Nam, Office of the National Assembly, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science and Tech-

10 [email protected] NEWS NEWS

nology, Ministry of Planning and Invest- geopolitical, economic and strategic from the various round table discours- ment, State Bank of Viet Nam, Acad- global environment, the course includ- es by Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr. Sulaiman emy of Policy and Development, and ed classroom lectures, visits to the Mahbob, Chairman of the Malaysian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Minis- Institute of Economic Research; Profes- They were joined by four Malaysian offi- try of International Trade and Industry, sor Amitav Acharya, Distinguished Pro- cials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia External Trade Development fessor of International Relations at the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation, Malaysia Tourism Cen- American University, Washington DC; Corporation and Malaysian Investment tre, and a visit to Melaka to give the and Mr. Richard Record, a lead Econo- Development Authority. officials a broader perspective at state mist at the World Bank Group. level of Malaysia’s strategic and devel- With the objectives of enhancing the opment policies, and its multi-racial The course was a success in further ce- officials’ knowledge on economic and multi-ethnic culture. menting the close relations and cooper- planning and policies, negotiations, ation between Malaysia and Viet Nam. investment and trade, the changing The course participants also benefitted

Network of ASEAN-Russia Think Tanks Inaugural Meeting

With the aim of strengthening relations sity, the Director General attended the Landscape: Perspectives and Modal- between ASEAN and Russia, the Net- meeting as IDFR is NAART’s Focal Point ities of Joint Efforts, which included work of ASEAN-Russia Think Tanks in Malaysia. It was also attended by 18 areas of counter-terrorism and transna- (NARTT) was one of the initiatives other officials from the NAART Coordi- tional crimes, energy security, security agreed upon with Russia at the Post nators for ASEAN Member States, five of ICT and disaster management. Its Ministerial Conference Plus One Ses- officials from the Russian Federation findings and recommendations were sion in Manila, the Philippines on 6 Au- and two from the ASEAN Secretariat. submitted to the ASEAN-Russia Se- gust 2017. nior Officials’ Meeting, held on 18 May Among others, the meeting discussed 2018, also in Moscow. NAART’s first meeting was held in Mos- and adopted NAART’s Terms of Refer- cow, Russia from 20 to 21 April 2018. ence as well as the scope of its future The next NAART meeting will be held At the invitation of Professor Anatoly activities. The meeting also discussed in Indonesia in 2019 under Indonesian Torkunov, Rector of the Moscow State the topic of ASEAN-Russia Dialogue and Russian co-chairmanship. Institution of Foreign Relations Univer- Partnership in the Regional Security

13th Annual Meeting of Deans and Directors of Diplomatic Training Institutions of ASEAN+3

The Director General participated in the al Diplomatic Academy; Institute of For- ing, Innovation in Diplomatic Training above meeting held from 23 to 25 May eign Affairs, Laos; Ministry of Foreign Methods and Construction of Diplo- 2018 in Beijing, China. Organised by Affairs, Malaysia; Ministry of Foreign matic Training Cooperation Mechanism the China Foreign Affairs University, the Affairs, Myanmar; the Foreign Service (Development and Construction of Joint theme of the meeting was Innovation in Institute, Philippines; MFA Diplomatic Curriculum). Diplomatic Training: New Challenges, Academy, Singapore; Dewawongse New Methods, New Modes. It was also Varopakarn Institute of Foreign Affairs, It was decided at the meeting that the th attended by officials from the Ministry of Thailand; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of 14 Annual Meeting will be held in Ha- Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei, and Vietnam; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of noi, Vietnam. IDFR looks forward to Embassy of Brunei in Beijing; Ministry China and China Diplomatic Academy. attending the meeting to share knowl- of Foreign Affairs of Cambodia, Royal edge, experience and best practices School of Administration, National Insti- Datuk Mohamad Sadik was one of the with, and learn from the other members tute of Diplomacy and International Re- presenters in the session on Innovation of the ASEAN+3. A training programme lations; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the in Diplomatic Training Modes, where on crisis management will also be held Republic of Indonesia, Embassy of the he spoke on e-diplomacy and cloud in parallel to the meeting, to be attend- Republic of Indonesia in China; Ministry banks. The other sessions were on ed by junior diplomats from all the par- of Foreign Affairs, Japan; Korea Nation- New Challenges on Diplomatic Train- ticipating countries.

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 11 NEWS

Diploma in Diplomacy: Tea Chat Session with the Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Stay true to your mission. Have the right as well as the revival of the Langkawi He further encouraged the participants attitude. Build a mini library. Take pride International Dialogue. The Ministry, he to start building a mini library: “I cannot in well-polished shoes. These are just said, would have to play an important foresee someone in the Foreign Minis- some of the advice shared by Dato’ Seri role in carrying out these foreign policy try who is not a book lover, or leave the Ramlan Ibrahim, the Ministry of Foreign objectives and managing the shifts in service without a collection of books.” Affairs’ Secretary General with the Di- emphasis. An avid reader himself, Dato’ Seri Ram- ploma in Diplomacy 2018’s participants lan also reminded the participants of over a brief but engaging afternoon Dato’ Seri Ramlan reiterated his com- the importance of engaging with the lo- chat on 12 July 2018. mitment to creating an environment cals of the host country as books alone within the Ministry where talents can would not be sufficient in providing a Welcoming the inquisitiveness from thrive and flourish. High level of integ- deep understanding of the dynamics of the participants when asked about rity and accountability is expected from the host country. his thoughts on the recent change of all officers, as well as uncompromising Towards the end of the session, Dato’ Government, Dato’ Seri Ramlan said pursuit of excellence in mastering the Seri Ramlan also shared his experience issues under their purview as well as that time should be given for the new as the negotiator during the bilater- administration to consolidate the new global affairs. As a ministry of knowl- al diplomatic crisis between Malaysia power arrangement. With Tun Dr. Ma- edge, he said that the Ministry wel- and the Democratic People's Repub- hathir back at the helm of the coun- comes the council of advisors as it val- lic of Korea in 2017, and credited the try, resurgence of several foreign policy ues ideas and intellectual engagement success of the negotiation to the team. thrusts from his era as the fourth Prime that would contribute towards its work. He welcomed the proposal for a case Minister is expected, such as renewed Dato’ Seri Ramlan also emphasised the study to be made on the subject so as emphasis on South-South Coopera- importance of managerial skills and the to provide a useful reference and con- tion, especially Africa, Latin America right attitude when moving up the ca- tribution to the Ministry’s institutional and Central Asia; the Look East Policy; reer ladder. memory.

Diploma in Diplomacy: Panel Discussion on New Malaysia and its Implications on Foreign Policy

New Malaysia, a popular label to mark government. Amidst these changes, ised a panel discussion titled New Ma- the administration of the new govern- what will the foreign policy of New Ma- laysia and its Implications on Foreign ment helmed by Prime Minister Tun Dr. laysia look like? Policy on 24 July 2018. The session Mahathir has seen widespread reforms gathered civil servants and policy ex- carried out to address the issue of cor- In the quest to find the answer, the Di- perts to deliberate on the current direc- ruption and restore the people’s trust in ploma in Diplomacy participants organ- tion and challenges of Malaysia’s for-

12 [email protected] NEWS

eign policy under the new government. The panellists in the two-hour session were Tan Sri Hasmy Agam, former Ex- ecutive Chairman of IDFR and former Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations; Dr. Roy Anthony Rogers, Head of the International and Strategic Studies Department, Universi- ty of Malaya; and Mr. Shahriman Lock- man, Senior Analyst in the Foreign Pol- icy and Security Studies Programme, ISIS Malaysia. The session was moder- ated by Ms. Audrey Sanggai Jemat, a Diploma in Diplomacy participant.

Having served under a number of Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers in his illustrious diplomatic career, Tan Sri Hasmy welcomed the move towards constructive consultations with relevant stakeholders of foreign policy. He also towards ASEAN, the UN, the OIC and political system; involvement in the non- applauded the government’s decision NAM. Malaysia also has the potential to aligned movement; and commitment to accede to the remaining six out of become a middle power and is already to the Muslims globally. He added that nine core international human rights recognised as one by some quarters. New Malaysia’s foreign policy would be treaties, among which are covenants highly personified in Tun Dr. Mahathir’s on civil and political rights as well as Dr. Roy suggested that the new gov- previous concepts in dealing with for- elimination of all forms of racial discrim- ernment also consider non-traditional eign affairs, and also in Dato’ Saifuddin ination. security issues such as haze, terrorism Abdullah’s agenda as the new Foreign and digital diplomacy as other areas to Minister. Mr. Shahriman also elaborated Dr. Roy Anthony Rogers summarised be focused on in the implementation of on a few key challenges such as adapt- Malaysia’s foreign policy in a simple foreign policy. ing previous policies in contemporary acronym: M.A.P.S. – which stood for time, and resource constraints. moderation, active, pragmatism and Mr. Shahriman highlighted several key sustainable. He opined that fundamen- strengths of Malaysia’s foreign poli- The question and answer session was tal elements of Malaysia’s foreign policy cy which include maintenance of long lively as the panellists discussed is- would remain and would not change standing and enduring principles such sues on Malaysia-China relations, hu- drastically in the foreseeable future, as ASEAN as Malaysia’s cornerstone; a man rights, and Malaysia’s leading role among which is Malaysia’s commitment friend to all nations irrespective of their among developing countries.

Update on IDFR’s Strategic Partnership with Local Universities

In its continuous efforts to collaborate Master and Ph.D programmes to Malay- retirement on 24 June 2018. The Divi- with local universities in areas of aca- sian Foreign Service Officers as part of sion wishes to thank Puan Hajah Norani demic excellence opportunities, IDFR their ongoing pursuit of knowledge en- for her utmost dedication, commitment is pleased to update that it has recently hancement and academic excellence. and above all, contribution in setting up signed a Memorandum of Understand- the Division and operationalising it with ing (MoU) with Universiti Utara Malaysia. The Special Projects Division, which the backdrop of the various challenges It has also finalised negotiation with Uni- is taking the lead on the abovemen- and difficulties, and will miss her leader- versiti Malaysia Sarawak, and the MoU tioned efforts, has also endeavoured ship dearly. Her vision and wisdom has is poised to be inked soon. IDFR is also to strengthen its human resources. Mr. allowed the Special Projects Division, in discussion with Universiti Teknologi Raja Saifful Ridzuwan has officially taken which started from a modest beginning, MARA to elevate the current arrange- over the Director’s seat from Puan Ha- to become a significant Division in IDFR. ments with the university to jointly offer jah Norani Ibrahim upon her mandatory

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 13 NEWS

IDFR Bids Farewell to its Director of Special Projects

the Economic Planning Unit under the Prime Minister’s Department contribut- ed immensely to the Institute’s success in many ways.

IDFR recognises and appreciates the valuable knowledge that Puan Hajah Norani had shared and the positive qualities that she had instilled in us, and thank her for all her time and ef- fort in helping to shape IDFR towards a transformed learning institute. She will be remembered for the great things that she has done not only for IDFR but for every staff that have had the opportunity to work with her. Indeed, her exceptional qualities have inspired many of us.

Although her departure saddens us, we are happy that she is finally getting the rest she truly deserves, after all her years of hard work in serving the na- Puan Hajah Norani Ibrahim, IDFR’s Di- Hajah Norani played an important role tion. IDFR wishes Puan Hajah Norani rector of Special Projects, retired on 24 in driving the transformation exercise at all the best and she will definitely be June 2018 after 37 years of service. the Institute. Her vast experience from missed by all of us. Having served IDFR since 2013, Puan previous positions such as a Director in

Carry out your mission with professionalism, honour, commitment and integrity; set a good example for others to follow; and engage with all actors in all areas at post. Always remember that, as promised by the Government of the day, Malaysia must be known for its integrity, not corruption; defend and protect the country’s borders from external invasion, trafficking and smuggling; lead efforts to resolve the Rohingya and Palestinian crises; and promote Malaysia’s role in international institutions. Our foreign policy is a continuity of long-standing core values, such as neutrality and non-interference, and diplomatic negotiations for conflict resolution.

Excerpt of Secretary General of the Ministry, Dato’ Seri Ramlan Ibrahim’s Remarks on 18 July 2018 at a dinner in honour of Newly-Appointed Malaysia’s Heads of Mission

Continued from page 1

ity of Malaysia’s current foreign policy United Nation’s Sustainable Develop- shared his expectations of IDFR, which principles. He added that the Ministry ment Goals 2030. include the setting up of a Board of will place more emphasis on efforts to Studies. The staff had the honour to meet with ratify several human rights conventions, The Honourable Dato’ Saifuddin when IDFR also had the pleasure to welcome which is consistent with the manifes- he visited IDFR on 19 July 2018. During the new Deputy Foreign Minister, The to of Pakatan Harapan, and improve- a briefing on the Institute’s programmes Honourable Dato’ Marzuki Yahya, to ments to the implementation of the by the respective Head of Centres, he IDFR on 7 August 2018. News Contributors

Barathi Muniyandi, Escopper Zumilla Anak Michael Jawa, Haliyath Zahiyah Kamal Mustaffa, Haris Syarwani Razali, Imran Ariff Mohammad Amin, Muhammad Afif Norzan Shah, Muhammad Hafiz Bahar, Nik Luqman Wan Zainoddin, Noraini Nong, Nur Atikah Anuar, Raja Saifful Ridzuwan, Sarah Zahirah Ruhama, Sidney Kho Wui Sing, Syed Ahmad Naufal Syed Isa

14 [email protected]

IN AND AROUND IDFR

DIPLOMATIC VOICE 15 IN AND AROUND IDFR

1616 [email protected]@idfr.gov.my