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UPPSATSER FRÅN KULTURGEOGRAFISKA INSTITUTIONEN June 2013 Networks and Economic Integration A Case of Refugees in Rural Sweden Tomoko Ishii Master's Thesis in Geography, 30 credits Supervisor: Arial 12 Normal Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University www.humangeo.su.se Abstract Ishii Tomoko (2013) Networks and Economic Integration. A Case of Refugees in Rural Sweden. Human Geography, advanced level, master thesis for master exam in Human Geography, 30 ECTS credits. Supervisor: Charlotta Hedberg Language: English The thesis examines the economic integration process of refugees in rural Sweden, and its relation to geographical mobility. The mechanisms behind the integration process are explored through the concepts of networks, social bridge, and scalar. It is concluded that having a function that plays the role of a social bridge within networks positively affect the economic integration process for refugees. Factors that provide fundamental conditions for the function of a social bridge is identified to be cultural understanding and trustworthiness. The thesis highlights the spatial aspects of the case study area by considering networks between different scalar of global, national, and local. Through analyzing the positioning of the locality, relations are found with characteristics of refugees coming to the place. Those refugees mismatch with the local labor demand, yet they have positive impacts on the location in terms of a demographic aspect and internationalization opportunities. Under this condition, a social bridge is understood to be vital for overcoming the gap between the labor demands and a welcoming attitude toward refugees. As social bridge fosters interactions between refugees and society, it also has a positive effect on refugees’ mobility and attitude toward a place. Interaction opportunities provide a base for a new identity formation for refugees, which is essential to generate a sense of home. Feeling the place to be one’s home contributes to refugees staying. A critical realistic approach has been chosen as the way of studying integration process. By means of statistical data, employment patterns are explored in this area. A semi- structured interview study was used to analyze the networks in depth. Keywords: refugee, integration, economic integration, social network, social bridge, scalar, rural, Sweden 1 Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Charlotta Hedberg for her support and encouragement. Her advice has been very valuable to me. I am also thankful to Ilda Lindell for her contributions and assistance in organizing seminars. I am deeply grateful to Kenneth Forssell in Ljusdal who helped me during making of this study. I would like to extend my gratitude to all the informants who dedicated time to answer my questions. Finally, I would like to thank my family in Japan and in Sweden, especially my husband for interpretation and his tireless support. 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4 The aim and research questions ................................................................................................................. 5 Design of dissertation ...................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 7 2.1 THE PROCESSES OF INTEGRATION ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Concept of Integration ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Model of integration processes ......................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Integration in rural area ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND NETWORKS ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Neo-classical economic theory ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Segmentation Theory ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Social capital and networks ............................................................................................................ 13 2.3 A SCALAR APPROACH TO MIGRATION ....................................................................................................... 15 2.4 INTEGRATION AND MOBILITY OF MIGRANTS ........................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................ 18 3.1 A CRITICAL REALISTIC APPROACH ............................................................................................................ 18 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE CASE STUDY IN LJUSDAL ............................................................................ 19 3.2.1 Selection of case study areas .......................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 The statistical data ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.3 The interview study ............................................................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 4. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSES .............................................................. 23 4.1 BACKGROUND OF LJUSDAL .......................................................................................................................... 23 Demographic background .......................................................................................................................... 24 Refugees in Ljusdal ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Local economy and labor market ............................................................................................................ 28 4.2 EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS IN LJUSDAL ...................................................................................................... 29 4.2.1 Employment rates in Ljusdal .......................................................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Place of employment/ Employment status/ Income ............................................................ 30 4.2.3 Refugees’ educational background .............................................................................................. 31 4.2.4 Factors for employment ................................................................................................................... 32 4.3 NETWORKS AMONG PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................... 34 The old system: Comprehensive approach .......................................................................................... 34 The New System: Compartmentalized approach ............................................................................. 35 4.4 STAY OR MOVE?: ATTITUDE TOWARD PLACE ......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................................. 38 5.1 EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS IN LJUSDAL ...................................................................................................... 38 5.2 NETWORKS BETWEEN REFUGEES AND INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION .................... 39 5.3 NETWORKS OF PLACE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ............................................................................ 41 5.4 NETWORKS AND ATTITUDE TOWARD PLACE ........................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 47 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF INFORMANTS ........................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX 2. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 54 3 Chapter 1. Introduction It is about three and a half hours train ride to the north from Swedish capital Stockholm to Ljusdal station where a stack of round timbers welcome you. Ljusdal is a small region with a total population of approximately 19,000 and no exception from the declining and aging population in a similar way with most of other rural regions
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