DOCSLIB.ORG

2008-09 Furharvester Activity Summary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2008-09 Furharvester Activity Summary Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Furharvester Activity Summary, 2008-09 Matt Peek, furbearer biologist Licenses: A total of 6358 adult and 194 opossum, raccoon, striped skunk and weasel junior resident furharvesting licenses were may be hunted or trapped, and mink and sold in 2008. This is the most licenses sold muskrat may be trapped - through February in 20 years (since 1988), and represents a 15. Beaver may only be trapped, and their 16% increase in resident license sales over season runs though March 31 (Figure 3). the five-year average. Historically, the raccoon has been the most 15 1500 14 1400 Adult Junior important furbearer species in Kansas in 13 1300 12 1200 terms of total harvest and pelt value, and 11 Furharvester license 1100 10 1000 season dates are set to roughly correspond 9 900 8 800 with the time when raccoons are prime 7 700 6 600 (Figure 3). In addition to ensuring the (thousands) 5 500 4 400 different species are conserved, emphasis is 3 300 Adult LicensesSold 2 200 Sold Licenses Junior placed on having season open for all species 1 100 0 0 at the same time – so a bobcat taken 4 6 68 80 84 96 00 08 9 9 0 incidentally by a raccoon trapper in 1960 19 1 1972 1976 19 1 1988 1992 19 2 2004 20 Year November can be kept, and a raccoon taken Figure 1. Resident furharvester license sales in KS, incidentally in February by a bobcat trapper 1960-2008. can be kept. Over 100,000 user days are spent annually hunting and trapping Nonresident furharvester licenses have been furbearers in Kansas. available in Kansas since 1983. Sixty-four were sold in 2008. Demand for these November December January February March licenses has increased dramatically the last Badger few years, perhaps reflecting the value and Bobcat Coyote availability of bobcats in Kansas. Gray fox 70 Red fox Swift fox 60 Mink Muskrat 50 Opossum Raccoon 40 Skunk 30 Beaver 20 Primeness Period Furharvesting Season Beaver Season Number of Licenses of Number 10 0 Figure 3. Pelt primeness dates for Kansas furbearers 7 3 9 1 7 9 9 98 00 as indicated by Kansas furdealers. 1985 1 1989 1991 19 1995 1997 19 200 2003 2005 2 1983 Year Figure 2. Nonresident furharvester license sales in Harvest and Furdealer Purchases: Kansas, 1983-2008. Total harvest and the number of furbearers purchased by furdealers decreased for most Seasons: Furbearer hunting and trapping species in 2008 from the previous season seasons open statewide the Wednesday (Table 1). Beaver, muskrat, raccoon and following the second Saturday in November. opossum saw slight increases in furdealer Badger, bobcat, red fox, gray fox, swift fox, purchases. The slight increase in raccoon and opossum purchases contradicts the drop in pelt values that occurred, and probably Pelt Values: Furbearer pelt values reflects the fact that many furharvesters had decreased for every species in 2008-09 prepared to trap raccoons this season, except muskrat, which experienced a slight following last years high pelt prices and increase in value. Most importantly, prices optimistic market predictions. of raccoon, bobcat, and coyote, our three most important species as far as total pelt value, decreased from last season by nearly Table 1. Furbearer Harvest and Furdealer 50%. This decrease will likely be reflected Purchases of Kansas Furbearers, 2008-09. in license sales and furbearer harvest in the % Change in Total Total Species purchases from coming season, and stands in sharp contrast Harvest** Purchases*** previous year to the optimism leading into the past few Badger 1,619 505 -23.5% seasons that resulted in a 20 year high in Beaver 6,855 1,786 +11.1% license sales. Bobcat 4,080* 2,127 -45.7% Coyote 27,100 4,550 -42.9% Kansas furdealers purchased an estimated Grey Fox 84 25 -28.6% $477,000 of pelts from furbearers harvested Red Fox 707 178 -22.9% in Kansas in 2008-09. (This estimate does Swift Fox 98* 20 -50.0% not include the value of pelts harvested in Mink 177 57 -25.0% Kansas but sold out-of-state, kept for Muskrat 5,767 1,624 +40.7% personal use, or discarded.) Raccoon was Opossum 46,113 5,397 +41.3% by far the most important furbearer in terms Raccoon 85,061 40,339 +3.4% of total pelt value, accounting for about 67% Skunk 16,748 1,400 -20.7% ($321,000) of the total value of pelts *From pelt tagging records rather than Furbearer Harvest Survey harvested in Kansas, while bobcat declined **From annual Furbearer Harvest Survey ***From furdealer record books in significance from 32% last year to 18% ($87,000). Coyote (7%; $32,000) and beaver (4%, 17,000) were the only other species that accounted for more than 2% of Table 2. Pelt Values of Kansas Furbearers, the total value of pelts. As indicated in 2008-09 figure 4, this is in contrast with a Average Average KFHA % Change Species Pelt Auction Pelt from previous predominantly beaver/mink/muskrat market Price* Price ** season* of the pre-1970’s. Badger $9.89 $10.04 -22.1% Beaver $9.39 $7.57 -19.6% Raccoon Mink & Muskrat Coyote Bobca t Beaver 100 Bobcat $41.07 $29.82 -51.8% 90 Coyote $6.95 $7.44 -44.4% 80 70 Gray Fox $13.03 $8.00 -59.8% 60 Red Fox $11.78 $8.47 -29.7% 50 40 Swift Fox $9.03 - -40.8% 30 Percent of Value 20 Mink $8.78 $7.90 -28.1% 10 Muskrat $2.53 $2.26 +8.6% 0 6 8 -62 64 68 70 72 74 80 82 -86 90 92 -96 02 06 -08 Opossum $0.93 $0.54 -14.7% 1 5-6 7- 9- 1- - 7-7 9- 1- 5 9- 1- 5 1- 5- 7 3- 6 7 8 0 96 96 973 97 983-84 99 993-94 959-60196 1 19 1 196 197 1 1975-7619 1 198 1 198 1987-8819 1 1 199 1997-981999-0020 2003-04200 200 Raccoon $7.95 $5.54 -46.4% 1 Year Striped Skunk $2.42 $2.02 -49.1% Figure 4. Relative cumulative value of select *From annual Furdealer Pelt Price and Primeness Survey. furbearers purchased by Kansas furdealers, **From Kansas Fur Harvesters Assoc. Auctions (Jan 19 & Feb 23, 1959-2008. 2008). .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bobcat LHOTB022604
    Life History of the Bobcat LHOTB022604 The bobcat belongs to the family Felidae, which contains mountain lion, Florida panther, ocelot, lynx, jaguar, margay and jaguarundi. Historically the bobcat ranged throughout the lower 48 states and into parts of southern Canada and northern Mexico. Bobcats are found throughout Alabama with greater abundance in the Coastal Plains and Piedmont areas. DESCRIPTION: The bobcat is slightly more than twice the size of a domestic cat. Adult males’ weight ranges between 16-40 pounds and the females between 8-33 pounds. Coloration can vary but generally is yellowish or reddish brown streaked or spotted black or dark brown. The belly and underside of the tail is white. Black spots or bars are found on the belly and inside the forelegs and may extend up the sides to the back. Their tail is short (<5 ¾ inches) with distinct black bars at the tip. REPRODUCTION: Bobcats normally breed once a year from January through March with most births occurring during April and May. After a gestation period of 62 days, a litter of 1-4 kittens is born with 3 kittens being the average litter size. HABITAT: Bobcats are highly adapted to a variety of habitats. They prefer forested habitats with a dense understory and high prey densities. The only habitat type not used is heavily farmed agriculture land. Bobcats are territorial and readily defend their home range. Their home range can vary from 1-80 square miles. Bobcats may use a variety of denning sites such as rock ledges, hollow trees and logs, and brush piles.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Fur Harvester Digest 3 SEASON DATES and BAG LIMITS
    2021 Michigan Fur Harvester Digest RAP (Report All Poaching): Call or Text (800) 292-7800 Michigan.gov/Trapping Table of Contents Furbearer Management ...................................................................3 Season Dates and Bag Limits ..........................................................4 License Types and Fees ....................................................................6 License Types and Fees by Age .......................................................6 Purchasing a License .......................................................................6 Apprentice & Youth Hunting .............................................................9 Fur Harvester License .....................................................................10 Kill Tags, Registration, and Incidental Catch .................................11 When and Where to Hunt/Trap ...................................................... 14 Hunting Hours and Zone Boundaries .............................................14 Hunting and Trapping on Public Land ............................................18 Safety Zones, Right-of-Ways, Waterways .......................................20 Hunting and Trapping on Private Land ...........................................20 Equipment and Fur Harvester Rules ............................................. 21 Use of Bait When Hunting and Trapping ........................................21 Hunting with Dogs ...........................................................................21 Equipment Regulations ...................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Small Predator Impacts on Deer
    IMPACTS OF SMALL PREDATORS ON DEER TERRY BLANKENSHIP, Assistant Director, Welder Wildlife Foundation, P.O. Box 1400, Sinton, Tx 78387. Abstract: Predator size influences the type of prey taken. Generally, smaller predators rely on rabbits, rodents, birds, fruits, or insects. Food habit studies of several small predators indicate the presence of deer in the diet. Percentages of deer in the diet were larger in the north and northeast where variety of prey was lower. Studies conducted in the south and southeast generally found lower percentages of deer in the diets. Studies in the south indicate fawns were the age class of choice. Although food habit studies indicate the presence of deer in the diet, this does not show these predators have an impact on deer populations. The bobcat (Lynx rufus), gray fox diet of the smaller predators listed above (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox(Vulpes and the impact they may have on a deer vulpes), and golden eagle (Aquila population or a particular age class of deer. chrysaetos) are several of the smaller predators that have the potential to take deer BOBCAT (Odocoileus spp.) or a certain age class of deer. Much of the research conducted on A compilation of bobcat food habit the impacts of small predators on deer relate studies indicate rabbits (Lepus spp., to the presence or amount found in the diet. Sylvilagus spp.) were the primary prey taken Research has identified major prey items for throughout their range. Deer were an each of these predators in different regions important prey item in the northeast and of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Panda Facts (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Giant Panda Facts (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Giant panda. John J. Mosesso What animal is black and white Giant pandas are bears with one or two cubs weighing 3 to 5 and loved all over the world? If you striking black and white markings. ounces each is born in a sheltered guessed the giant panda, you’re The ears, eye patches, legs and den. Usually only one cub survives. right! shoulder band are black; the rest The eyes open at 1 1/2 to 2 months of the body is whitish. They have and the cub becomes mobile at The giant panda is also known as thick, woolly coats to insulate them approximately three months of the panda bear, bamboo bear, or in from the cold. Adults are four to six age. At 12 months the cub becomes Chinese as Daxiongmao, the “large feet long and may weigh up to 350 totally independent. While their bear cat.” In fact, its scientific pounds—about the same size as average life span in the wild is name means “black and white cat- the American black bear. However, about 15 years, giant pandas in footed animal.” unlike the black bear, giant pandas captivity have been known to live do not hibernate and cannot walk well into their twenties. Giant pandas are found only in on their hind legs. the mountains of central China— Scientists have debated for more in small isolated areas of the The giant panda has unique front than a century whether giant north and central portions of the paws—one of the wrist bones is pandas belong to the bear family, Sichuan Province, in the mountains enlarged and elongated and is used the raccoon family, or a separate bordering the southernmost part of like a thumb, enabling the giant family of their own.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012-13 Furharvester Activity Summary
    Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Furharvester Activity Summary, 2012-13 Matt Peek, furbearer biologist Licenses: A total of 7524 adult and 263 junior resident furharvesting licenses were 31, or in the case of otter, when the 100 otter sold in 2012. This is a 14% increase from quota is reached. 2011, and a 22% increase from the 5-year average. It is also the most licenses sold Historically, the raccoon has been the most since 1987. important furbearer species in Kansas in terms of total harvest and pelt value, and season dates are set to roughly correspond Furharvester license with the time when raccoons are prime (Figure 3). In addition to ensuring the different species are conserved, emphasis is placed on having season open for all species at the same time – so a bobcat taken incidentally by a raccoon trapper in November can be kept, and a raccoon taken incidentally by a bobcat trapper in February can be kept. Last season, over 236,000 user Figure 1. Resident furharvester license sales in KS, days were spent hunting and trapping 1960-2012. furbearers in Kansas. Nonresident furharvester licenses have been November December January February March available in Kansas since 1983. Eighty-seven nd Badger were sold in 2012. The 2 most nonresident Bobcat Coyote license sales on record was 64 in 2008. Gray fox Red fox Swift fox Mink Muskrat Opossum Raccoon Skunk Otter Beaver Primeness Period Furharvesting Season Beaver/Otter Season Figure 3. Pelt primeness dates for Kansas furbearers as indicated by Kansas furdealers. Figure 2. Nonresident furharvester license sales in Harvest and Furdealer Purchases: Kansas, 1983-2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Bobcat Rank Activity Plans for Parents + Leaders
    Bobcat Rank Activity Plans for Parents + Leaders Here are two Den Adventure Plans to use as “First Activities” for your Den when you start up a new Program Year (at a Den Meeting or fun event) … … to learn and earn (or review) the Bobcat Rank Share with attending parents … get their help! From the Den Leader Guides: The Bobcat rank is the first badge awarded a new Cub Scout (2018: except Lions). As a new member, a scout may work on the Bobcat rank requirements while simultaneously working on the next rank as well. A scout cannot receive the Tiger, Wolf, Bear, Webelos, or Arrow of Light badge until the scout has completed Bobcat requirements and earned the Bobcat badge. Scouts can normally earn their Bobcat badge well within the first month of becoming a new Cub Scout (2018: except Lions). Here’s how you can help! Practice the requirements with your scout and the other scouts at a den activity, and encourage them to work on the requirements with their families also. Requirement 7 is a home-based requirement. The requirements are found in each of the youth handbooks as well as listed below: Bobcat Requirements: 1. Learn and say the Scout Oath, with help if needed. 2. Learn and say the Scout Law, with help if needed. 3. Show the Cub Scout sign. Tell what it means. 4. Show the Cub Scout handshake. Tell what it means. 5. Say the Cub Scout motto. Tell what it means. 6. Show the Cub Scout salute. Tell what it means. 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Furbearers Complaint
    Kristine Akland Akland Law Firm, PLLC 317 E. Spruce Street P.O. Box 7274 Missoula, MT 59807 (406) 544-9863 [email protected] Tanya Sanerib, pro hac vice admission pending Center for Biological Diversity 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Seattle, WA 98117 (206) 379-7363 [email protected] Sarah Uhlemann, pro hac vice admission pending Center for Biological Diversity 2400 NW 80th Street, #146 Seattle, WA 98117 (206) 327-2344 [email protected] Attorneys for Plaintiff IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTANA MISSOULA DIVISION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL Case No.: DIVERSITY, Plaintiff, COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF vs. UNITED STATES FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE; and RYAN ZINKE, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Interior. Defendants. INTRODUCTION 1. Each year around 80,000 wild bobcats, river otters, gray wolves, Canada lynx, and brown bears are killed and commercially exported from the United States to supply the international fur trade. 2. Commercial trapping of these “furbearer” species can cause population declines at the local, state, regional, and even national levels and significantly impact the ecosystems of which these species are a critical component. In fact, scientists have expressed serious concerns regarding the sustainability of trapping and harvest of these five furbearer species in many areas throughout the United States. 3. Bobcats, river otters, gray wolves, Canada lynx, and brown bears are protected as Appendix II species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (“CITES”). CITES, March 3, 1973, 27 U.S.T. 1087, 993 U.N.T.S. 243 (entered into force July 1, 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Canids & Felids of the West Point
    BOBCAT (Lynx rufus) DISEASE RABIES Rabies is a viral central nervous system disease in mammals, transmitted in saliva, usu. by a bite from an infected animal. Vectors: Any mammal can become infected /w rabies but its most often in bats, raccoons, skunks, coyotes and foxes. Symptoms: no fear, hyperaggressiveness, self-mutilation. No coordination, drooling, paralysis, difficulty breathing. Human health risk: serious; can be transmitted to humans and pets and is almost always fatal w/o post-exposure treatment. Photo Credit: Don Henderson Photo Credit: Ken Canning DISTEMPER Description Distemper is a viral nervous, respiratory, & digestive system disease transmitted via nose/eye secretions, urine, feces. The bobcat is a small cat (2-3 ft long, 10-30 lbs.) found Vectors: Many mammal groups incl canids (incl foxes) muste- in forests, mountains, and brushlands. It has brown to lids (weasels and skunks), raccoons, bears, and others. buff fur /w dark spots. Its short bobbed tail gives it the Symptoms: drooling, difficulty breathing, jaw movements, sei- name “bobcat” and distinguishes it from domestic cats. zures, circling, paralysis, wasting, foot/nose hardening. Hu- Bobcats also have prominent sideburn-like cheek tufts. man health risk: unknown to infect humans, but highly fatal to Its eartips and tail tips are black. non-vaccinated dogs (~50% adult dogs, ~80% puppies) Ecology & Range MANGE Bobcats are primarily nocturnal, solitary, and fiercely Mange (usu. refers to sarcoptic mange) is a skin disease territorial animals. They often only interact during mat- caused by parasitic mites in non-human mammals. ing season, once a year in early spring. Litters are usu- Vectors: domestic cats and dogs, livestock esp sheep, wild ally 1-3 kittens.
    [Show full text]
  • Coyote Valley Bobcat Habitat Preference and Connectivity Report Prepared by Laurel E.K
    COYOTE VALLEY BOBCAT HABITAT PREFERENCE AND CONNECTIVITY REPORT PREPARED BY LAUREL E.K. SERIEYS, Ph.D., and CHRISTOPHER WILMERS, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ PREPARED FOR PENINSULA OPEN SPACE TRUST SANTA CLARA VALLEY OPEN SPACE AUTHORITY JUNE 2019 AUTHORS Laurel E.K. Serieys, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow Christopher Wilmers*, Ph.D., Associate Professor Environmental Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Santa Cruz, California, USA *Corresponding author at University of California, Santa Cruz E-mail address: [email protected] TECHNICAL REPORT PREPARED FOR Peninsula Open Space Trust and Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority June 30, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the following individuals for their work that ensured the success of this study: Neal Sharma, Peninsula Open Space Trust Galli Basson, Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority Stephani Matsushima, Environmental Studies Department, UCSC Tanya Diamond and Ahiga Snyder, Pathways for Wildlife Matthew S. Rogan, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Cape Town, South Africa Barry Nichols, Ph.D. Candidate, Center for Integrated Spatial Research, UCSC Justin Suraci, Ph.D., Environmental Studies Department, UCSC Mercer Lawing, Caging Bobcats, Barstow, California Shawn Lockwood, Santa Clara Valley Water District Staff at Santa Clara County Parks FUNDING We would like to thank the following funders for supporting this study: Moore Foundation Peninsula Open Space Trust California Department of Fish and Wildlife Santa Clara Valley Habitat Agency Santa
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Wildlife Grant Final Report Makah Cougar and Bobcat Research Grant: F12AP00260
    Tribal Wildlife Grant Final Report Makah Cougar and Bobcat Research Grant: F12AP00260 Prepared by: Shannon Murphie and Rob McCoy 1 INTRODUCTION Mountain lions or cougars (Puma concolor) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) are both native mammals of the family Felidae. Mountain lions are large solitary cats with the greatest range of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere (Iriarte et al. 1990). Bobcats are also solitary cats that range from southern Canada to northern Mexico, including most of the continental United States. Both species are predators and as such play a prominent role in Native American mythology and culture due to their perceived attributes such as grace, strength, eyesight, and hunting ability. Similar to other Native American Tribes, predators have played a key role in the culture and ceremonies of the Makah people. Gray wolves (Canis lupus), black bear (Ursus americanus), cougars, and bobcats all are important components of Makah culture both historically and in contemporary times. For example, black bears and gray wolves both represented important clans in Makah history. Gray wolves exhibited cooperative behavior that provided guidelines for human behavior and “Klukwalle,” or wolf ritual, was a secret society that required a 6 day initiation period (G. Arnold, personal communication). Wolf hides were also used in dance and costume regalia. Bear hides were worn by men of status (Chapman 1994) and as regalia during whale hunts (G. Ray, personal communication). Cougars and bobcats play a smaller, but still important role in Makah history and contemporary culture. During naming ceremonies a Makah name is given which best reflects an individual, often an animal such as the mountain lion is used as it represents intelligence and power.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON FURBEARER TRAPPING and HUNTING REGULATIONS
    OREGON FURBEARER TRAPPING and HUNTING REGULATIONS July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2022 Please Note: Major changes are underlined throughout this synopsis. License Requirements Trapper Education Requirement By action of the 1985 Oregon Legislature, all trappers born after June 30, Juveniles younger than 12 years of age are not required to purchase a 1968, and all first-time Oregon trappers of any age are required to license, except to hunt or trap bobcat and river otter. However, they must complete an approved trapper education course. register to receive a brand number through the Salem ODFW office. To trap bobcat or river otter, juveniles must complete the trapper education The study guide may be completed at home. Testing will take place at course. Juveniles 17 and younger must have completed hunter education Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) offices throughout the to obtain a furtaker’s license. state. A furtaker’s license will be issued by the Salem ODFW Headquarters office after the test has been successfully completed and Landowners must obtain either a furtaker’s license, a hunting license for mailed to Salem headquarters, and the license application with payment furbearers, or a free license to take furbearers on land they own and on has been received. Course materials are available by writing or which they reside. To receive the free license and brand number, the telephoning Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, I&E Division, 4034 landowner must obtain from the Salem ODFW Headquarters office, a Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, OR 97302, (800) 720-6339 x76002. receipt of registration for the location of such land prior to hunting or trapping furbearing mammals on that land.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019-20 Utah Furbearer Guidebook
    Utah Furbearer Guidebook • Utah Furbearer CONTACT US CONTENTS HIGHLIGHTS KNOW THE LAWS This guidebook summarizes Utah’s Turn in a poacher 3 Know the laws Fewer bobcat permits: This year, you may furbearer hunting laws and rules. Although Phone: 1-800-662-3337 4 Trappers Association obtain a maximum of five bobcat permits for it is a convenient quick-reference document Email: [email protected] reward program the season, a decrease of one permit compared 2019–2020 for Utah’s furbearer regulations, it is not an Online: wildlife.utah.gov/utip 6 Key dates and fees to last season. For more information on obtain- all-encompassing resource. ing a permit, see page 10. Division offices 7 Basic requirements For an in-depth look at the state’s 10 Obtaining permits Offices are open 8 a.m.–5 p.m., Cap on bobcat permits: Because of recent furbearer hunting laws and rules, visit Monday through Friday. 11 Obtaining and using tags declines in bobcat numbers, only 6,460 bobcat wildlife.utah.gov/rules. 13 Avoid nontarget species permits will be sold this year. Permit sales will You can use the references in the guide- Salt Lake City 14 Hunting and trapping methods begin Oct. 1, 2019 and continue until the cap book—such as Utah Code § 23-20-3 and Utah 1594 W North Temple 14 Trap registration numbers is reached or until Oct. 31, 2019, whichever Administrative Rule R657-11-4—to search Box 146301 15 Trap restrictions to protect river happens first. You can purchase bobcat permits the Division’s website for the detailed statute Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6301 otters at wildlife.utah.gov and from license agents or rule that underpins the guidebook summary.
    [Show full text]