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Italian Language in Istria: Status Planning, Corpus Planning and Acquisition Planning

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Italian Language in Istria: Status Planning, Corpus Planning and Acquisition Planning ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 2 S5 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy April 2015 Italian Language in Istria: Status Planning, Corpus Planning and Acquisition Planning Dr. Nada Poropat Jeletic Juraj Dobrila University of Pula [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p385 Abstract The geopolitical features and the historical cohabitation of the Slavic and Romance ethnic and socio-cultural components in the Croatian Istria County marked the overall heterogeneity of the multicultural and multilingual Istrian territory. A particulary important issue regarding language planning and policy is the statutary official status of the Italian language, besides Croatian. This paper focuses on analyzing language policies and practices based on status planning, acquisition planning and corpus planning. Language planning in the context of the Croatian-Italian bilingualism in Istria is considered significant the role of the legal system which guarantees the preservation of the Italian language as the language of the social environment, helping to create the conditions for its use and the availability of its services, ensuring linguistic rights to the members of the Italian national community, the only (autochthonous) national community in Istria (status planning). In order to determine and increase its prestige on the social level, learning Italian as the language of the social environment is encouraged among members of the majority in Croatian language teaching schools, for broadening its knowledge and the use of available services for a wider range of users (acquisition planning). The least efforts are applied to the development of attempts to ensure and expand its use within various social language functions (corpus planning). Although Italian is institutionally protected and its teaching is widely encouraged, the goal of its application in everyday socialization remains unreached. Keywords: language planning, Istria, Italian, Istrovenetian. 1. Introduction The geopolitical features and centuries of cohabitation of the Slavic and Romance ethnic components in the Croatian Istria County marked the overall heterogeneity of the multicultural and multilingual Istrian territory. From 1994 the Croatian-Italian bilingualism is recognized not only de jure, but it is de facto realized at the social and institutional level. The application of the institutional Croatian-Italian bilingualism, claimed to be a part of the socio-political, socioeconomic and administrative system (Orbanic, 1999: 45), is marked by legal policy regulations and the specific sociocultural and sociolinguistic settings characterized by the autochthonous presence of the Italian national community1 (Blagoni, 2001; 2007). The Istrian sociolinguistic context is thus complex and fragmented. Language planning and policy are characterized by the particular heteroglossic diversity and the complex interrelations of the Istrian linguistic repertoire. Beside the two official standard languages Croatian (the language of the majority) and Italian (the language of the Italian national minority and the language of the social environment for the majority), other national languages are used: the minority alochtonous languages such as Serbian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Albanian, Macedonian, etc. Relevant is the ethnolinguistic vitality of the macroregional or panregional dialects (Chakavian dialect and Istrovenetian dialect) (Orbanic, 1999). Besides them, microregional (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian) dialects and local dialects (the Istriot dialect, the Istroromanian dialect, the Montenegrian dialect of Peroj) are spoken2 (Blagoni, 2001; 2007). 2. Bilingualism and Heteroglossic Diversity in Istria 2.1 Bilingualism vs. diglossia Before describing the heteroglossic diversity in Istria, it is necessary to define the fundamental distinction between bilingualism and diglossia (Ferguson, 1959; 1977; Fishman, 1967; 1970; 1971; 1972;). Bilingualism assumes the coexistence of two linguistic codes with equal status, while diglossia (or functional bilingualism) implies the complementary relation between two language varieties; each one has a specific social function, in accordance with the applied communicative rules shared by a given speaking community, and is used only in certain domains (while in bilingual settings the two varieties are equally interchangeable in all the domains and interactive situations). Diglossia 385 ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 2 S5 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy April 2015 implies a sociolinguistic hierarchy between a superior or high language variety and a subordinate or low language variety. Between the two there is a functional division of complementarity (Ferguson, 1959; 1977): the high variety is usually used in formal public and official situations and never in informal, private, family and everyday domains, where the low variety is commonly used. Diglossic situations are therefore very frequent and assume a vertical relationship between the two codes of the repertoire (one or the other code is used). Bilingualism in turn provides a horizontal relationship between two language systems, both considered functionally equal and having equal rights in terms of social communication efficiency (both can be interchangeable used) (Milani Kruljac, 1990). 2.2 Bilingualism with (double) diglossia and imperfect poliglossia The phenomena of bilingualism and diglossia are not necessarily mutually exclusive: they can simultaneously be manifested and mutually supplemented (Fishman, 1967). Fishaman’s (1967) traditional distribution (diglossia with bilingualism, bilingualism without diglossia, diglossia without bilingualism, absence of diglossia and bilingualism or monolingualism) is not fully applicable to the Istrian situation. The Istrian linguistic reperotire is characterized by specifically strong language contacts between standard languages (colloquial varieties of Croatian and Italian), koines or regional dialects (the Chakavian dialect – one of the two components of the croatophone diasystem; the Istrovenetian dialect – one of the two components of the italophone diasystem) and local dialects. When a speaker uses Croatian, Italian and Istrovenetian dialect (two languages and one dialect), bilingualism with diglossia is encountered. If Croatian, Italian, Istrovenetian dialect and Chakavian dialect are used, bilingualism with double diglossia are achieved. Further on, if a speaker uses in everyday interactions the two official languages, the two regional dialects and one or more local idioms, the state of tetraglossia or pentaglossia is manifested. If an allochthonous language or a foreign language is added to the list, multilingualism is achieved (Milani Kruljac, 1990; 1996; 2003). The majority of interactional habits of the members of the Italian national community in Istria usually belongs to the category of bilingualism with diglossia, involving the statutary recognized equal status of Croatian and Italian and the functional diglossic differentiations between Istrovenetian dialect (subordinate low variety) and Italian (high variety). Italian is the national language of the members of the Italian national community, the language of formal education3 and certain formal situations. The Istrovenetian dialect is their first language, the language of identity and sociocultural belonging, traditions and intergenerational transfers and the expression of the whole cosmos of the original and autochthonous intangible cultural heritage of the Istrian italophone microcosm (Bursic Giudici, 2011: 66). Istrovenetia is even the favorite code for private everyday communication needs. The diglossic state of italophone speakers can be even defined as dialectal bilingualism, since the majority of the members of the Italian language community acquires Istrovenetian dialect as their first language, and only later master the Italian language (their second language), usually when they enroll in kindergarten or school. If they acquire Croatian after Istrovenetian (and before enrolling in the formal educational system), Italian is considered their third language (Milani Kruljac, 1990; 2001; 2003). Unlike Italian, Istrovenetian has an enormous communication prestige and ethnolinguistic vitality. However, Italian has an institutionalized status and institutional preservation is provided for it, while Istrovenetian is not institutionally protected. So, care and protection are directed only to the official language of national minority, and the efforts are negligent towards the inner diasystemic and heteroglossic diversity (Blagoni, 2002). In the italophone family, school and society domains in Istria, the Istrovenetian dialect represents the dominant language (L1) in the family domain, which is dialectophone; the Italian language is only ideally dominant in the school domain if the speakers attend Italian schools (where all the subjects are taught in Italian)4; the majority Croatian language, the first official language of Croatia, is obviously dominant in the wider social context (L2), as it is the code of social cohesion, essential for societal needs in all public official and informal domains (Milani Kruljac, 1984b; 1990; 2001; 2003; Milani Kruljac & Orbanic, 1989a; Strukelj, 1986), owning an undeniable social prestige because it covers almost all the communication functional ranges. Taking into account that a member of the Italian language community in Istria lives and
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