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Home , Bobcat, Gray fox, Red fox

IMPACTS OF SMALL PREDATORS ON

TERRY BLANKENSHIP, Assistant Director, Welder Wildlife Foundation, P.O. Box 1400, Sinton, Tx 78387.

Abstract: Predator size influences the type of prey taken. Generally, smaller predators rely on , , , fruits, or . Food habit studies of several small predators indicate the presence of deer in the diet. Percentages of deer in the diet were larger in the north and northeast where variety of prey was lower. Studies conducted in the south and southeast generally found lower percentages of deer in the diets. Studies in the south indicate fawns were the age class of choice. Although food habit studies indicate the presence of deer in the diet, this does not show these predators have an impact on deer populations.

The ( rufus), gray diet of the smaller predators listed above ( cinereoargenteus), fox( and the impact they may have on a deer vulpes), and golden (Aquila population or a particular age class of deer. chrysaetos) are several of the smaller predators that have the potential to take deer BOBCAT (Odocoileus spp.) or a certain age class of deer. Much of the research conducted on A compilation of bobcat food habit the impacts of small predators on deer relate studies indicate rabbits (Lepus spp., to the presence or amount found in the diet. Sylvilagus spp.) were the primary prey taken Research has identified major prey items for throughout their range. Deer were an each of these predators in different regions important prey item in the northeast and of the . However, presence in northwest where winter snow increased the the diet does not necessarily indicate these vulnerability to . As a result the predators have a negative impact on deer highest consumption of deer was usually populations. Generally these smaller found in winter (Anderson 1987). A study predators rely on smaller prey items. in found deer in 40% of the scat collected in the winter compared to 19% in Prey abundance is a major factor in the summer (Major and Sherburne 1987). determining the foods selected by a Snowshoe (Lepus americanus) were predator. Types of prey vary by region and considered the major food item in Maine may change during the as prey where they comprised 50% to 92% of the abundance fluctuates. The bobcat relies on diet (Litvaitis and Harrison 1989). a high protein diet and therefore the diet is Frequency of occurrence of white-tailed made up almost exclusively of meat. deer in bobcat scat was 22% during the However, the fox includes fruits and insects winter months in New Hampshire (Litvaitis when they are present. also rely on et al. 1984). Witmer and DeCalesta (1986) a variety of small . The purpose of reported black-tailed deer (Odocoileus this paper is to review the current hemionus columbianus) were found in 5.3% knowledge on the presence of deer in the (summer) to 22.2% (winter) of the scat in

74 . Some have suggested a majority of 1971. However, no deer were recorded the the deer eaten in winter was carrion. following year. Cotton rats and cottontails However, have been reported to kill increased in abundance during the second deer and other (Anderson 1987). year. Beasom and Moore (1977) suggested bobcats concentrated food gathering efforts Studies conducted in the southeast on the more abundant cotton rats and indicate bobcat diets consist of medium to cottontails. small sized prey with different species of as the major food item. Wassmer et Research conducted on the Welder al. (1988) reported no deer in the diet of Wildlife Foundation from 1993-1998 bobcats during a study in central . A indicate deer were found in bobcat scat from study conducted in (Miller and May through August. Deer were found in Speake 1978) and another in Florida (Maehr 5%, 32%, 24%, and 4% of bobcat scat and Brady 1986) found deer in 2% of the collected in May, June, July, and August, scats. In central Florida the primary prey respectively (Blankenship 2000). This were rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) 75% and corresponds to the fawn drop on the Welder cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidis) 49% Wildlife Foundation. Data show the (Wassmer et al. 1988). Cotton rats (65%) period begins in May with the majority born and cottontail rabbits (38%) occurred in the in June (Blankenship et al. 1994). Larger greatest frequency in an Alabama study mammals such as javelina (Tayassu tajacu) (Miller and Speake 1978). and feral hog (Sus scrofa) were found in the bobcat diet but many of these were also Deer were found in 29.6% of the young . scat from a study conducted in . Deer were considered abundant at the study site These studies indicate deer are found and during the time period of the study. in the diet of bobcats. However, it does not Gashwiler et al. (1960) suggested winter answer the question how is the deer mortality and may have been a population impacted by bobcat predation? source of carcasses for bobcat feeding. There are no studies that I know of that Other studies conducted in western states answer this question directly. However, indicate deer were found in less than 10% of there are several studies that consider the the scat (Anderson 1987). loss of fawns to predators. Cook et al. (1971) radio-collared 58 fawns and Studies conducted in the Big Bend determined the causes of mortality. They region of indicate desert identified 2 fawns killed by bobcats or 3% (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) were found of the collared fawns. This is very small in 24% of bobcat scat from 1972-74. A compared to 79% that were considered decline in deer populations and an increase or probable coyote predation. in rabbit populations resulted in a decline to 3% for deer and an increase of rabbit in the Epstein et al. (1983) placed radio scat from 51% to 78% (Leopold and collars on 47 white-tailed deer fawns on 2 Krausman 1986). Beasom and Moore islands off of South Carolina. Bobcats (1977) recorded white-tailed deer in 6% of accounted for 12 of the 41 (29%) fawn stomachs examined in during mortalities. were not present on the

75 2 islands and rabbit abundance was low. A et al. 1983). Deer in the diet of was study in monitored 35 radio- attributed mainly to scavenging (Fritzell collared white-tailed deer fawns to 1987). stomach contents determine causes of mortality. Twenty- examined in Texas indicate the winter diets eight fawn mortalities were attributed to consisted of small (cottontails, predation and 5 (15.2%) were identified as cotton rats), 56%; insects (mostly bobcat kills (Garner et al. 1976). Bobcats grasshoppers), 23%, and birds, 21 %. were the cause of 4% of the fawn mortality Summer diets contained more fruit for 78 white-tailed deer fawns monitored in ( and ), 30%; insects, (Ballard et al. 1999). 26%; small mammals, 16%; birds, 14%; and Bobcats were a source of mortality only up crayfish, 14% (Davis 1974). through the first 180 days of life (Ballard et al. 1999). Studies have shown the removal EAGLES of predators increases the survival of fawns and this results in an increase in deer Rabbits or ground numbers (Beasom 1974, Kie 1977). (Spermophilus spp.) were important small Coyotes were the dominate predator mammals in the diet. Larger removed (7 coyotes:1 bobcat) in each of the mammals (e.g. deer) may be important in above studies. the diet as carrion. Young fawns are more likely targets if they are hunted as prey FOX (Orta 1994). The remains of young deer were found in 4 of 41 golden eagle nests The gray fox and ate a wide from west Texas and New and variety of plant and matter and were comprised 0.4% of the food items identified. more omnivorous than bobcats. The major food items in the golden eagle Mammalian prey such as rabbits, small diet were rabbits (69%) and squirrels rodents, and mice comprise a large portion (11%)(Mollhagen et al. 1972). of the diet year round, although grasshoppers, crickets, fruits, and berries ALLIGATORS may predominate during summer (Fritzell 1987, Voigt 1987). Major and Sherburne Land areas with marshes or wetlands (1987) reported a low occurrence of deer in may also encounter alligator predation on winter diets. They suggested this was fawn and adult deer. Epstein et al. (1983) related to the inability of foxes to capture reported alligators were responsible for at deer and interference by coyotes preventing least 2 fawn deaths or 5% of fawn use of carcasses. Red fox winter diets mortalities. Alligators are also responsible contained snowshoe (61%), small for the loss of some adult deer. Although I mammals (32%), birds (17%), and deer did not actually see the capture, I did see an (15%). In comparison, the frequency of alligator with an adult doe in the middle of occurrence of deer in coyote and bobcat the Aransas River. Captures by alligators winter diets were 58% and 40%, are probably a result of deer attempting to respectively (Major and Sherburne 1987). get a drink from a water source or feeding in Red and gray fox accounted for 10% of a wetland area (Blankenship unpublished fawn mortalities in South Carolina (Epstein data).

76 SUMMARY 579.

Food habit studies conducted on Beasom, S. L. 1974. Relationship between bobcat, red and gray fox, golden eagles, and predator removal and white-tailed deer net alligators generally rely on scat and stomach productivity. Journal of Wildlife samples. Rabbits and rodents make up a Management 38:854-859. large portion of the diet. Deer were a seasonal component of the diet or were Beasom, S. L., and R. A. Moore. 1977. found in small quantities. However, the Bobcat food habit response to a change in amount of deer found in scat or stomachs prey abundance. Southwestern Naturalist does not indicate a significant impact on 21:451-457. deer populations. Scavenging may be a source for some or all of the deer found in Blankenship, T. L. 2000. Ecological the diet of small predators. Data does response of bobcats to fluctuating prey indicate fawns are the most vulnerable to populations on the Welder Wildlife predation by smaller predators. Changes in Foundation Refuge. Ph.D. Dissertation rabbit and abundance are a probable Texas A&M University – Kingsville and cause for the increase in deer in the diet of Texas A&M University – College Station, both bobcats and fox (Beasom and Moore Texas. 1977, Espstein et al. 1983). Determining the impacts of smaller predators on deer Blankenship, T. L., D. L. Drawe, and J. G. populations is difficult because there are Teer. 1994. Reproductive ecology of many interacting variables. The number of white-tailed deer on the Welder Wildlife rabbits and rodents may influence the Foundation, Texas. Proceedings of the potential impacts of predators on deer Annual Conference of the Southeastern numbers. Controlling all predators does not Association of and Wildlife Agencies allow the researcher to determine which 48:69-77. predator impacts the population. Controlling larger predators (e.g. coyotes) Cook, R. S., M. White, D. O. Trainer, and does not indicate if smaller predators impact W. C. Glazner. 1971. Mortality of young deer populations. white-tailed deer fawns in South Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 35:47-56. LITERATURE CITED Davis, W. B. 1974. The mammals of Anderson, E. M. 1987. A critical review Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife and annotated bibliography ofliterature on Department. Bulletin No. 41. the bobcat. Division of Wildlife Special Report 62. Epstein, M. B., G. A. Feldhamer, and R. L. Joyner. 1983. Predation on white-tailed Ballard, W. B., H. A. Whitlaw, S. J. Young, deer fawns by bobcats, foxes, and alligators: R. A. Jenkins, and G. J. Forbes. 1999. predator assessment. Proceedings of the Predation and survival of white-tailed deer Annual Conference of the Southeastern fawns in Northcentral New Brunswick. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Journal of Wildlife Management 63:574- 37:161-172.

77 Fritzell, E. K. 1987. Gray fox and island Interspecific relationships of coyotes, gray fox. Pages 409-420 in M. Novak, J. A. bobcats, and red foxes in western Maine. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, Journal of Wildlife Management 51:606- editors. Wild furbearer management and 616. conservation in . Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, . Miller, S. D. and D. W. Speake. 1978. Prey utilization by bobcats on quail plantation in Garner, G. W., J. A. Morrison, and J. C. southern Alabama. Proceedings of the Lewis. 1976. Mortality of white-tailed deer Annual Conference of Southeastern fawns in the Wichata Mountains, Oklahoma. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Proceedings of the Annual Conference of 32:100-111. the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 30:493-506. Mollhagen, T. R., R. W. Wiley, and R. L. Packard. 1972. Prey remains in golden Gashwiler, J. S., W. L. Robinette, and O. W. eagle nests: Texas and . Morris. 1960. Foods of bobcats in Utah Journal of Wildlife Management 36:784- and eastern Nevada. Journal of Wildlife 792. Management 24:226-229. Orta, J. 1994. Golden Eagle. Pages 197- Kie, J. G. 1977. Effects of predation on 198 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. population dynamics of white-tailed deer in Sargatal eds. Handbook of the birds of the south Texas. Ph.D. Dissertation. University world. Vol. 2. New world vultures to of , Berkeley. guineafowl, Lynx Edicions, Bacelona.

Leopold, B. D., and P. R. Krausman. 1986. Voigt, D. R. 1987. Red fox. Pages 379- Diets of 3 predators in Big Bend National 392 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Park, Texas. Journal of Wildlife Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Management 50:290-295. furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Litvaitis, J. A., C. L. Stevens, and W. W. Resources, Ontario, Canada. Mautz. 1984. Age, sex, and weight of bocats in relation to winter diet. Journal of Wassmer, D. A., D. D. Guenther, and J. N. Wildlife Management 48:632-635. Layne. 1988. Ecology of the bobcat in south-central Florida. Bulletin Florida State Litvaitis, J. A., and D. J. Harrison. 1989. Museum, Biological Science 33:159-228. Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase. Witmer, G. W. and D. S. DeCalesta. 1986. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1180-1188. Resource use by unexploited sympatric bobcats and coyotes in Oregon. Canadian Maehr, D. S., and J. R. Brady. 1986. Food Journal of Zoology 64:2333-2338. habits of bobcats in Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 67:133-138.

Major, J. T. and J. A. Sherburne. 1987.

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