EASTER ROAD & HIBS STADIUM Analysis and Framework Strategy

LETICIA VALLE GARCIA JYOTI VIJAYAN NAIR Urban Project USD 2015-16 ABSTRACT

The urban project is a research proposal based on a deep analysis of Easter road and surrounding neighbourhoods. It is divided in two parts, the fi rst corresponds to the analysis and the second is a proposal of development which tries to tackle several issues through the development of an strategy.

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS

This report has been a great learning experi- CEC City of Edinburgh Council ence and we are thankful to our program di- CETS Co-operative Education Trust Scotland rector Dr. Ola Uduku for introducing us to the DMU Diesel Multiple Unit course and conducting reviews and guest ENISA European Network and Information Security Agency lectures that have been a source of varied Hibs FC Hibernian Football Club feedbacks. LDP Local Development Plan LNP Leith Neighbourhood Partnerships First of all, we would like to thank our course MIR Main Issues Report director Kaminer Tahl for letting us carry out NPF National Planning Framework our study in Easter Road area, his tireless NRIP National Renewables Infrastructure Plan tireless support and guidance while helping OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development us put our experiences in new perspective; PEB Program on Educational Building professor Luca Brunelli and Stacey Hunter POLHA Port Of Leith Housing Association for sharing their knowledge about Leith and PPP Public Private Partnership Esater Road area with constant valuable feed- SDP Strategic Development Plan back. SESPlan Strategic Development Plan for Edinburgh and South-East Scotland SNS Scottish Neighbourhood Survey Furthermore, we have received invaluable SPP Scottish Planning Policy inout for various interviewees, experts, edu- UK United Kingdom cationists, activists. We would especially like to thank Nuria, who works at the University’s Distance Learning Department for sharing her vast knowledge about immigrant com- munities and social organisations in Leith, which have formed the backbone of our anal- ysis and strategy. C O N T E N T S

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS CONTENTS BRIEF AIM METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

NTRODUCTION 1 LOCAL CONTEXT 10 TOPOGRAPHY 11 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT 12 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISONS 13 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 14

ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 26 LAND USES 27 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 30 ROAD HEIRARCHY 33 PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CYCLE ROUTES 34 PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY 36 ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY 38 SOCIO - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

DEMOGRAPHICS 44 PLANNING LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES 52 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS 56

SOCIO - CULTURAL ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC TRENDS 62 CULTURAL FESTIVALS 63 CULTURAL HUBS 64 ORGANIZATIONS

CONCLUSION 71

STRATEGY

STRATEGICAL FRAMEWORK PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 88 DESIGN ELEMENTS AND MATERIALITY 98 MULTICULTURAL HUB - MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 101 BRIEF The Urban Projects report is an academic work from the Masters programme MSC. Urban Strategies and Design 2015-16, delivered jointly by Edinburgh College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (ESALA) - The University of Edinburgh and Heriott-Watt University. It was carried out in the Semester 2 (January - April 2016) as a collaboration between authors Leticia Valle Garcia and Jyoti Vijayan Nair, on a given site - in this case, Hibernian Stadium and Easter Road in the Leith area of Edinburgh, Scotland.

The aims of this assignement is to develop the following skills of :

1. Urban Analysis Expanding the case studies from semester 1 to the in-depth study of the urban condition of a specifi c area, using diverse methodologies (interviews & fi eldwork, mappings, etc.) to develop a holistic understanding of the urban environment. The analysis is primarily team work. 2. Urban Project Proposal A reaction to the analysis in the form of a detailed urban project proposal, which outlines the diverse comprehensive means of transforming the urban area in question, of bettering it for the benefi t of its residents, via changes in policies, in regulations, improvements to education, built environment, transport, political representation etc.

The proposal is a strategic framework for the Easter Road Area and Hibs Stadium formulat- ed on the basis of analytical conclusions obtained through this study. A part of the develop- ment brief, is the introdution of Game Changer, a Non-Governmental body, working closely in collaboration with Hibernian Football Club which aims to “harness the power of football to help tackle inequalities and to promote social justice”. Game Changer is working towards many fl agship projects such as Entreprenurial Startup Zone and Learning Centre at Hibs Stadi- um, Easter Road and a proposed family centre and Growing Centre at Ormiston, East Lothian. This report is a strategic development framework envisioned along the lines of the visions set by Game Changer in their brief, which aims to work towards a Wealthier and Fairer, Smarter, Healthier, Safer and Stronger, and Greener social outcomes for “Leith, Edinburgh, the Lothians and South East Scotland.

6 AIM METHODOLOGY The aim of this report is to understand the To study the area, a site boundary was es- three parts, viz Physical, Socio-Economic and link between the Hibs Stadium and Easter tablished, demarcating the interest areas Socio-Political. The former primarily deals Road area with its immediate urban environ- from the rest of Edinburgh. The analysis with the physical aspect of the site such as ment and propose potential improvements for the study has been carried out primari- existing Land-use patterns, Green Areas, to its physical and social fabric. To be able to ly through two types of sources : Transport and connectivity, Pedestrian Activ- fulfi l this aim, four key questions have formed ity and Architecture Typology. For all practical the basis for our investigation. Primary Sources of information collection purposes, these can be noted as data collect- such as visual observations through fre- ed purely through secondary internet sources • How has the history of the place shaped quent site visits, personal interviews of and primary visual exploration, and do not in- and evolved use of the built environment? locals and activists, and photo documen- volve any societal aspects involving people. • tation. Socio-Economic analysis contitutes data on lo- • What factors contribute to the existing cal demographics and economic structure of economic and social backbone of Leith Walk Secondary Sources such as literature read- the area, collected through Secondary online and Easter Road? ing of planning policies, development sources such as Scottish Neighbourhood Sur- • plans by council and various other gov- vey, City of Edinburgh Council websites. The • How can these factors contribute to the ernmental and non-governmental organi- context of economic policies have also been development of socially sustainable commu- sations, proposed developments and their briefl y described in this section with an intro- nities and what is our role as facilitators to scope, etc. duction to proposed developments by the this development? council. Socio-Political analysis is essentially The theoretical framework adopted for a fi rst-hand analysis of existing authoritative the report broadly categorises it into three structures in the area. It provides a detailed major parts, viz Introduction, Analysis and analytical review of the major organisations Strategy.As the name suggests, Introduc- and institutions that work towards strength- tion aims to provide the reader an over- ening of the community. view of Hibs Stadium area with respect to Leith and Easter Road, its locational con- Lastly, the Strategy section consititutes rec- text and a brief historical timeline of its de- ommended proposals, an outcome of analy- velopment in the last few centuries. sis and are guidelines for potential develop- ments aiming at strengthening of the social Analysis section is further divided into and political infrastructure of the area.

7

INTRODUCTION

S T R A T E G Y AA NN AA LL YY SS II SS I N T R O D U C T I O N Site Introduction

INTRODUCTION Easter Road area is located to the North-East of Edinburgh city centre and in closer prox- imity to the Port of Leith or Shore, area of historical importance whose popularity has grown in recent years after a process of re- generation and enhancement of its public realm, becoming a new focal point within the city. The main street which connects the city centre with this area is Leith Walk, centre of vitality of the zone.

Although its attractiveness and the growing interest among the Edinburgh citizens, only the 2% of the tourists who come to the city visit the Shore. Even the Royal Yacht of Britan- nia, set besides the Ocean Terminal mall cen- tre, does not seem to infl uence the visitors fl ow in the area despite being the sixth most popular paid attraction in Scotland (Leith Study Report, 2014).

10 ible views ofitscityscape. withincred- ofthecity natural life intheheart to atreasure Seat theSouth, of the Arthur area are theBotanicgardens to the West and inthesurroundingmain touristic attractions centreage site ofthecity ofEdinburgh, other from theShore andthe Apart World Herit- exploit itstouristic potential. to time being, could bringanewopportunity peatedly interrupted andparalyzed for the for re- thedevelopment ofthewaterfront, The ofthetramlinesandplans extension LOCAL CONTEXT Lochend Road. Brunswick road of and from the bottom part that runperpendicularly to itasinthecase of from Easter Roadand some ofthestreets whose magnifi a strong Seat presence inthiszone isArthur the bottom. The othernaturalfeature with ofthewhole placespective withtheseaat Calton tooff theSouth Hill to thedensebuiltenvironment. However, this feature isnotvisiblefrom thearea due that goesdown towards thesea,although Easter road area islocated onagentleslope TOPOGRAPHY cent views can beobserved ers agentileper- Context 11

I N T R O D U C T I O N Site Introduction

GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT Easter Road will be the axis of the area stud- ied in this report although it does not play a role of main street within the city. The street which plays this role is Leith Walk, in the Western border of the considered area, show- ing an active urban life image, with main bus routes from the city centre to the North and a whole range of third sector services as restau- rants, pubs and retailing. To the East, another road, Lochend road, with a more local and residential character delimitates our principal area of research.

12 used whenreferring to theseareas. delimitated but whose namesare frequently whichare notalwaysin several parts clearly Eachofthiswards,report. inturn,are divided analysis developed inthis of thefurther part among three diff gentinny-Duddingston wards. This location diff council, thearea to analyse belongto three visions stablishedby the Edinburgh city Considering theward administrative di- ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISONS erent wards: Leith Walk, Leith andCrai- erent districts willdetermineerent districts 13

I N T R O D U C T I O N Site Introduction HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PORT LEITH for Edinburgh and a rampart was construct- ed between Calton Hill in 1650 and Leith. The rampart developed later into a footpath de- Leith has played scribed by Daniel Defoe, writing in 1725 and & EARLY & EARLY an important role recalling his time in Edinburgh in 1706, as “a LATE MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL LATE ENLIGHTENMENT in the history of very handsome Gravel-walk, 20 Feet broad, Scotland. Mary of continued to the Town of Leith, which is kept Guise ruled Scot- in good repair at the public Charge, and no land from Leith Horse suff ered to come upon it.” (Defoe, p. as Regent and 86, retrieved 1978). At the time of its creation her daughter, the Mary of Guise, c. 1537 it provided an alternate route from Leith to Queen of Scots Edinburgh which was shorter as compared remained in to the Easter road route. It was forbidden to France. Ship building industry fl ourished wheeled traffi c, which is why it came to be under her rule, also encouraging encamp- known as “the Walk”. However in 1763, when ment of French troops in Leith. The fi rst the construction of North Bridge began, Leith major built construction in Leith was its Walk became a major coach route transport- fortifi cation for the French garrisons who ing goods from the shore to Edinburgh. had landed in Leith.

Earliest known settlement in Leith was SHRUBHILL around Leith Links, formerly used as a Golf Course. The Giant’s brae in Leith Links was Shrubhill on Leith Walk was known to be gal- built as an artillery mound during the Sei- lows for criminal execution during the me- ge of Leith,1560 and are listed as sched- dieval period. With Leith Walk established uled monuments. as a coachway in late 18th century, shrubhill served as a stopping point for travellers in The fi rst known international foursome, Leith Links, During the mid-sixteenth century, Leith Halfway House, which exisited as a pub until 1681. (Top) became an important administrative link 1981 (picture on page 22). It later was the site Map of Fortifi ed Leith 1560 14 Council. housing development by thecouncil, howev- were demolished, for anewaward-winning Training. ofthefort After 1955, mostparts asthe venue for Nation Service 1955 serving JamesCraig whichwasoperationaluntil tect of Leith Fort in1780by theNew Town archi- Sea. North This scare ledto theconstruction stroy theBritishEmpire’s commerce in the and holditfor ransominanattempt to de- troopsin 1779USNavy tried to capture Leith During theAmericanwar ofIndependence, LEITH FORT f the 1980s Edinburgh to Leith untilitwasabandonedin soon becameatramstop for travellers from with theoperationoftramsin1893Shrubhill for Leith Walk Stationin1870sand Railway or housingdevelopment by theEdinburgh EARLY MEDIEVAL & MEDIEVAL . This site isnow beingconsidered Leith Fort replaced by Council Housingin1955. Leith Fort built in 1780,ElevationandPlan ciation, which islocated justafew blocks by Port ofLeith Housing Asso- undertaken molishen by the council. This site isnow ing andits social condition ledto itsde- state ofthebuild- 2013, thesorry In taking. for itsreputation for violence anddrug to socialhousing, soonbecamenotorious which wasastandard modernist solution walls.er retaining theoldfort The housing, structed bystructed 2018. the Council to befullycon- andisexpected collaboration between the Association and new high-risehousing being proposed isa orstudyarea. ofthesite boundary north The History 15

I N T R O D U C T I O N TENEMENT HOUSING

Morphology Study While the New Town was already under rap- id morpholigical transformation, the grow- Hereafter, the history section consists of Morpho- ing need for more housing was expanding logical analysis of the site, adapting from histor- outside the boundaries of city centre. The ical maps from three centuries - from 1870, 1940 reconstruction of Leith Walk as a “splendid causeway” under the council’s expenses in and 2015. M E T H O D O L O G Y T H O D O L O G M E 1810, gradually resulted in the commisioning AGE OF AGE ENLIGHTENMENT of mass tenement housing began in 1870s, mainly at the bottom of Leith walk, closer to Calton Hill, gradually moving upwards. These were more towards the East side as the west already had some big mansions, and that dif- ference in economic condition prevails even today. Cental Leith Walk constituted of Nurs- eries along Eastern side, leading to chemical works and saw mills further up North in the present zone between Gordon Street and Lorne Street. However, Easter Road contin- ued to be surrounded by massive farmlands with little or no major construction except a notable Quarry near the present Dalmeny Street.

RAILWAYS

Railways were invaribaly the major infra- structural developments, with North British Railway owning major pieces of land. A Loco- motive Depot a the present location of Mead-

16 ground for many football fans. Stadium makesitaresting to Hibs cemetery was opened in1885. The proximity of Eastern ern Cemetery, whichisprivately owned and until itwasboughtby thecouncil andEast- inPilrig,etery whichwasprivate until 1980, todaycontinue to function -Rosebank Cem- that were and establishedin19thcentury The area consists oftwo majorcemeteries CEMETERIES lines continue to exist,thoughseldomused. Station atShrubhill. oftheserailway Some Station onLondon Road, andaLeith Walk present day Donald’s Mc Library, AbbeyHill owbanks Stadium,agoodsstationopposite

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Hibernian 1875 Hibernian at Easter Roadwas played on 4February Street 1996,p. (Inglis 450). The fi building what would become Bothwell nian Park expired anddevelopers started ties intheearly1890s, thelease onHiber- 46). suff When Hibs Old Town ofEdinburgh (Lugton, 1999, p. ofLeith andthe communities intheport immigrant theIrish sources ofsupport, being equidistantbetween theirtwo main p. 46). This locationhadtheadvantage of Park asHibernian known (Lugton, 1999, 1996, p.in 1880(Inglis 450),to aground club fi their fi FootballHibernian F.C. CluborHibs played HIBERNIAN FOOTBALL CLUB rst moved to theEaster Roadarea rst match atMeadows 1875. The ered fi ered nancial diffi nancial rst match cul- on theground. (Inglis, 1996) in 1922,whentheclubagreed a25-year lease term future ofEaster Roadwasonlysecured for alternatives 1996,p. (Inglis 340). The long- unwilling to develop theground andlooked ture development. This meant theclubwere plannershaddesignatedinburgh city for fu- wereHibs onlyrenting Easter Road, whichEd- p. 205). 1893, afriendlyagainstClyde (Lugton, 1999, CABLE CARS AND CARS CABLE TRAMS Cable Car Trials in Leith Assurance. 1920thiswas (Booth,1988).In pot onHenderson Row, formerly ScottishLife Edinburgh Cable Cars.started This had itsde- 1888 theEdinburgh Northern In Tramways 17

I N T R O D U C T I O N eletrifi ed in Leith, while cable-hauled trams still operated in Edinburgh.

MODERNISM

At the opening of 20th Century, there was a

EARLY 20TH EARLY CENTURY signifi cant rise in tenement construction on both Leith Walk and Easter Road, especially after the establishment of the Stadium on Easter Road. Industrial activities and council housing, typical of modern era led to the de- velopment of new areas like Bonnington and Restalrig. Railways continued to fl ourish with the establishment of another major railway link between Portobello and Bonnington during the fi rst half of the century.

MAJOR HISTORICAL LANDMARKS

McDonald’s library, originally built as Nelson House in 1902 was one of the most notable buildings in Baronial Renaissance Style by H. Ramsay Taylor (Giff ord Et al, 1984). It contin- ues to be a landmark and public library run by Edinburgh District Council.

However, some of the landmarks have dis- appeared with time. The Alhambra Cinema, which stood at the end of Springfi eld Street, was replaced by a Tyre and Exhaust Centre

18 Alhambra Cinema (Top) andShrubhillPlace (Bottom)

EARLY 20TH CENTURY trieved 2010) drowning. re- (Listed BuildingReport, whowerety setupto save peoplefrom boat housefor theRoyal HumaneSocie- asa itserved plague. the19thcentury In of infected peopleduringan outbreak of “plague kiln” to burnclothesandbedding Lochend Castle. 1564itwasusedasa In dovecot builttotury supplypigeonsto Loch. The site constituted ofa16thcen- Lochend publicparkaround theLochend town planningwasthedevelopment of One ofthemajorcontribution ofmodern from 1892(Giff hall to therear ishowever alater addition in1861. andconstructed and Kinnear The Walk. wasdesigned by architects It Peddie is visiblealongtheentire lengthofLeith Pilrig Church (now Pilrig StPaul’s Church) a pubontheopposite sideofthestreet. Now itisremembered onlyinthenameof buildingwasoriginally atheatre.style (now a winewarehouse). This Egyptian cation of Tesco Superstore onEaster Road. at thetop ofLeith Walk, inthepresent lo- Leith Central Stationwasopened in1903 STATIONLEITH CENTRAL ord Etal, 1984). evat Jane Street to the West ofLeith Walk. buildings onGordon Street to theEastand railway linewaselevated andexisted over Portobelloconnecting to Bonnington. This Gordon Street, existed agoodsrailway line Street to Leith. To ofthestation,on theSouth major passengerroute Princes connecting way branchlinefrom Edinburgh Waverley -a BritishRail- formed theterminusIt ofaNorth the two formerly separate tramsystems were Edinburgh andtheBurgh ofLeith in1920, Following of theamalgamationofCity inParis.des Arts )Forbes &Holden,2015) inNewYorkvated parksofSkyline and Viaduc for inspired anelevated by park, famousele- this connection Biomorphis, to re-establish Railway BridgeaboveRailway Leith Walk b Century. possible, andexistednection untilmid20th y contemporary urbandesign fi y contemporary ed bridgeonLeith Walk madethiscon- However, there have beenproposals rms suchas An el- 19

I N T R O D U C T I O N joined. The improved services provided in- fi rst world war, mass public housing commis- tense competition with the railway, aff ect- sioned in Restalrig, in the area directly East of ing the viability of Leith Central station. It the stadium. These were built in the classic was closed down in 1952 and reused as a garden suburb style wherein each house was DMU Depot until 1972. The derelict station placed centrally in a plot with private gar- became a refuge for drugs addicts and den on the front and rear. While further up the train shed was eventually demolished north of Hawkhills ground, long continuous

EARLY 20TH EARLY CENTURY leaving behind the terminal building and two-storey block of housing was built in the clock tower. Later, in 1982 it was devel- neighbourhood now called Restalrig Terrace. oped into Leith Waterworld, now Jungle Adventure and the recently built Tesco Su- After Second World War, the area of former perstore. Hawkhill recreation grounds wa converted to Restalrig’s fi rst typology of housing. HAWKHILL RECREATION GROUNDS

Leith Caledonian Cricket Club, used what used to be called Hawkhill recreation ground, north of Restalrig. It was also used by Leith Athletic after it was established in 1887. (Smith and Smith, 2002) In 1891, Hibernian played it fi rst match at Hawkh- ill, but withdrew after diff erences over the terms of lease resulting in Hibs exit. (Smith and Smith, 2002).

RESTALRIG

Easter Road continued to be surrounded by massive farmlands with little or no ma- jor construction except a notable Quarry near the present Dalmeny Street. After the

20 POST WAR tually taken up by the startup enterprise.tually takenupby thestartup cupied for thepast8years untilitwaseven- for about10years. However ithasbeenunoc- astheir home on AndersonPlace. served It andwarehousefords sits Biscuitsthefactory 1947by thefamousbiscuitcompanyIn Craw- Estate. asBonningtoncame to Industrial beknown and millsincloseproximity to eachotherand veloping asanindustrialarea withfactories de- Bonnington started early20thcentury In andsmallbusinesses. startups the BiscuitFactory hostsstudiospaces for Crawfords biscuitFactory, established, now CRAWFORDS BISCUITFACTORY 21

I N T R O D U C T I O N MEADOWBANKS SHOPPING CENTRE

Meadowbanks Stadium was built for the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and was used again for 1982 Commonwealth Games. However, in the last two decades it has been in a ru-down condition, which will be discussed later in the policies section.

Meadowbanks shopping centre was built on brownfi elds in 1997 in what used to be a brewery and foundry in close proximity.

LEITH ACADEMY

In May 1991, the new building for Leith Academy, one of the oldest schools in Edinburgh, was built along the north of Easter Road, west of Leith Links. “The building incorporated the design principles of “planning for change” developed by the OECD Programme on Educational Build- ing (PEB).” (OECD, 2004, p 51). It demonstrates an innovative design with an idea of a “Main Street” starting from one end to the other with departments that branch out.

HIBS STADIUM STANDS

In 1995 the Easter Road stadium underwent major developments. All four stands were built and the ground was made all seated by the installation of bucket seats in the East Terrace dur- ing 1995. (Colin, 2016).

22 23

I N T R O D U C T I O N

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

S T R A T E G Y A N A L Y S I S I N T R O D U C T I O N Site Analysis

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

Easter Road- Leith area off ers a varied and intense urban landscape due to its character of new centrality, its proximity to the Shore, its remarkable history and the vitality of the new urban communities in the area: the art- ists and the immigrants.

In the following pages there will be described the physical structure of the neighbourhood considering its land uses, the green areas, the public transport and the hierarchical confi g- uration of its roads. In the map beside they have been indicated the name of the main roads which will be referred in the following pages.

26 tural identity ofthearea.tural identity pubs, off cial street fullofretail shops, restaurants and road thatgoesto Portobello. isa commer- It to LondonLeith road, North anotherarterial Leith Walk boulevard running from isa1.6km Retail LAND USES ering anoverall lookto themulticul- Physical Analysis 27

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis London road, in the proximities to Mead- owbank commercial centre, along with the southern part of Easter road have also de- veloped a commercial role. To the North, the Kirkgate centre (9200 sq. m) off ers an alter- native basic retail provision integrated in the public realm. There is also a big Tesco Super- market close to it.

Industry

There are three main areas of industry or wholesale trade in this part of the city. The fi rst is located to the North, in Gordon Street and Manderston Street. This is a pe- culiar zone where motor trades and repairs garages are located under the arcades of a former Caledonian Railway elevated route. The second area correspond to two

28 Leith Linkspark. Leith cricketclubislocated to the Eastofthe street andthe of Montgomery a courtyard setinside culiar Bowling clubnamedHillside player aspirants. Additionally, there isape- Lochend parkto traintheiryoung football club usethecouncil installations located on C. Furthermore, theLochend Youth Football also hostsafootball club, theLeith Atletic F. for indoorandoutdoor facilitiesand which centre, the Meadowbank sport withcapacity tre toofthemainarea theSouth ofanalysis, one. cen- sport There isanotherimportant footballHibernian clubstadiumisthemajor facilitiesofthe area the Among thesportive FacilitiesSports a plumber’s merchant. Ltd”components parts andthe “Drain centre”, asthe trade centres inthispart “Pentland club stadium. There are several wholesale football oftheHibernian cated to theNorth area, thebiggestofthree ofthem,islo- inthispart. the prevalent activities The third Brunswick Road. are also The garageservices inSunnysideof Easter road and particularly streets located to bothsides small cul-de-sac the following chapter. describedin centresmunity will befurther buildings asmuseums, libraries andcom- located nearby. The rest oftheinstitutional on, Pilrig Park andHermitageparkare also inside ourarea ofstudyalthough Brought- Lorne schoolare theones located Primary Among itsschools, Leith Walk, Leith and Institutional Physical Analysis 29

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

There are three parks inside our area of anal- ysis. Lochend Park with a fantastic loch and an interesting historical building -Lochend house-, is the biggest and most signifi cant. The loch hosts a wide variety of birds as swans, geese, coots and mallards. There is also a children’s play area and a bee café. The park holds a Green fl ag in recognition to its quality.

The other two parks are smaller, orthogonal and with a more urban character. Montgom- ery Park in the street of the same name is a grassed park bordered by trees with an ade- quate children play area. Dalmeny Street Park is also located in the street of the same name. It has a play area and some sport facilities and

30 designed as a golf-course. It isusedfordesigned several asagolf-course.It pathways andtree lineswhichwasoriginally Leith links, alarge grassed openspace with parks canbefound. To limit itisthe theNorth thesurroundingIn area someotherfantastic trees. cherry it isbordered by elm, hawthorn, poplarand could bejoinedto the Pilrig Park ifthepro- and continues till theLeith Links. This path borders theLeith Academy fi sports area Path istheRestalrig Railway which Another interesting green feature inthe grassed parkwithtwo children play areas. ly, to the West, Pilrig Park, another large magnifi slight hillwithhistorical monuments and in thecity’s UNESCO word Heritage site. A To itistheCalton theSouth Hill,included the Edinburgh and the Leith Mela festival. Pots. Additionally itisusedasavenue for izations astheLeith Community Crops in organ-and italsohostssomecommunity asfootball activities orcricket community cent views through thecity. Final- elds cemetery, theEastern cemetery fiand thesportive eldsinthearea, there isa routes through thecity. from theparks Apart Walk pathway, oneofthe mostscenic natural became areality. theLeith Further North, edonian railway ofGordon structures Street posal ofanelevated parkover theformer Cal- Physical Analysis 31

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

ROAD HEIRARCHY

There are three main roads running from the North to the South of the analysed area, al- though of diff erent character. As mentioned before, Leith Walk is the main arterial road to connect the city centre with the Shore and other arterial roads that runs to the East and the West. Particularly Duke Street to the North and London Road to the South, streets which delimitates the main area of study in this report.

32 Craigentinny/Duddingston ward. of eas ofRestalrigandHermitage, bothparts calm traffi road, awidestreet and withalocalcharacter taurants. The third ofthesestreets isLochend ing therefore, afrontage fullofshopsandres- the surrounding area ofLondon road, show- ofthecommercial dynamism of absorbs part more residential character, toit theSouth, Easter Roadisacalmstreet, with a North, edges. andSouth its North Whereas to the rial street withadiff Easter road, core ofthisanalysis, isanarte- c thatdelimitates theneighbourar- eet confi erent grto in guration in thearea. donian raillines, currently unused, represent due to thehard divisionthattheformer Cale- London road andneighbourstreets andalso nent dueto thediff perma- works happeninginthearea, partly dueto theseveral construction temporary developed infollowing chapters, ispartially in thearea calledLochend. further This fact, tions andlimited useoftherest ofthestreets roads inourstudy, dueto thelackofconnec- and AlbionPlace are considered assecondary stadium),StClairStreetentrance oftheHibbs Road (street withthemain whichconnects and Lochend Roadjustthefi the caseofstreets between Easter Road Street. Conversely,Road andMontgomery in Street,Street, Brunswick IonaStreet, Albert are: Gordon Street, Lorne Street, Dalmeny to South and Easter Roadandfrom North for thisanalysis.ondary Between Leith Walk There are several streets classifi erent altitudebetween rst half ofAlbion Physical Analysis ed assec- 33

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CYCLE ROUTES

Train Lines

Our area of study is divided by the former Caledonian train lines currently used just for a service of rubbish collection

34 Duke Street andeightinLondon Road. amount ofbuslineroutes. Particularly sixin the considered area, there are alsoagreat and London limitsof andSouth road, North er two through Lochend road. DukeStreet In lines passingthrough Easter road andanoth- ary. Ontheotherhandthere are justtwo bus Leith Walk Donaldroad and Mc initsitiner- of touristic bus, part includestheSouthern Walk. Alsothe “Majestic Tour” asightseeing There are ninebuslinespassingthrough Leith also themainbusroutes operate inthisstreet. Since Leith Walk isthe mainstreet ofthearea, Bus lines Railway Path.Railway last route indicated isthrough the Restalrig Street, Albion Terrace andAlbionRoad. The nic street andcrossing Easter road, Bothwell facilities: Brunswickroad, acalmedand sce- line, andthenseveral streets withoutcycling road whichalsocounts withashared cycle termittent route passingthrough Donald Mc Water of Leith with Lochend isanin- Park. It suggested route, from West to East,linksthe a bus, shared taxiandcycle line. The second through Leith Walk; street whichcounts with in thezone. to South Onegoesfrom North There are three mainadvisedroutes for cyclists Cycle Routes Physical Analysis 35

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY

Pedestrian movement is mostly uniform on all days of the week with visibly less inactivity on weekends. Leith Walk is mostly busy on all days , especially the top near Leith Community Centre and bottom near Elm Row. Easter Road is however, less busier north of the Eastern Cemetery, because of lesser mixed use buildings along road-side as one goes up North. The southern half of Easter Road is mostly busy all the way upto London Road. However, on match days, major routes around Hibs Stadium see increased pedestrain activity, with Hawkhill Avenue being at its busiest, connecting Hibs stadium to Easter Road and Lochend Road.

36 architecture typologies. physiological themesassociated withthese demonstrate somesalient features andthe illustrated withsketches,Each ofthesetypes rig respectively. Street, Regent Place,ery Lochend, andRestal- amples pickedfrom theareas ofMontgom- Rows, Flats High-Rise Suburbs, andGarden ex- fi The Four mostcommon identi- typologies itants. affrectly thesociallifestyle oftheinhab- ects neighbourhoods whilethebuiltvolume indi- the economic andsocialstandingofthese ing architecture typologies, whichrelate to tion ofanalysis describesthediff fromtypologies diff erent centuries. This sec- and of avariedrangearchitectural styles logical evolution ofthearea, thesite consists andgradualGiven morpho- therichhistory TYPOLOGYARCHITECTURE ed here are Typical Perimeter Blocks, Terraced Physical Analysis erent exist- erent 37

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis PERIMETER BLOCK

• Private Greens • Active Frontages on Leith Walk and Easter Road • Separate stepped entrances for ground fl oor & basement • Close-knit with active street life.

38 • Close-knit butwithmaximum privacy Close-knit • Nointerference withpublicactivity • respectively. Front andbackgardens forground andfi rst oor fl • • Private Greens TERRACED ROWS Physical Analysis 39

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis HIGH -RISE FLATS

• Shared (BUT PRIVATE) greens • Open Spaces between buildings • Close knit community • Inactive street life as they are taken over by surface parking

40 • Isolation Poorly knitcommunity • onstreet Littleorno activity • Untouched Buildingblocks • Private Greens shared by abuilding each • GARDEN SUBURB Physical Analysis 41

A N A L Y S I S 42 SOCIO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 43

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

SOCIO - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHICS

DENSITY

According to the Census of 2011 published by the National Records of Scotland, Leith Walk ward (ward 12) is the most densely populat- ed area not just of Edinburgh but of Scotland as a whole with a density of 123 persons/ha being the city average of just 18, 46 persons/ ha. Both Craigentinny and Leith -wards 13 and 14- also present density rates over the Edin- *All the fi gures of this section are offi cial data published in the internet pages of the Scottish neighbourhood burgh average with a 40,2 person/ha and a statistics (www.sns.gov.uk) and most of them were obtained from the Census of 2011 published by the National 48,2 person/ha respectively. Records of Scotland.

44 a 25,9%ofpeople anda18,8%,respectively. inburgh averages for theseagegroups with it alsopresents larger percentages than Ed- centages thantheotheranalysed areas and gentinny enclosessignifi for theoldergroups, 45-64andover 65,Crai- Edinburgh average of15,2%.Furthermore, old, althoughthisfi gure isstilllower thanthe wards witha14,1%ofpeopleaged 0-15years ofchildren amongthestudied est proportion On theotherhand, Craigentinny hasthelarg- groups. spectively, average ofthecity for theseage with the15,2%,23,8%and14,4%re- and a8,4%over 65years oldincomparison 0-15 years old, a17,8%between 45and64 inburgh meanwithjusta10%ofpeopleaged groups are, onthecontrary, smallerthanEd- just 46,7%. oftheotherage The proportion years old, whereas theEdinburgh average is with a63,7%ofpeoplebetween 16and44 centage ofyoung agepopulation working diff compared inthisstudypresent remarkable The agedistributionfor thethree areas AGE DISTRIBUTION erences. Leith Walk hasthehighestper- Socio-Economic Analysis cantly biggerper- 45

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis Lastly, Leith fi gures are in general, quite sim- ilar to Edinburgh average age distributions. The most signifi cant data for this ward is, as in the case of Leith Walk, the higher than av- erage young working age group (16-44 years old), which represents a 55% of the popula- tion versus the 46,7% of the Edinburgh mean.

IMMIGRATION RATES

One of the most interesting data to analyse in Easter road zone, is the country of origin or immigration rata of the three surrounding wards. In Leith Walk ward the 41,1% of the 31867 people living in the area were born outside Scotland and a 25,6% outside UK. The latter fi gure is around 10% higher than the Edin- burgh average. On the contrary, in Ward 14, Craigentinny/Duddingston area, the 79,6 % were born in Scotland, a 9,4% more than the Edinburgh average.

Studying the graphic of Edinburgh by num- bers with data from the DWP National Insur- ance Number registration records between 2012 and 2014, the current trends on immi- gration can be perceived.

46 nership) Plan 2014-2017-Leith Neighbourhood Part- livemunity inLeith Walk. (Local Community ofthetotal com- part estimated thanafourth ues beingthelargest inthearea having been Nonetheless, thePolish contin- community of NINregistrations. showing adrop of32%from previous records tions are thisone theChineseandIndian, groups withthelargest numberofregistra- Among theNon-European communities, the vious years. numbers, hasshown ariseof169%from pre- less numerous thantheprevious onesinfi among theGreek community, thatalthough ing dataisthenumberofnewregistrations for theSpanishcommunity. Anotherinterest- whereas thissamefi gure hasincreased a75% has dropped to a3%respect previous years, new registrations for thePolish community thatthe numberof thefact it isremarkable trations eachfor thelasttwo years. However, communities witharound 5000newregis- total are eitherPolish orSpanish,immigrant the European Union.Amongthem,halfofthe between thementioneddates come from Two oftheimmigrants registered third parts nal Source : The Scotsman inEdinburghMulticultural School Socio-Economic Analysis 47

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

HOUSING TENURE

The property tenure among the studied wards show diff erent trends. Leith Walk ward has the biggest proportion of private land- lord rented fl ats with a 37,8% of the total amount of households rented in these basis. The Edinburgh average of privately rented fl ats is just 22,4%. Conversely, Craigentinny has the bigger proportion of owned prop- erties with a 64,5% of the total amount. This proportion is higher also than the Edinburgh mean of 59,5%. The most signifi cant data for the area of Leith is the higher than average proportion of social rented fl ats with a 24,2% when the data for Edinburgh is 18,1%.

48 full timeemployed people. terised by thehigherthanaverage levels of inLeithThe economic activity Walk ischarac- an householdincome peryear. of MultipleDeprivation(SIMD) andthemedi- in aseriesofindicators astheScottishIndex areas; andlastly, levels, thepoverty refl frequent industriesofemployment inthese retired andthedisabled;second, themost students, the peoplethepart-time inactive andtheunemployed,self-employed and time employed, thefulltimestudents, the considering peoplethefullorpart- active population, andinactive ofactive portion through thefollowing fi factors: sidered inthisresearch willbescrutinized The economic well-being oftheareas con- rst, thepro- ected ected among thestudiedwards. prises thehighestlevels ofpeopleover 65 population whereas Craigentinny com- ofyoung age working erable proportion where Leith Walk counts with aconsid- tion oftheagedistributionsintheseareas 31%. Essentially, thesedatacanbearefl still minorthantheEdinburgh average of ny, a29,6%,althoughthispercentage is peopleinCraigentin- amount ofinactive On thecontrary, there isasubstantial and a41,7%respectively. than theEdinburgh meanwitha48,6% offulltimeemployedproportions people Leith andCraigentinny have alsohigher 40,3% oftheEdinburgh average. Both ulation inLeith Walk incomparison to the There isa51% offulltimeemployed pop- ec- tion for thepeoplein the area. pears asthe second mostfrequent occupa- Walk, thistrend isaltered ap- andhospitality trade thefi and socialwork andwholesale andretail in thisorder, fi nances andbusinesses, health fl Leith, Leith Walk andCraigentinny wards re- The industrieswhichemploy more people in thegeneraltrend inEdinburgh,ect being, rst three. Justinthe caseofLeith Socio-Economic Analysis 49

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis Wards 12, 13 and 14 comprise areas with varied levels of deprivation. Particularly there are some zones, as Broughton and Hillside in Leith Walk ward, among the less deprived of the city and some pockets in Newhaven, Leith North, Craigentinny and Pilrig (fi gure1) among the most deprived with more than the 25% of the population living under the estimated levels of poverty. Furthermore, four of the fi fteen top areas of long term unemployment in the city can be found around our area of study. In a zoom to the analysed area it can be observed the close proximity in which some of the most fl uent and some of the most deprived areas of the city are located as in the case of Craigentinny with Meadowbank area.

SCOTTISH INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION

The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) identifi es and classifi es areas accord- ing to the levels of deprivation. Its aim is to target policies and funding according to the particular problematic of the area.

50 dian householdincomes inEdinburgh. Crai- fi land. The than the60%ofmedianincome inScot- low income are thosewhoseincomes are less istheaverage inUK, income.ty in Individuals analyse andmeasure ofpover- theextension from theSIMD,Apart otherindicator usedto Council.City ofthe Edinburgh ness Intelligence Service which theylive” defi nitionused by theBusi- ing considered acceptable in inthesociety preclude themfrom having astandard ofliv- come andresources are soinadequate asto “People are saidto iftheirin- live inpoverty gure besideshows theannualme- gentinny alsoshows ahigherpercentage of peoplereceiving DWP benefi arety provided atthestatistics by looking tion ofpeople livingunderlevels ofpover- current way toOther estimate thepropor- C., 2015) maximum income behindthem. (Adams, Just Sighthill/Gorgie ward shows levels of below themedianlevels ofEdinburgh city. maximum medianhousehold income well wards considered intheresearch have a thatthethree isalsoremarkable ofthe It of thelowest council. ofEdinburgh city gentinny minimummedianincome isone t. Crai- ts. among thediff diffwith remarkable erences in wealthy terms than average fulltimeemployed people but Walk isayoung workers area, with higher deprivation withintheLeith ward area. Leith although there are alsosomepocketsof high levels,terms ofunemployment andpoverty to bethearea withabiggerproblematic in conclusion, CraigentinnyIn nowadays seems of thecases. seems to follow adownward inall tendency Edinburgh mean.Althoughthe generaltrend centage thantheirneighbourwards andthe of peoplereceiving benefi erent parts. Socio-Economic Analysis ts ws ahigherper- 51

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis PLANNING LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES INTRODUCTION

The development of Edinburgh and Leith is governed and regulated by various planning doc- uments, which outline policies in developing the potential of Edinburgh and Leith as an area with a sustinable mix of physical, social and economic growth. Some of these reports that have been briefl y discussed here are categorised at four administrative levels which are :

National Scottish Planning Policy & National Planning Framework The Scottish Government

Regional and District SESPlan, The Strategic Development Planning Authority for Edinburgh and South East Scotland July 2015

Municipal A Strategy for Jobs City of Edinburgh Council August 2012

Local Development Plan (LDP), City of Edinburgh Council First draft - March 2013, Second draft - June 2014

Local Local Community Plan 2014-17 Leith Neighbourhood Partnership August 2014

Leith Study Report & Leith Economic Framework Economy Committee, City of Edinburgh Council December 2014

52 POLICIES SCOTTISH GOVERNANCE AND NATIONAL terest ofEdinburgh andScotland. and proposalstext liewithinthebest in- our understanding oftheplanning con- the specifi administrative level before we move onto ofEdinburgh frombitions ofthecity an becomes essentialto understand theam- at bothlocalandnational level. Hence it establishing thevisionfor theregion/ city any proposed developments andhelpin earlier. These policiessetasguidelinesfor localor neighbourhood level as mentioned regional, municipaland fi district, Policies are establishedfrom Nationalto ofEdinburgh Council. ofCity authority andisunderthemunicipal thain District Central Edinburgh fallsundertheMidlo- registered voters from thecouncil areas. lors. fiThey are every elected ve years by whichare headedbyleft, asetofcouncil- ed councils, asshown inthemapon dividedinto 32designat-These are further South-West,East, South-East, andWest. Central, East,HighlandsandIslands, North is governed councils, through 7district viz Scotland Scotland in1969.As perthisact, al Commision onLocal Governement in lines of The by theRoy-Wheatly report Government 1973,onthe (Scotland)Act was introduced in1975undertheLocal The system of regional councils anddistrict cs ofsite analysis, to ensure that nally to nally es thatany potential must bereviewed with acknowledg- at thePort ofLeith.structure It ticular for off well ascommercial development, and in par- withpotentialtion project for new homes as inburgh Waterfront regenera- asalarge-scale land requirements. The SDPidentifi and improvements to increase thehousing However thecommitte suggested changes gic Development PlanAuthority (SESPlan). produced by EastScotland Strate- theSouth the latest Strategic Development Plan(SDP), The Scottishministers inJune2013 approved SESPLAN 2014). verse rangeofsectors.” (Economy Committee, national competitive advantageacross adi- the Scottisheconomy by buildinganinter- aimis goals. Its “to increase theresilience of identify developments thatharnessnational ment’s development prioritiesandbroadly years, whichare alsobasedontheGovern- on targets for future for over 20-30 thenext builds opment ofthewholeScotland. It egies for acomplete holisticspatialdevel- development inScotlandandoutlinesstrat- work (NPF)setsthepoliciesfor planningand On anationallevel, NationalPlanningFrame- NATIONAL FRAMEWORK PLANNING shore renewable energy infra- Socio-Economic Analysis es theEd- 53

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis respect to the Local Development Plan (LDP) as proposed by the City of Edinburgh Coun- cil. The programme for preparing, reviewing and consulting on the next updated version of the SDP is presently being worked on, as it is reviewed within 4 years of its approval to ensure that it is updated with time. The Main Issues Report (MIR) is the fi rst stage in prepar- ing SDP2 as it refl ects updated Scottish Plan- ning Policy (SPP) and the National Planning Framework (NPF3). It establishes a vision and strategies for Edinburgh and South East Scotland as places for emerging businesses, sustainable communities, better connectivity and well integrated implmentation of deliv- ery of proposed strategies.

The SDP and LDPs are then worked out on a local neighbourhood level and this heirarchy helps in integrating community planning processes and promote integration of bigger administrative bodies with Community Plan- ning Partnerships. set out in the SDP for the wider city. published in 2013. However, with the Scot- tish Ministers’ revisions to the SDP, a second LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS The Local Development Plan Main Issues LDP was prepared to take these into account. Report (2011) and National Renewables It was published in August 2014 and is cur- Local Development Plans (LDPs) are devel- Infrastructure Plan (2011), identifi ed Leith rently undergoing due process with a view to oped at a municipal level, in this case by City Docks as an ideal location to support Scot- fi nal adoption in February 2016.” (Economy of Edinburgh Council. It is a further devel- land’s renewable energy industry. MIRs are Committee, 2014) oped manifestation of SDPs and provide a usually followed by consultation respons- The vision for the Second Proposed Plan of detailed strategy and practical description of es, which also supported this option. 2014 stated : land allocation to meet the needs and targets “The fi rst proposed LDP for Edinburgh was “By 2032, the Edinburgh City Region is a

54 CONCLUSIONS implementation. the policiesofLDPand suggestmethodsof 2015) addressing theinterests thatliewithin tion Programme (latest version issuedinMay These have beenfollowed upwithanAc- oflife.quality nities, enablingallresidents to enjoy ahigh Helpcreate strong, sustainablecommu- • and, for future generationsinachanging climate Look andimprove after ourenvironment • by thesemeans. modesandcanaccess jobsandservices port can getaround easilyby sustainabletrans- Helpensure thatthecitizens ofEdinburgh • inburgh. ofnewhomesbeingbuiltin Ed- the quality Helpincrease thenumberandimprove • thegrowth economy. ofthecity Support • gion ofEdinburgh are to : broad aimsasoutlinedunderLDPfor there- (2015),the As pertheLeith StudyReport to live, work anddobusiness” (CEC, 2014) recognised asanoutstandingarea inwhich place whichcontinues to beinternationally healthier, more prosperous andsustainable Most documents includingLeithMost Econom- FOCUSONREGENERATION • and theCouncil. Government, private developer bodies while fundingwillbesoughtfrom Scottish gradation proposals willbeencouraged Regenerationandup- lised andderelict. there are somewhichhave beenunderuti- the listed buildingsare currently inuse, buildings inorangedots. While mostof zones inthearea withlistedconservation built heritage. The mapontherightshows but are avaluablesource oflocalprideand involve investments heavy inupgradation income generating asthesewill activities, sites andbuildingsforelict commercial / Partnership (2014)promote useofder- ic Framework, andLeith Neighbourhood ployed”, etc. (CEC, 2012). devel-This report on young people and long-term unem- employment initiatives, including focus industries; strong entrepreneurial culture; thecreativedevelopment opportunities; sympathetic to thecity’s create character; ment to behighquality, sustainableand “public realm investment, newdevelop- CEC’s of oftheelements thatformSome apart to setuplocalbusinesses. jobs orsupport income generatingaswell asprovide thatare activities focuses onsupporting The Leith Framework Development (2012) “A STRATEGY FORJOBS” • A Strategy forJobs(2012)policiesare some extent, jobsofpermanentnature.some extent, whilealsogenerating to nesses andstartups, focuses more onpromoting smalllocalbusi- ops itsstrategies basedonthesepoliciesand otic relationship in achieving common goals. ble themto coordinate anddevelop asymbi- organisations and associations. This will ena- form inestablishinga solidnetwork ofsocial For to provide this, for itisimportant aplat- Leith (2014). NeighbourhoodPartnership isations andassociations isalsosuggested in (CEC, 2012).Joiningofhandsbetween organ- investor to support initiatives”cil services focuses onpromoting “joined-up cross Coun- The Strategy document also for Jobspolicy PROMOTING PARTNERSHIPS COMMUNITY • Socio-Economic Analysis 55

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS CITY OF EDINBURGH COUNCIL

The Second Proposed Plan of the LDP which was released in June 2014, out- lines various policies and strategies that have been reinforced with urban proposals for the North East region.

The following map shows proposals in the site of interest of this report, to be developed by the City of Edinburgh Council in the near future. It also demar- cates facilities that will be safeguarded for potential future development in the area.

Some of the major developments are discussed briefl y in the next section.

LEGEND

HOUSING / COMMERICAL DEVELOPMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY (SAFEGUARD) GREEN SPACE PROPOSAL LOCAL NATURE CONSERVATION SITE TRAM ROUTE WITH PROPOSED STATION (SAFE- GUARD) CYCLEWAY / FOOTPATH (SAFEGUARD) HISTORIC GARDEN / DESIGNED LANDSCAPE - INVENTORY SITE CYCLE PATH (EXECUTION COMPLETE) 56 2020. to becompletedin 2016and isexpected by tects. The is scheduled to Construction start the Council andwon by AlanMurphy Archi- ing projects. The proposal was presented to units andisoneofthemost famousupcom- a fi said to provide ofretail space, 850,000sqft retail, residential andmixed usehub. is It is proposed to beredeveloped asaprime occupied by St.Jamesshoppingmall and ispresentlyEdinburgh StJamesQuarter :1.7millionSq.Ft.Area TeamDesign :AlanMurphy Architects TypeDevelopment : 1. STJAMESQUARTER ve starhotel andcloseto 250residential Mixed Use Commerical stating public artworks. stating publicartworks. facing and pavement replacement rein- signal improvements,junction road resur- of theseimprovementsSome include more andlessclutter greenery • improvements for cyclists • scape improved pavements for better street- • own funds. The aims at: project the ScottishGovernment andCouncil’s Leith programme obtainsitsfundingfrom One ofCEC’s in-house design projects, Location :Entire stretch ofLeith Walk TeamDesign ofEdinburgh Council :City structure TypeDevelopment : 2. LEITHPROGRAMME Road&Street Infra- for thewidercommunity. route throughan arterial thedevelopment and publiclandscaped spaces thusproviding car-free anddelineates between semi-private The publicrealm hasbeendesigned to be tram depot. bished fl derground together with 30refur- carpark, fl centrea primecity site inLeith, providing 376 The consists project oftheredevelopment of : Site Area TeamDesign :Cooper Cromar Architects TypeDevelopment : 3. SHRUB-HILLHOUSING ats, amasonicclub, retail unitsandanun- ats withinanexistingGrade ‘B’ listed 2 Hectares HousingDevelopment Socio-Economic Analysis 57

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

4. EDINBURGH TRAMS (CITY-CENTRE TO 5. LOCHEND BUTTERFLY 6. MEADOWBANKS STADIUM LEITH) Development Type : Housing Development Development Type : Sports Facility Redevelop- Development Type : Transport Infrastructure Design Team : EMA Architecture + Design ment Distance : Between York Place and Ocean Ter- Site Area : 5 Hectares Design Team : Alan Murphy Architects minal Area : 1.7 million Sq.Ft. One of the most notable developments This tram line between York Place and Ocean under construction by the developer com- Meadowbanks Stadium, which was built for Terminal was to be built in the Phase 1a of Ed- pany Places For People, Lochend Butterfl y the 1970 Commonwealth Games, has been inburgh Trams Construction. However, due to is an ambitious housing project, sharing its under decline, even before the widespread the controversial funding crisis and change borders with signifi cant locations such as campaign to save it from demolishen in 2007. of contractors in the past, the tram line had Meadowbanks, Hibs Stadium and the train Following large scale consultation process, to be truncated at York Place in 2010. line between Portobello and St. Marks three redevelopment options were consid- Park. It promises 350 homes of which 100 ered by CEC for its regeneration which focus The Second Proposed LDP of June 2014, are aff ordable as per CEC’s housing policy. on the stadium as a place for improved local However suggests the line as a future pro- After construction, the aff ordable homes sports infrastructure and Encourage active posal and may resume construction once will transfer to Castle Rock Edinvar and Lo- living with improved sports facilities for Leith the fi nancial and management glitches are thian Homes’ property management port- and Edinburgh. The project however is on resolved. folios. (Lomholt, 2010) hold, due to lack of large amounts of funding that is required.

58 ments; curing and fi To investigate innovative methods ofpro- • future developments; burgh, anddevelop apipeline programme of acrossEdin- Leithopportunities andNorth To identifyandinvestigate development • tion’s current development programme; To anddeliver theAssocia- co-ordinate • jectives, asquoted from thePOLHAwebsite: The development team, hasthefollowing ob- tiatives. ofotherbroaderin avariety andholisticini- andisalsoinvolvedgagement andactivities, it alsoinvests inlong-term en- community committed to buildingmore homesinLeith, sociation. AlthoughPort ofLeith ismostly Council andprivate capitalraisedby theAs- the ScottishGovernment, ofEdinburgh City sourcesnal funding. Its offundingare from byandinter- bothexternal are supported tial anddevelops housingproposals which be”. identifi It to andaims “to makeLeith thebest place to thatholdsmeetingsregularlyManagement Board isrunby of avoluntary Edinburgh. It is involved inregeneration ofLeith andNorth organisation, setupin1975,which voluntary Port ofLeith HousingAssociation (PoLHA) isa PORT OFLEITHHOUSINGASSOCIATION nancing newhousingdevelop- sites withpoten-es run-down of community outreachof community programs ata neighbourhood level. which maybe justifi However, inUK. edgiven housing shortage notmuchhasbeendone interms inalloftheaboveMost ofthebuilt interventions mentionedproposals, are housing developments, Associates.by Gilbert is alsoarecently blockonAlbionRoadnearthe completed apartment Wasps Studio, designed ing blockto 4storey blocksandhouses with private withCEC. gardens., inpartnership There being redeveloped It asfrom section. thepostmoderntowerintroduced hous- intheHistory within thesite ,includethefamous redevelopment ofthehistoric site ofLeith Fort whichwas PoLHA isinvolved in many ongoing /recently completed projects. ofthesewhichare Some Antisocial Behiour. tion to and Allocation,Shared Ownership al anddevelopment indocuments rela- PoLHA hasoutlineditspoliciesofapprais- To develop sustainablecommunities. • community; To ensure longterm benefi • To promote excellence ofdesign; • money; effi To streamline procurement to ensure • ily housing; for examplewheelchairadapted andfam- To provide for arangeofhousing needs, • Developments Ltd; tion’s Persevere whollyowned subsidiary rent) housingonbehalfoftheAssocia- To develop non-social(e.g. midmarket • market rent andhousingfor sale; and tenures, includingsocialhousing, mid To provide arangeofhousingoptions • ciency, andvaluefor transparency ts to the Socio-Economic Analysis 59

A N A L Y S I S 60 SOCIO CULTURAL ANALYSIS 61

A N A L Y S I S Site AnalysisSite Analysis In the past Leith’s employment was based Furthermore, the recent acquisition of the ECONOMIC TRENDS in port activities and industry. In the last Customs House, a grade-A listed building 5 years Leith has lost around 3500 jobs, a to create a museum of heritage related with Leith and Leith walk wards have an espe- decrease of around an 18% (Leith Study the maritime past of Leith could encourage cial character within the city partly derived Report). The Leith Economic Framework the numbers of visitors considerably. from their origins as a coastal village and its published in 2014 addresses the con- main walkway to the city of Edinburgh. This cerns, challenges and opportunities for especial character is still perceivable in the the creation of jobs and the improvement The Council attempt to incorporate the citi- port of Leith which in recent years has been of the economic possibilities in Leith. One zens views in the future development pro- increased its popularity due to the enhance- of the aspects which is emphasized in grammes has taken shape through the Leith ment of its urban realm. But not only does the report is the relevancy of the creative Neighbourhood Partnership (L.N.P.). the unique sense of place of this area is felt start-ups in the area with the third high- L.N.P. is an advisory committee born to con- in the port of Leith or Shore, it is also present est business start-up rate of Scotland. In nect the community concerns with service in the Leith Walk area. Signs of proud Leith this creative environment the possibilities providers and agencies. It forms part of one citizenship around the streets, the existence to build an entrepreneurial culture are en- of the 12 Neighbourhood Partnerships ex- of the Hibbs football team and an active hanced. Nonetheless the report suggest isting in Edinburgh. This organism can play a urban life home of the largest artist commu- that the new jobs possibilities are likely to key role incorporating the social, economic nity in Edinburgh and an ample community be in the third sector and administration and environmental concerns of the citizens. of immigrants have transformed this part services more than in other kind of indus- Leith decides is an approach used by Leith of the city in one of the most dynamic and tries or port related activities. Neighbourhood Partnership to allocate 50% appealing places to live in the city, although of its Community Grands Funds. Just in 2016 during years it was considered one of the Other main areas of possible economic this organisms shared £22000 among the most deprived and dangerous districts. expansion are the tourism and the hos- many organizations located in Leith using pitality sector directly related to it. The a participatory process in the decision. This Council has already shown a special inter- type of approach is called Participatory est for the boosting of Leith as a touristic Budgeting (PG) and allows the community destination, having already invested, as to take part in the economic decisions of mentioned before, in the regeneration their area. of the Shore through enhanced signage, street furniture and identifying subareas of special character

62 tries andcultural resources of Leith. Among whichhasmapped the creativeject indus- Leith. Leith Creative isacultural research pro- that thecreative canexperience in sector attempts to evaluate theneedsordiffi ture development, theyhave already been Considered asoneofthepillarsfor itsfu- Edinburgh. same fi gure isjustaround 6-8% for the rest of of thetotal employment ofLeith whenthis ple inthisdistrict. This represents the10% ative industriesemploying around 1700peo- thereLeith are atleast350cre- StudyReport city. According withthedataindicated inthe ofthe featuresof thedistinctive ofthispart Leith’s culture isrecognized artistic asone CULTURAL FESTIVALS culties name: Leith Late. It started as a one-night asaone-night name: Leith Late. started It organization ofthesame the visualarts Leith Late Festival of isoneof theprojects er activities through theatre, andoth- music, concerts geared to together bringthecommunity during 9days atthebeginning is ofJune. It Leith festival runs isthebiggestone. It four festivals ofgrowing popularity. ing theirwork from home, there are also spread andmany othercreatives develop- many ways. from thecreative Apart hubs The creative culture inLeith ispresent in lack ofmore aff tions, andlive musicandthe performance venue ofaconsiderable size for exhibi- tween thecreatives, theneedofanother be- be highlighted thelackofconnectivity in2014,they could published inareport the fi ndingsof their research, which were ordable spaces working tural festival ofworld musicanddance. isa It The Edinburgh isthebiggestmulti-cul- Mela sitesand derelict . murals andpaintingsonbusinessesshutters, to thestreet throughaimed to bringtheart running simultaneouslywiththefestival, ter Project andtheMuralProject, sometimes initiatives ofthisgroupOther are theShut- and on-street interventions. includesexhibitions,ing June. live It music event andnow itisrunningannuallyalsodur- A weekend oflive musicin theShore. Leith JazzandBluesfestival ing themonth ofSeptember. Festivaltwo-day heldannually onLeith dur- Socio-Economic Analysis 63

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

CULTURAL HUBS

Taking as the starting point the work devel- oped by Leith Creative, a classifi cation of the cultural hubs of the area has been done. It is aimed to identify and classify these spaces ac- cording to the services or uses that they can off er. We will consider as cultural hubs, not just the spaces dedicated to the artistic cre- ation but also all the places which aim is the promotion of the culture. A fi rst division in the classifi cation separates the cultural hubs in three groups: spaces which host creative start-ups, institutional buildings as theatres or museums and a third group which includes spaces related with the artistic creation but which don’t meet the previous criteria.

64 Socio-Economic Analysis 65

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis The activities which can be developed in Considering these factors and focusing CREATIVE START-UPS these spaces off er a general idea of the rel- mainly on our central area of analysis, evancy and integration of these spaces with some of the most representative cultural Out of the Blue the community. At this regard, the organiza- hubs are: tion of events and other activities together It can be considered the main driver of alter- with the existence of a café and exhibition native creative synergies in the area. Apart space seem to be the most relevant. from being one of the most sizeable of these venues, it is the only space with a café and a continuous program of events, exhibitions and workshops throughout the year. It also includes space for creative start-ups.

St Margaret House

It has been described in the magazine Art- work as “an indie arts centre housed in a for- mer Government offi ce block which, despite its daunting exterior, is a hive of creative energy”. St Margaret House comprises com- munity art spaces, a theatre, a cinema room, library and gallery space. It also hosts some creatives and organizations as the Link up Women’s Support Centre.

66 bition space includes atheatre for conferences andexhi- rented spaces for creative also industries. It isabusinessincubator whichoff It Creative Exchange industries. exhibitions andevents andspace for creative previous ones, ithasacontinuous program of Despite beingconsiderable smallerthanthe Rhubaba ers fl exible of further analysis inthe followingof further chapter. cluded inthis listbecauseitwillbe object veloped intheown spaces, working itisin- from theonesde- apart activities further Although thewaspscentre don’t organize Wasps at Albion business centre. events. andagreat space for agallery start-ups, well stablished. Amongthem,space for are stillnot althoughitsactivities activity ities to become anewcentre ofcultural hubhaveThis possibil- multipurposearts andopenedits doors justin2015. factory islocated intheformerIt Crawford’s biscuit The BiscuitFactory laborative working, exhibitions andevents. comprises several venues with space for col- it develops.amount of activities Gayfi dueto thegreatwill include in thisselection centre,Closer to thecity itisthelastonewe Gayfi eld Creative Exchange Socio-Economic Analysis eld 67

A N A L Y S I S 68 for hiring. room alsoincludes community just some. It workshops, andcomputer classesto mention classes andreading groups, employability languages) ofother (English for Speaking fers for more activities thecommunity. ESOL whichof- isoneofthelibrariesincity It Mc DonaldRoadLibrary Adult Learning EducationProgramme. asforother activities examplecourses ofthe schoolruns some This peculiarsecondary Leith Academy for are: thecommunity tional services ofthebuildingswhichprovideSome educa- INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS Socio-Economic Analysis 69

A N A L Y S I S Customs House Leith Community Centre The Arts

Edinburgh Council reached an agreement on It is described in the webpage as one of It is an international agency of consultants the spring of 2015 to purchase this grade-A the busiest in Edinburgh. It is locates on and promoters of art listed building and transform it into a muse- the fi rst fl oor of the New Kirkgate Shop- companies and events which works together um of the history of Leith. Other uses may in- ping Centre. Apart from all kind of classes with the Fringe Festival. clude public rooms and offi ces. and workshops, there are also several local organizations which meet at this space of- Leith Theatre fering for example support with narcotics dependence or help for those with learn- It is a venue under a management of a com- ing disabilities. It also has a café. munity trust that decided to take over the building after years of being unused. It includes several spaces to rent, even for weddings or celebrations since the object is to reinvest the profi t in the manage- ment and renovation of the building Trinity House

It is a small museum set in a listed Geor- gian neoclassical house which was a guild house and hosts a maritime exhibition.

The spaces which are outside of the gener- al classifi cation are:

Leith School of Art

Along with the Glasgow school of Art, only independent art college in Scotland.

70 organizations have beendivided into fi According to themain focus the ofitswork, theyoff izations address andtheservices to understandthemany issuesthese organ- A newclassifi ofthecity.more thispart arecommunity theoneswhich characterized problematic andneedsofthe immigrant presumably theassociationsfocused on the for population atriskofexclusion.port But ofsocial sup- political associationsto allkind ties basedonLeith,clubsthrough from sport There are dozens oforganizations andchari- is alsoanincubator ofsocialmovements. additionto allthecreativeIn culture, Leith ORGANIZATIONS and gender and LGBT. categories: social, political, immigrants, sport cation hasbeen doneinorder er. ve ve Socio-Economic Analysis 71

A N A L Y S I S 72 children, young peopleand olderpeople. pacities. They have specifi ute to improve people’s andca- self-esteem ops awhole seriesofprogrammes to contrib- Located besidetheOutofBlue, itdevel- program andparents for support. kids classes, summer includingcookery activities cess to computers andawholeprogram of a café, whichoff children withmulticulturalawareness. has It isacentreIt geared towards familieswith theworkremarkable ofthefollowing ones: leading withsocialissues. Amongthemitis There are numerous organizations inLeith Associations Support Social ers aff ordable meals, free ac- c programmes for could behighlighted thefollowing: migrants integration and problematic Among the organizations focused onim- Immigrants organizations ble for hire. cludes socialspaces, someofthemavaila- in- andeducation.It and alcohol support range oftopics from sexualhealthto drugs It off ble for hire. cludes socialspaces, someofthemavaila- in- andeducation. It and alcohol support range oftopics from sexualhealthto drugs It off for young peopleina ers support for young peopleina ers support minority ethnicwomen.minority dence andreduce thesocial exclusion of build confiemployment opportunities, social programmes aimed to improve the café whichprofi tsare used to develop some socialenterprise withanice isanIndian It and thereinforcement oftheirself-esteem. process through theirown empowerment to inthehuntingjob helpthecommunity ers inScotland. They alsoorganize workshops to Spanishspeakers work-and legalsupport isaSpanishassociationwhichgivesIt social whole programme ofactivities. vice inlegalmatters anditalsocounts on weddings orothersocialevents. gives It ad- isasizeable venueIt withspaces to hire for Pakistan Community Centre Socio-Economic Analysis - 73

A N A L Y S I S Site Analysis

Gender and LGBT associations Political Associations Norton Park It has also to be mentioned Norton Park, lo- Due to Leith past associated with high levels It must have a special mention the Au- cated in Albion Road just besides the Hibbs of street prostitution and violence, there are tonomous centre of Edinburgh located stadium. Norton Park is a building of offi c- several places in the area dealing with sexual in Brunswick road, a venue which off er li- es, run by Albion Trust, a registered charity and gender issues. The main one is the Leith brary and trade-shopping services and in- created with the aim to provide aff ordable Community treatment Centre run by the cludes a meeting space for organizations spaces for voluntary organizations. Among council which has a specifi c program of Sex- which doesn’t count on their own spaces. the social organizations located there are the ual Health. Among the organizations can be Among them the Edinburgh Chiapas Soli- Cyrenians, working with homeless and peo- noted the Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre and darity Group, the Anarchist Federation, the ple at risk of exclusion, several organizations the NSWP, the Global Network of Sex Work Lothian Socialist Discussion Group and the working with people with mental or physical Projects Immigrants Resistance Network. disabilities as ECAS, FABB Scotland, Intowork, Penumbra or Visualise and two working also for ethnic minority groups: Milan and Shakti. Sports Associations

They can be highlighted the Hibbernian Supporters association located in Sunnyside which runs a programme of music shows and other events and the Taoist Tai-Chi Society of Great Britain located to the South-East of Lochend Park, a big venue where apart from the classes calendar they off er free drop-in sessions every Saturday and other events.

74 Socio-Economic Analysis 75

A N A L Y S I S SOCIO- CULTURAL AND POLITICAL LAND- are not known or visible to the general public SCAPE IN LEITH because they don’t organize public events or workshops. The distributions and relations among these diff erent groups could bring a diff erent inter- pretation of the inner urban life in Leith and surrounding areas. In the map beside we can realise how most of these groups, cultural hubs and social organizations, are located As a general conclusion it could be said that mainly around Leith Walk and Great Junc- Leith is an area full of social intensity, with tion Street. However, there are other spots of numerous creative companies and diff erent social activity spread around the rest of the types of organizations operating in the area area. and a rich cultural mix. Nonetheless, the in- credible potential for networking does not In a new map, analysing the social land- scape in Leith, there have been highlighted in red all the cultural hubs and organizations which organize programs or events opened to the general public. It can be noticed that although most of these spaces are also dis- tributed around Leith Walk and Great Junc- tion Street, there are also fi ve venues with signifi cant social programs located around Lochend Road.

On the other hand, there are also several so- cial organizations around the Hibbs, probably the second area with a bigger concentration of them after Leith Walk and Great Junction, but except for the Hibbernian Supporters as- sociation they

76 litical agenda. is stillafi plans aimed to area, develop thewaterfront and thecontinuous changes inthemaster- the failedplansfor ofthetram theextension stopped dueto although hasbeenpartially around theShore,and touristic activity that terest to develop anewfocus ofcommercial Indeed, theCouncil hasalready shown itsin- for thecommunities currently livingthere. withlessaff of thecity part transforming inanewgentrifi thedistrict onand probably ation iscontinuing further demonstrate how thisprocess ofregener- pening inthearea atthepresent moment worksNonetheless alltheconstruction hap- bourhood. the imageofarevitalized andintense neigh- alwaysdistinctiveness present inLeith, off All thisnewreality coupled withthesenseof cultural mixandalarge ofartists. community withayoung population,agreatity working “Trainspotting” to become aplace fullofvital- as itisrefl of thelessdesirableplaces to live inthecity, in recent years. From beingconsidered asone periencing aprocess ofdeeptransformation The area isex- ofstudythepresent report CONCLUSION rst focus ofdevelopment inthepo- inthenovelected ofIrvine Welsh ordable options ordable ed er below. study ascanbeappreciated inthegraph in theEast-West axisinthewholearea of thesetwoPlace streets whichconnects street,there Albion isjustonesecondary toHowever South. roads intheaxisNorth Lochend Roadare theothertwo main in thearea. Additionally Easter Roadand concentrates mostofthemovement fl Leith Walk boulevard isan active which of Restalrig, bothphysically andsocially. Easter road andthemore deprived district betweentiate the thelackofconnection around stadium,andsubstan- theHibbs us theoptionto closerexaminethearea of study. Particularly, Changergave Game the diverse zones thatintegrate ourarea huge socialdiff On theotherhand, itisnoticeable the erences thatexistamong ows ows of studyfor theproposal ofourresearch. intheareathe community willbetheobject and theinterest to address thereal needsof amongthediff cial connections Those two ideasthelackofphysical andso- mous Centre ofEdinburgh. andtheAutono- without common activities ton Park whichworks more asanoffi ideas andprojects, except inthecasesofNor- ing inthearea lackofaplace to interchange the area. Alsothemany organizations work- tions amongthediff highlighted thelack ofconnec- participants developed byed inthereport Leith Creative, As itwasnot- applied to thesocialnetwork. canalsobe This idea oflackconnectivity erent groups existent in erent parts, parts, erent ce block 77

S T R A T E G Y 787

PROPOSAL 79

S T R A T E G Y 80 tives atAlbionBusinessCentre,. working hosts several socialcharitiesandthecrea- Parkjust besidethestadium;Norton which There are alsoseveral organizations located Community Centre Project. andtheRipple the Taoist TaichiCraigentinnyFederation, East ofthisarea, theyare StMargarets House, intense socialprogram are justlocated to the four fact, organizations withan stadium. In around the Hibbs eral spotsofsocialactivity scape we have discovered thatthere are sev- From themapsofsocialandculturalland- places:Social P ROPOSAL: The spine, newroute anattractive connec Seat. a shared pathoverlooking Arthur cycling nic street urbandesign withattractive and route passthrough DonaldRoad, Mc asce- Lochend Park withthe Water ofLeith. That through Brunswickroad whichconnects network wethe cycling discover aroute totractive betravelled. From themapsof fi severalConnecting green areas we can Green areas lighted spotinourroute ofsocialactivity. Edinburgh, to the West, istheotherhigh- the public. The Autonomous Centre of spaces for openedto common activities although any ofthemhave adequate reasons to drawnd further aroute at- ting places ofsocialandnaturalinterest inthearea and Stockbridge area. and Stockbridge but alsoto the West withtheBotanicGardens ofLochendneighbour districts andRestalrig, between the boost, notjusttheconnection we arenection relating. Anewroute could ceive even better thislackofEast-West con- thingsonabiggerscaleweLooking canper- On abiggerscale 81

S T R A T E G Y 8282 than enjoyable way to start thejourney.than enjoyable way to start Amore Seat. panoramic views to theArthur paths,cycle pleasantstreet furniture and DonaldRoadisaniceMc street withshared scenic one. in theEast-West axis, butitisalsothemost within thearea andopensanewconnection points ofinterest certain better connects Not onlytheproposed route istheonethat A SCENICROUTE the Autonomous centre ofEdinburgh. between the Leith Walk and School Primary the centre ofthisshape there is anice spot with aboomerang shapeinaslight slope. In is alsoaninteresting andwelcoming street Brunswick Road, crossing justafter Leith Walk trial passofthearea. ways fullofpaintingsevocating theindus- bridge over theformer Caledonian rail- interesting spotinthistripisthe Other spots oftheitinerary. and the Taoist Tai-Chi Federation are thelast Lastly, Lochend Park withitsbeautifulcastle mill whichisusedfor creative start-ups. business centre, former anattractive brick especially inthesurroundings oftheAlbion to itsdoors tial to bringnewurbanactivities atthemomenthasallpoten-attractive stop inthisjourney. Althoughnotparticularly The stadiumarea isolated Hibbs isthenext 83

S T R A T E G Y 8484 ganizations. whichhostssomesocialor- papermill wynd, Just besideitthere isanotheroldfactory, the of thearea ofLeith anditiscurrently for sale. building whichhosted themajortramdepot Shrubhill Tram Depot, afascinatingderelict Broughton School,after we Primary fi buildings thatshouldbehighlighted. Just hassome interesting this specialitinerary The route from DonaldRoadto Mc create POINTS OFINTEREST ties, asmentionedbefore. bourhood, withawhole program ofactivi- library, oneofthecultural hubsoftheneigh- esting that can befound DonaldRoad isMc The following buildingwithasocialinter- nd the nd activities foractivities children. and which includeconcerts of activities route. church isanactive withaprogram It Church, justinthecentre ofourproposed ent organizations free ofcost. StMargaret whichoffin thecity ersitsspace to diff tonomous centre, oneofthefew places Already inBrunswickroad, there istheAu- er- ferent attractiveness. ofdif- kind eration. Bothspaces withcertain old industrialstate andthe Taoist-Taichi fed- Lastly inthenewproposed route we fi the annualopenday. it opensto thepublicinspecialoccasions as Albion Castle thatalthoughprivate owned ing ofhistorical andaestheticinterest, the on businesscentre, there isstillanotherbuild- Reaching thestadiumandcharmingAlbi- to thegeneralpublic. oropened known charities althoughnotvery Parkat Norton Centre anincubator ofsocial stadium, butbothoptionalroutes meetagain thispointtherouteIn diversify to reach the nd an nd 85

S T R A T E G Y 86 existing inthearea. the diff needs ofthecommunity, bringing together - Openingahubwhich could cover thereal both inpublicspaces andalsoinnerplaces. - Creating spaces for gathering, community ofthecity.interesting part stadiumto potentiateHibbs theuseofthis thearea around- Boostingwithactivities the situation. ple from diff - Promoting thesocialinclusionamongpeo- itinerary.new attractive zones oftheneighbourhoodthroughtinct a - Improvingamongthedis- theconnections The aimsofourstrategy willbe: STRATEGY: erent communities andorganizations erent countries andeconomic New proposals ofstreet design Second phase: the neighbourhood. asaspecialplacestimulate in itsvisibility aroundSignage theroute, andstreet art to and surrounding areas. ofEasterneeds ofthecommunity road cultural hub, avenue adapted to thereal to createtions inthearea to amulti- try amongdiff Networking Changer.posed by theGame ofthesocialprogramsreactivation pro- anditcouldpotentiality alsoboostthe cus more onbecauseithasallthespatial stadiumwillbetheonesweHibbs willfo- particular,In around the theactivities the spine. Temporary spotsof inselected activities First phase: Proposal ofinterventions: eet organiza- erent 87

S T R A T E G Y Strategical Framework PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL THEMES PROPOSED ACTIVITES AND PROGRAMS The strategy calls for the need for introduction of specifi c functions to reactivate the public Ethnic and Racial Diversity Active Public Realm realm in the area along the spine. These are Venues for Festivals, Events Outdoor Spaces and Active living based on the visions envisaged by the report • Multi-functional plazas and aim at refl ecting the ambitions associat- • Plazas for play, skateboarding, etc. ed with the development of Easter Road. • Public Parks • Cycling Paths

Some themes that are directly or indirectly Cultural and Local Pride Restorative Settings linked to the vision are : Refurbished historic buildings Green and Blue Infrastructure • Offi ce Rental Spaces • Reclamation of green patches and • Retail waterbodies in public plazas Ethnic & Racial Diversity Cultural & Local Pride Social Cohesion Nature Conservation I N T E G R A T I O N Cultural Hubs, Platform for exchange Natural Green Infrastruction of Ideas • Regenerated railway tracks Social Cohesion Social Magnets • Immigrants Solidarity Centre • Conference Spaces Active Frontages Mixed use for refurbished build- Social Magnets ings Places to socialise • Retail Active Public Realm Restorative Settings • Cafes • Food and bevarage outlets • Pubs R E A C T I V A T I O N • Weekly Markets

Nature Conservation Active Frontages

88 below. ofthese already Most existinpopu- proposed inthisprogramme are discussed bourhood. The activities four temporary ethinic and cultural groups withintheneigh- vulnerable willalso support these activities has ahighnumberofimmigrant population, thatLeith Given thefact nesses andstartups. encouraging andstrengthening local busi- festivals, publicworkshops, etc. willhelpin markets,such asweekly cultural orcreative ,fornightly (weekly ormonthly) activities structure. Community events andtemporary infra- of itscommunity form thebackbone cal organisations andcreative industriesthat Leith hasarichdiversity ofsocialandpoliti- these spaces have to off promote urbanlife ofactive thequality that at improving accessibility to such “hubs” and ventions. acitivitiesalsoaim The temporary tional platforms for future potential inter- “hubs” withinthesite, aspromo- whichact ofpeopleto areasic sections ofinterest or This phaseaimsatbringing together specif- PHASE 1: Temporary Activities intwo phases.tervention andprogramstion oftheseactivities isby in- One ofthemajorstrategies for implementa- IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY &PARTICIPANTS er. as venues for Leith Festival events. spine willbe reclaimed andregenerated Underutilised publicareas intheproposed Royal Yacht BritanniaandUNITEthe union. Leith NeighbourhoodPartnership, The Leith Festival are ScotmidCo-operative, of ofthesponsors andsupporters Some ofEdinburgh Councilthe City since 2011. 2008 depression, buthasbeen fundedby lack ofavailability offunds duringthe of Leith Links. Leith Festival suff fairs andstallsinthelarge open grounds Leith Festival. Besides itexhibitsparades, the mostpopularfund-raising events for Leith andLeith Gala Pageant, are two of LeithLate andLeith JazzandBluesFestival. Filmside suchasEdinburgh Short Festival, year withparallelevents thatrunalong- isheldinthemonthofJune every 2011). It Scotsman, ognised ScottishCharity. (The val Association, aLtd Company andarec- 1980s andispresently runby Leith Festi- celebrated initspresents format, since the festival, hasbeen heldannuallyinLeith. It Leith Festival arts isacommunity-based 1) LEITHFESTIVAL discussion: to further potential activity, whichiscould beopen proposalEdinburgh, isa whilethefourth lar culture ofLeith withinthecontext and ered from Program Development 89

S T R A T E G Y Strategical Framework 2) LEITH LATE MURAL PROJECT 3) EDINBURGH CAR BOOT SALE

LeithLate a visual arts organisation, holds Car boot sale is a popular culture in UK where- various public art projects based in Leith in private individuals come together and sell such as The Shutter Project and The Mural second hand domestic goods, which is dis- Project, and the annual LeithLate festival. played in the car’s boot. Needless to say, such weekly / fortnightly markets occur in relative- The Mural Project kick started in July 2013. ly large parking areas where cars can get easy The Leith Aquatic, one of the popular mu- accesibility, sometimes even inside buildings rals of this project, was painted by the artist in underground carparks. collective Blameless. The site was a derelict building at the bottom of Halmyre Street. Edinburgh hosts two major car boot events, According to Leith Late website (2013) one in Edinburgh Corn Exchange on New the artwork “was produced in community Market Road, which is open every weekend consultation with some older residents of and the other in the city centre at the NCP car a local housing association. The resulting park, on Greenside Row under Omni Centre, artwork included various Leith references, which is open every Sunday. old and new, and was launched at a street party for the local residents.” Typically owners of the car park organise and manage the event and allocate spaces to in- The sponsors and funding agencies for dividuals / sellers for a small fee that princi- this project were Community Safety de- pally works in the same way as parking fees partment of the City of Edinburgh Coun- works for parking one’s vehicle, but is obvi- cil, the Leith Neighbourhood Partnership, ously higher as there is a commercial angle the Port of Leith Housing Association and to it. Scotmid Co-operative. In this case, there are multiple surface park- The introduction of visual art in derelict ings around the Hibs Stadium which are rel- sites and underdeveloped zones along the atively unused and inactive on regular days spine, will add quality to the public realm and almost unused on weekends. These spac- and also increase social interaction at a es could be used by the Hibs F.C. as a source neighbourhood level during the festival. of funding for Game Changer’s community outreach programmes. 90 local identity ataneighbourhood level.local identity ing andhigh level of prideassociated withits clusive withasenseofbelong- community culturallydiversea well-knit, andsocially in- This could have inattaining positive impacts between organisations withcommon goals. in creating asociallysustainable networks between individualsand groups and help interaction Phase 1willencourage further ofthespace. dynamiccharacter temporary only income generating, butalsoadd to the and promotional events, etc. These are not Sales andstalls, food vans, ticketcounters Changer onmatch days are -Merchandise which could bemanagedby theF.C. orGame ofthesuggestedSome informal activities plazasandinformalactive activities. around thestadiumallows amplespace for thematch,after especiallysince thearea and give themanoptionto loiter before or crowd thatvisitsEaster Roadonmatch days be programs thatcater to thehighinfl analysis. istherefore It proposed thatthere days, asalready establishedinthephysical aroundty thestadiumisquite highonmatch level.at bothlocalandcity Pedestrian activi- F.C.Hibs hasagood amountoffanfollowing MATCH DAYS 4) HIBSPROMOTION ANDMERCHANDISEON ux of ux discussed in the next section. section. discussed inthenext The is detailoftheir locationsandcontext OFFICE RENTAL SPACES. DonaldRoadforings onMc MIXED-USE andlisted3) Regenerationofderelict build- TURAL HUB) CENTRE(MULTI-CUL-GRANTS SOLIDARITY 2) Regenerationof Tai ChiCentre asIMMI- Stadium REGENERATION1) STREET around Hibs the spineare asfollows : The along proposed permanentfunctions outreachviable andcommunity programs. to develop bothcommerciallyopportunities buildingswithhighpotentials and run-down and Tai Chicentre onMarionville Roadare DonaldRoad buildings on Mc Old factory socially sustainableorboth. commercial andeconomically sustainableor sume newer whichcanbeeither functions, buildingsthatcanas- underutilised derelict by additionofsomepermanentprograms in become aslocal “hubs”. This canbereinforced themore activities, popular they temporary The more thesespaces often are usedfor spaces andencourage theirusemore often. increased ofunderutilisedpublic visibility willresult inthe activities Phase 1temporary PHASE 2:Permanent Interventions Program Development 91

S T R A T E G Y Strategical Framework DESIGN ELEMENTS AND MATERIALITY ZONES

Some of the highlights of the design ele- The proposed spine for horizontal mobility in Easter Road and Hibs stadium, has been broadly ments that will be encouraged are : categorised in two zones, separated by Leith Walk. Zone 1 consists of the Western half of the spine which runs on Mc Donald Road. It stretches Wall Art / /Media Art from St. Mark’s Park and Water of Leith on the extreme West, all the way upto the junction where Mc Donal Road intersects Leith Walk. Zone 2 consists of the Eastern half of the spine, from Albion Road, through Hibs stadium and Lochend Park all the way until its culmination at the Tai Chi Centre, at the junction between the railway lines and Marionville Road.

The design moves and strategies for two zones have been discussed in detail further ahead in this section.

Symbolic Paving Patterns

Green Streetscapes

92 P RECDN T S T UD Y converted to opencafes andretail spaces. Spaces building outsidederelict Empty • PlazaRedevelopment by UrbanSplash • CONCERT SQUARE, LIVERPOOL mercial rental spaces. Oldmillbuilding converted to com- • chester. inMan- BuildingRegeneration project • STUBBS, MANCHESTER urban parks. linesconverted Railway Derelict to • Singapore.Skai, by UrbanRegenerationproject Nikken • SINGAPORE RAILWAY LINE REGENERATION, Public squares atterminating points. • ism. ments likemanholecovers usedfor symbol- Paving pattern defi nesstreetscape, ele- • States. of United marks andcelebrates theHistory longtrail-apaving pattern which 2.5km • BOSTON FREEDOM TRAIL, Program Development 93

S T R A T E G Y Z O N E 1

94 Z O N E 2 95

S T R A T E G Y H i b s c a r b o o t s a l e

96 a lbionusectr c afe 97

S T R A T E G Y 98 99

S T R A T E G Y 100 m ing andmanagement ofsuchevents /classes. organisations, wherein ofsome ofthesepartner theydeal withthemarket- the headquarter ment andfi who could share with the community, theirknowledge butwillalso encourage self-employ- on aperiodicbasis. This strategy from willnotonlyinvite immigrant members localexpertise such as arts Tai Chi,Bhangra classes, Tango lessons, traditionalmusiclessons, etc.) occuring Cooking Workshops, orperformance workshops, andCrafts traininginmartial Regional Art be invited to locationfor joinhandsandoperate from thissecondary for thesame. Chi Centre onMarionville Road. model The following describesapossiblepartnership section buildingbehindthe the proposed MultiCultural HubinPhase2,atthedilapidated factory Tai outreachon community programmes. programmatic ison Hence, aspect themostimportant ofLeith infrastructure Stadium area,community is andHibs theprincipalfocus ofthisreport comprehensive feasibility analysis. However, given thestrong immigrant baseandwell-knit continue beingsignifi developed withextensive and cantguidelines that could befurther viting public/private investments. These are notrigidly prescribed normatives, however they could beopenedupfor consultation withauthoritative structures, andcommunity before in- strategy. Unfortunately, isto introduce theaimsofthisreport anddiscusspossibilitiesthat from bothZone 1andZoneopportunities andtheirimplementaion 2,interms ofactivities As hasbeenalready discussedinprogram development, there are variouspossibilitiesand STAKEHOLDERS &MANAGEMENT support support nic baseinthearea by providing a As thenamesuggests, theMulticulturalCentre aimsatstrengthening thealready strong eth- AIMS MULTICULTURAL HUB-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY unity outreach unity and nancial independence to vulnerable socialgroups. The as hubcould also function mutual cooperation and promotion ofculture common engagingplatform foractivities . It hasbeen proposed organisations thattheImmigrant . It through events suchasMulticuisine integrated thatrequire com- 101

S T R A T E G Y PARTNERSHIP MODEL

As per the 2011 report by European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA), for community outreach programmes, the Co-operative model for Public Private Partnership (PPP) is encouraged (ENISA, 2011). It also endorses this model as an eff ective symbiotic relationship. For eg, Governmental agencies may although have a strategy and policies for social welfare, they may lack a specialised and effi cient implementation machinery, which could be provided by Private Organisations. On the other hand, Private Bodies may require the legal assurance and political support for the projects they undertake, and working for public sector involves minimal or no risk.

This strategical framework recommends a PPP model between Governmental Bodies and Trusts, Social Enterprises, and Co-operatives, the defi - nitions for which have been provided below : “Social enterprises trade in all markets, selling goods and services to individual consumers, local authorities, government and private business- es. Social enterprises aim to make a profi t just like any private sector business. However, all profi ts or surpluses are always reinvested back into their social and environmental purposes.” (Social Enterprises Scotland website). Eg. Punjabi Junction

“A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.” (CETS Website) Here, all members have an equal stake in the decisions and aspirations of the organisation. Eg. Scotmid Co-operative.

As per UK Government website, “A trust is a way of managing assets (money, investments, land or buildings) for people. There are diff erent types of trusts and they are taxed diff erently. Trusts involve: • the ‘settlor’ - the person who puts assets into a trust • the ‘trustee’ - the person who manages the trust • the ‘benefi ciary’ - the person who benefi ts from the trust” Eg, Albion Trust, Leith Theatre Trust

As per Saoirche Nic Ann Tsoi, a local from Leith and a regular visitor at the Tai chi centre, the dilapidated building behind it used to be an in- dustrial estate, however there is little information about the current owner, who is a private individual. Since the building is not listed, it will be diffi cult to get the Council to invest in its regeneration. However, on a positive note there are a number of funds listed in the Scottish Gover- ment Website that aim at providing funding for “community-led regeneration and community empowerment”. Some of these are the Coalfi elds Regeneration Trust (Scotland), Communities & Families Fund, Volunteering Support Fund, Enterprise Ready Fund, etc. (Scottish Government Website). These not only provide capital for regeneration of old buildings but also for management and maintenance of proposed third sector industries and social enterprises.

102 ing for advertisement). describespossiblestakeholdersandtheirrolesThis asfacilitators section (charitablefunds),investors (fundingfor profi t)/andsponsors(fund- SPONSORS &STAKEHOLDERS with other organisations CrisisCentre suchasEdinburgh Rape andoff Tai ChiCentre • polish immigrant parents. Polish Family Centre : To lessons in promotion conduct ofPolish cuisine andteaching ofPolish reading andwritingto children belonging to • • PIE • Punjabi : Junction To workshops for cooking cuisineandBhangra conduct lessonsfor Indian outsiders, thatcanbeprovided by oftheexamples ofservices immigrantsSome organisations are : PARTICIPANT ORGANISATIONS & THEIR ROLES : To Spanish lessons, conduct lessonsin Tango etc. : To promote Tai Chiby free conducting workshops and alsojoinhands andinvite interested art peopleto learnthemartial er support. 103

S T R A T E G Y Apart from Immigrant organisations, other social organisations can also contribute to strengthening of the support and self esteem of local pop- ulation, and aim at Social Interaction and Integration of Immigrants with locals. • Dr. Bells Family Centre • Pilmeny Development Project • The Ripple Centre : To resolve issues of deprived and homeless population by joining hands with immigrant organisations in programs such as Food banks, etc.

Apart from these, Scotmid Cooperative will run one of its fair trades inside the building, while also adding the stake of its investors / members to the decisions-making in the program.

MANAGEMENT BODY AND HEIRARCHY OF WORKERS

Apart from the already employed individuals for each organisation, the following are the new sets of workforce to ensure maintenance of the program.

Board of Directors Their role is to make decisions regarding interests and policies of the Multi Cultural Hub, make choices and hold meetings periodically to discuss plan of actions. A representative from each of the partner organisations, who is already at an employable post within the organisation is an ideal candidate and gets paid for chairing meetings by the organisations. Their salaries are paid through profi t generated from commerical activities carried out by each of these organsiations, such as cafes, freetrades, public events, etc.

Independent Instructors These are private individuals who are invited to share a known skill and conduct lessons that others can benefi t from. It has a nature of a part-time job and provides fl exibility to skilled workers from cultural communities to add an extra income or take it up as a profession. The incentive, apart from fi nancial stability, is easy availability of space (without rent) and a platform to meet service seekers who pay them for their services directly.

Marketing Managers or Volunteers Their role is to attract potential service seekers and promote events through paper and social media marketing. Ideal candidates are university students and social workers who volunteer through organisations such as Edinburgh Volunteer Centre on Leith Walk.

104 (no date) Available at:http://www.oecd.org/edu/innovation-education/34275839.pdf (Accessed: 6May 2016). PEBEXCHANGE THE JOURNALOF THE OECDPROGRAMME ONEDUCATIONAL modernises itsschoolsthrough PHARE BUILDING 6Hungary • Lugton, A.(1995) ofHibernian: The making V. JohnDonaldPublishers. 1.United Kingdom: • fl Lomholt, I.(2010)Lochend butterfl • Leith Late (2015)Available at:http://www.leithlate.co.uk/what-we-do/ (Accessed: 4May 2016). • Inglis, S.(1987) The football grounds ofgreat Britain.2ndedn.London: HarperCollins Publishers. • December, Leith StudyReport. 2014 • Leith Economic Framework. December, 2014 • (Accessed:news/transport/ambitious-plans-for-4-8m-leith-walk-bridge-1-3696340 15April2016). FORBES,E.andHOLDEN, J.-P. (2015)Ambitious plansfor £4.8mLeith walkbridge. Available at:http://www.edinburghnews.scots • europa.eu/publications/good-practice-guide-on-cooperatve-models-for-eff tice guide2COOPERATIVE PUBLICPRIVATE MODELS FOREFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIP GUIDE.Available GOODPRACTICE at:https://www.enisa. European (ENISA)(2011)Cooperative Agency Network andInformation Security modelsfor eff • Edinburgh Economy Watch, 2016 Jamuary • Defoe, D. (1978)Atour through thewholeislandofgreat Britain. London: Penguin Books, 1971. • • Council Ward pitch_due_to_be_levelled__Lawrie_Reilly_recalls_when_Hibs_loved_playing_down_the_hill/ (Accessed: 6May 2016). profi down thehill. Available at:http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12191625.Time_up_for_slope_graced_by_the_best_With_Easter_Road_ Colin, L. (2016) Time upfor slopegraced by thebestwithEaster Roadpitch dueto belevelled, Lawrie Reillyrecalls when H • Booth, G.(1988)Edinburgh Trams andBuses. BusEnthusiast. • burgh-east-fi BBC (2013) Three optionsconsidered for Meadowbank stadiuminEdinburgh. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland- • val-1-1980305 (Accessed: 24April2016). The Scotsman (2011)City Vows to Save Leith Festival. Available at:http://www.scotsman.com/news/city-vows-to-save-leith-fest • REFERENCES y-eastgate (Accessed:y-eastgate 4May 2016). fe-25318416 (Accessed:fe-25318416 4 May 2016). les, 2014 ofEdinburgh.The Janaury city y, Edinburgh: Lochend housing. Available at:http://www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk/lochend-butter- ective-ppps/at_download/fullReport (Accessed: 5May 2016). ective-ppps/at_download/fullReport ective public private partnerships goodprac- publicprivateective partnerships ibs loved playing i- man.com/ edin- 105

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