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Croatian Reportissn on Drug 1848 Situation-6762 2014 Croatian ReportISSN on Drug 1848 Situation-6762 4 201 1 2014 Croatian Report on Drug Situation CROATIAN NATIONAL DRUGS INFORMATION UNIT 2014 NATIONAL REPORT (2013 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia CROATIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Zagreb, August 2014 Drawn up on behalf of the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2 2014 Croatian Report on Drug Situation Published by Government of the Republic of Croatia Office for Combating Drug Abuse Preobraženska 4/II 10 000 Zagreb Tel.: 01 48 78 122 Fax: 01 48 78 120 Email: [email protected] Website: www.uredzadroge.hr For the publisher: mr. Željko Petković, univ. spec. crim. Edited by Sanja Mikulić, LLM Data collection and processing Lidija Vugrinec, MA in Crime Science Dijana Jerković, MA in Social Pedagogy Marko Markus, MA in Sociology Jadranka Ivandić Zimić, PhD Sanja Mikulić, LLM Nataša Vukičević, Ec. S. Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, MA in Crime Science Smilja Bagarić, MA in Political Science Barbara Tičinović, MA in Sociology Marina Fulir, Ec. S. Proof-reading Marina Nimac, MA in General Linguistics and Phonetics 3 2014 Croatian Report on Drug Situation Contents Summary………………………………………………………………………………............. 6 Part A: New developments and trends 13 1. Drug policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analyses............................. 14 1.1 Introduction ……………………..…………………………………………………….…... 14 1.2 Legal framework………………………………………………………………………....... 14 1.3 National Action Plan, Strategy, evaluation and coordination ……………..……......... 19 1.3.1 National Action Plan and Strategy.......................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Implementation of the National Action Plan and Strategy………..……………......... 20 1.3.3 Evaluation of the National Action Plan and Strategy ……………………………....... 29 1.3.4 Coordination…………………………………………………………………………........ 32 1.4 Economic analyses………………………………………………………………………... ..35 1.4.1 Labelled public expenditures in the area of combating drug abuse………….....….. 35 1.4.2 Unlabelled public expenditures in the area of combating drug abuse………..…..... 40 1.4.3 Estimated total public expenditures according to the classification of public 44 functions……………………………………………………………………………...………..... 1.5 Conclusion………….................................................................................................... 45 2 Drug use in the general population and specific target groups……………............ 48 2.1 Introduction…………………….…………………………………………………………… 48 2.2 Drug use in the general population…………………………………………………......... 49 2.3 Drug use among the school population and youth ………………..…………............... 54 2.4 Drug use among target groups/environments at national and local levels……......…. 55 3 Prevention…...................……...................……...................……...................……........ 64 3.1 Introduction……….………………………………………………………………………… 64 3.2 Environmental strategies…….……………………………………………………………. 70 3.3 Universal prevention………….….……………………………………………………....... 73 3.4 Selective prevention among groups at risk and settings …………………………........ 77 3.5 Indicated prevention………………………………………………………………........... 79 3.6 National and local media campaigns …………………………………..………….......... 80 4 Problem Drug Use (PDU)…………………………………………………………........................... 80 5 Drug-related treatment: demand and availability …………………........................... 81 5.1 Introduction ……………………….………………………………………………………... 81 5.2 General description, availability and quality assurance………………………….......... 82 5.2.1 Strategy/Policy………….……………………………………………………………....... 83 5.2.2 Treatment system………………….…………………………………………………...... 85 5.3 Access to treatment……………..…………………………………………………………. 92 5.3.1 Characteristics of patients/clients …………………………………..…………………. 93 5.3.2 Population in treatment and treatment characteristics..……………………………... 107 6 Health correlates and consequences……………….…………………………………… 114 6.1 Introduction……….………………………………………………………………………… 114 6.2 Drug-related infectious diseases……………..……………………………………......... 115 6.3 Other drug-related correlates and consequences ……………………………….......... 116 7 Responses to health correlates and consequences ……………………………........ 118 7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 118 7.2 Prevention of drug-related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths.......... 118 7.3 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases with emphasis on 119 4 2014 Croatian Report on Drug Situation treatment of hepatitis C among injecting drug users ………………………………….…… 7.4 Responses to other health consequences among drug users …….….………….…... 122 8 Social correlates and social reintegration ………………………………………….….. 123 8.1 Introduction………………………………………….………………………………….…… 123 8.2 Social exclusion and drug use ……………………………………………………........... 124 8.2.1 Social exclusion among drug users ……………...……………………………………. 125 8.2.2 Drug use among socially excluded groups….……………..………………………….. 125 8.3 Social reintegration…………………………………………………………………………. 128 8.3.1 Housing and accommodation of addicts………………………………………………. 130 8.3.2 Education, training ………………………………………………………………………. 131 8.3.3 Employment……………………………………………………………..……………….. 132 8.3.4 Quality assurance ……………………………………………………………………….. 136 9 Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prisons ………………. 139 9.1 Introduction…….…………………………………………………………………………… 139 9.2 Drug crime …………………………………………………………………………............. 141 9.2.1 Drug-related criminal offence structure………………………………………………... 141 9.2.2 Other drug-related crime ……………………………….……………………………….. 153 9.3 Prevention of drug crime…………………………..………………………………………. 156 9.4 Interventions in the criminal law system………………………………………………..... 158 9.5 Drug use and problem drug use in prisons……………………………..……………….. 159 9.6 Responses to health issues connected to drug use in prisons…………………….….. 161 9.7 Reintegration of addicts following their release from prison…………………………… 168 10 Drug markets……………………………………………………………………………….. 172 10.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 172 10.2 Availability and supply……………………………………………………………............ 173 10.2.1 Perceived availability of drugs, exposure, access to drugs…..……………………. 174 10.2.2 Origin of drugs: National production versus imported drugs………………..…….. 178 10.2.3 Trafficking patterns, national and international flows, routes, modus operandi; 178 and organisation of domestic drug market………………………………………….............. 10.3 Seizures…….………………………………………………………………………........... 184 10.3.1 Quantities and number of seizures of all types of drugs…….……………………... 184 10.3.2 Quantities and numbers of seized precursors……….……………………………… 189 10.3.3 Number of detected illicit laboratories and other drug production sites................... 189 10.4 Price/Purity……………………………………………………..…………………….……. 190 10.4.1 Street-level price of illicit drugs…………………………………….…………….……. 190 10.4.2 Purity/potency of illicit drugs ……………………………………………...…………... 195 11 Bibliography………………………………….…………………………………………….. 201 11.1 Alphabetical list of bibliographic references…………………………………….……... 201 11.2 Alphabetical list of databases …………………………………………………....……... 204 11.3 Alphabetical list of websites ……………………………………………….…………..... 204 12 Appendices ………………………………….………………………………………….….. 205 12.1 List of tables used in the text ……………………………………………….….........….. 205 12.2 List of charts used in the text ……………………………………………….…...……… 208 12.3 List of figures used in the text ……………………………………………….…...……... 209 12.4 List of acts and ordinances……………………………………………….…...…………. 210 5 2014 Croatian Report on Drug Situation Summary PART A: New developments and trends Chapter 1 Drug policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analyses In 2013 the programme implementation continued in different drug policy segments in accordance with the strategic objectives laid down in the National Strategy on Combating Drug Abuse for the period 2012-2017 and the National Action Plan on Combating Drug Abuse for the period 2012-2014. This was addressed by the competent state administration bodies, local and regional self-government units and civil society organizations in their reports included in the text of this year´s report. In particular, the progress is evident in the development of legal instruments and responses to drug demand and supply, which are in compliance with the modern European drug legislation. In addition, a significant step forward has been made in acknowledging strategic thinking and approach in creating a response to addiction, and providing targeted training of professionals and experts. Several significant projects have been or are being implemented. They include, inter alia, the following: the adoption of standardized guidelines for treatment, the promotion of the quality standard concept as a criterion for financing programmes and projects conducted by associations, the implementation of specific training and up-skilling in line with the detected on-site needs, the strengthening of communication and cooperation with county drug policy implementing bodies and the fostering of cooperation between the penal and the treatment system Chapter 2 Drug use in the general population and specific target groups In 2013 two studies were carried out as a follow-up to the 2011 research. These are the ”Research into new trends of addictive substance use” conducted on a sample of N=1,035 active participants of
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