Prototype Theory and Compositionality
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Proceedings of the Textinfer 2011 Workshop on Applied Textual
EMNLP 2011 TextInfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment Proceedings of the Workshop July 30, 2011 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK c 2011 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 978-1-937284-15-2 / 1-937284-15-8 ii Introduction Textual inference and paraphrase have attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years. Many NLP tasks, including question answering, information extraction, and text summarization, can be mapped at least partially onto the recognition of textual entailments and the detection of semantic equivalence between texts. Robust and accurate algorithms and resources for inference and paraphrasing can be beneficial for a broad range of NLP applications, and have stimulated research in the area of applied semantics over the last years. The success of the Recognizing Textual Entailment challenges and the high participation in previous workshops on textual inference and paraphrases – Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment (ACL 2005), Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing (ACL/PASCAL 2007), and TextInfer 2009 (ACL) – show that there is substantial interest in the area among the research community. TextInfer 2011 follows these workshops and aims to provide a common forum for researchers to discuss and compare novel ideas, models and tools for textual inference and paraphrasing. One particular goal is to broaden the workshop to invite both theoretical and applied research contributions on the joint topic of “inference.” We aim to bring together empirical approaches, which have tended to dominate previous textual entailment events, with formal approaches to inference, which are more often presented at events like ICoS or IWCS. -
Semantic Computing
SEMANTIC COMPUTING Lecture 7: Introduction to Distributional and Distributed Semantics Dagmar Gromann International Center For Computational Logic TU Dresden, 30 November 2018 Overview • Distributional Semantics • Distributed Semantics – Word Embeddings Dagmar Gromann, 30 November 2018 Semantic Computing 2 Distributional Semantics Dagmar Gromann, 30 November 2018 Semantic Computing 3 Distributional Semantics Definition • meaning of a word is the set of contexts in which it occurs • no other information is used than the corpus-derived information about word distribution in contexts (co-occurrence information of words) • semantic similarity can be inferred from proximity in contexts • At the very core: Distributional Hypothesis Distributional Hypothesis “similarity of meaning correlates with similarity of distribution” - Harris Z. S. (1954) “Distributional structure". Word, Vol. 10, No. 2-3, pp. 146-162 meaning = use = distribution in context => semantic distance Dagmar Gromann, 30 November 2018 Semantic Computing 4 Remember Lecture 1? Types of Word Meaning • Encyclopaedic meaning: words provide access to a large inventory of structured knowledge (world knowledge) • Denotational meaning: reference of a word to object/concept or its “dictionary definition” (signifier <-> signified) • Connotative meaning: word meaning is understood by its cultural or emotional association (positive, negative, neutral conntation; e.g. “She’s a dragon” in Chinese and English) • Conceptual meaning: word meaning is associated with the mental concepts it gives access to (e.g. prototype theory) • Distributional meaning: “You shall know a word by the company it keeps” (J.R. Firth 1957: 11) John Rupert Firth (1957). "A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930-1955." In Special Volume of the Philological Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dagmar Gromann, 30 November 2018 Semantic Computing 5 Distributional Hypothesis in Practice Study by McDonald and Ramscar (2001): • The man poured from a balack into a handleless cup. -
Invitation to Semantics
Varieties of meaning http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/semantics Jean Mark Gawron San Diego State University, Department of Linguistics 2012-01-25 Ling 525 Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Semantics intro 2012-01-25 Ling 525 1 / 59 Outline 1 Semantics and pragmatics 2 Lexical vs. structural meaning 3 Sense and denotation 4 Determining denotations 5 Sentence denotations 6 Intensions and possible worlds 7 Conclusion Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Semantics intro 2012-01-25 Ling 525 2 / 59 Outline 1 Semantics and pragmatics 2 Lexical vs. structural meaning 3 Sense and denotation 4 Determining denotations 5 Sentence denotations 6 Intensions and possible worlds 7 Conclusion Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Semantics intro 2012-01-25 Ling 525 3 / 59 What is semantics? Definition Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic forms, what the words and the syntax contribute to what is communicated. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Semantics intro 2012-01-25 Ling 525 4 / 59 Literal meaning We call the meaning of a linguistic form its literal meaning. Sentence Literal meaning I forgot the paper Past forget(I, the paper) At some time in the past, someone forgets something [forget( , )] The speaker is the someone. The paper is the something. Each part of the sentence contributes something to this literal meaning. I the speaker of the utterance the paper an object appropriately describable as a paper forget the relation that holds between an indi- vidual and something they forget Past Tense (ed) the relation holds in the past Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Semantics intro 2012-01-25 Ling 525 5 / 59 Semantics and pragmatics Literal meaning excludes a lot of what might actually be communicated on a particular occasion of utterance. -
Referential Dependencies Between Conflicting Attitudes
J Philos Logic DOI 10.1007/s10992-016-9397-7 Referential Dependencies Between Conflicting Attitudes Emar Maier1 Received: 18 June 2015 / Accepted: 23 March 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A number of puzzles about propositional attitudes in semantics and phi- losophy revolve around apparent referential dependencies between different attitudes within a single agent’s mental state. In a series of papers, Hans Kamp (2003. 2015) offers a general framework for describing such interconnected attitude complexes, building on DRT and dynamic semantics. I demonstrate that Kamp’s proposal cannot deal with referential dependencies between semantically conflicting attitudes, such as those in Ninan’s (2008) puzzle about de re imagination. To solve the problem I propose to replace Kamp’s treatment of attitudes as context change potentials with a two-dimensional analysis. Keywords Propositional attitudes · Hans Kamp · Ninan’s puzzle · DRT · Dynamic semantics 1 Three puzzles about dependent attitudes Detective Mary investigates a mysterious death. She thinks the deceased was mur- dered and she hopes that the murderer is soon caught and arrested. A standard Emar Maier [email protected] 1 University of Groningen, Oude Boteringestraat 52, 9712GL Groningen, The Netherlands E. Maier analysis of definite descriptions and of hope as a propositional attitude gives us two different ways of characterizing Mary’s hope that the murderer is arrested (Quine [24]):1 ∃ ∀ ↔ = ∧ (1) a. de dicto : HOPE m x y murderer(y) x y arrested(x) b. de re : ∃x ∀y murderer(y) ↔ x = y ∧ HOPEmarrested(x) Neither of these logical forms captures what’s going on in the scenario. -
Transformer Networks of Human Conceptual Knowledge Sudeep Bhatia and Russell Richie University of Pennsylvania March 1, 2021 Se
TRANSFORMER NETWORKS OF CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE 1 Transformer Networks of Human Conceptual Knowledge Sudeep Bhatia and Russell Richie University of Pennsylvania March 1, 2021 Send correspondence to Sudeep Bhatia, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Email: [email protected]. Funding was received from the National Science Foundation grant SES-1847794. TRANSFORMER NETWORKS OF CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE 2 Abstract We present a computational model capable of simulating aspects of human knowledge for thousands of real-world concepts. Our approach involves fine-tuning a transformer network for natural language processing on participant-generated feature norms. We show that such a model can successfully extrapolate from its training dataset, and predict human knowledge for novel concepts and features. We also apply our model to stimuli from twenty-three previous experiments in semantic cognition research, and show that it reproduces fifteen classic findings involving semantic verification, concept typicality, feature distribution, and semantic similarity. We interpret these results using established properties of classic connectionist networks. The success of our approach shows how the combination of natural language data and psychological data can be used to build cognitive models with rich world knowledge. Such models can be used in the service of new psychological applications, such as the cognitive process modeling of naturalistic semantic verification and knowledge retrieval, as well as the modeling of real-world categorization, decision making, and reasoning. Keywords: Conceptual knowledge; Semantic cognition; Distributional semantics; Connectionist modeling; Transformer networks TRANSFORMER NETWORKS OF CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE 3 Introduction Knowledge of concepts and their features is one of the fundamental topics of inquiry in cognitive science (Murphy, 2004; Rips et al., 2012). -
Frege and the Logic of Sense and Reference
FREGE AND THE LOGIC OF SENSE AND REFERENCE Kevin C. Klement Routledge New York & London Published in 2002 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2002 by Kevin C. Klement All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any infomration storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klement, Kevin C., 1974– Frege and the logic of sense and reference / by Kevin Klement. p. cm — (Studies in philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-415-93790-6 1. Frege, Gottlob, 1848–1925. 2. Sense (Philosophy) 3. Reference (Philosophy) I. Title II. Studies in philosophy (New York, N. Y.) B3245.F24 K54 2001 12'.68'092—dc21 2001048169 Contents Page Preface ix Abbreviations xiii 1. The Need for a Logical Calculus for the Theory of Sinn and Bedeutung 3 Introduction 3 Frege’s Project: Logicism and the Notion of Begriffsschrift 4 The Theory of Sinn and Bedeutung 8 The Limitations of the Begriffsschrift 14 Filling the Gap 21 2. The Logic of the Grundgesetze 25 Logical Language and the Content of Logic 25 Functionality and Predication 28 Quantifiers and Gothic Letters 32 Roman Letters: An Alternative Notation for Generality 38 Value-Ranges and Extensions of Concepts 42 The Syntactic Rules of the Begriffsschrift 44 The Axiomatization of Frege’s System 49 Responses to the Paradox 56 v vi Contents 3. -
Prototype Theory and Emotion Semantic Change Aotao Xu ([email protected]) Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto
Prototype theory and emotion semantic change Aotao Xu ([email protected]) Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto Jennifer Stellar ([email protected]) Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Yang Xu ([email protected]) Department of Computer Science, Cognitive Science Program, University of Toronto Abstract provided evidence for this prototype view using a variety An elaborate repertoire of emotions is one feature that dis- of stimuli ranging from emotion words (Storm & Storm, tinguishes humans from animals. Language offers a critical 1987), videos (Cowen & Keltner, 2017), and facial expres- form of emotion expression. However, it is unclear whether sions (Russell & Bullock, 1986; Ekman, 1992). Prototype the meaning of an emotion word remains stable, and what fac- tors may underlie changes in emotion meaning. We hypothe- theory provides a synchronic account of the mental represen- size that emotion word meanings have changed over time and tation of emotion terms, but how this view extends or relates that the prototypicality of an emotion term drives this change to the diachronic development of emotion words is an open beyond general factors such as word frequency. We develop a vector-space representation of emotion and show that this problem that forms the basis of our inquiry. model replicates empirical findings on prototypicality judg- ments and basic categories of emotion. We provide evidence Theories of semantic change that more prototypical emotion words have undergone less change in meaning than peripheral emotion words over the past Our work also draws on an independent line of research in century, and that this trend holds within each family of emo- historical semantic change. -
Analyticity, Necessity and Belief Aspects of Two-Dimensional Semantics
!"# #$%"" &'( ( )#"% * +, %- ( * %. ( %/* %0 * ( +, %. % +, % %0 ( 1 2 % ( %/ %+ ( ( %/ ( %/ ( ( 1 ( ( ( % "# 344%%4 253333 #6#787 /0.' 9'# 86' 8" /0.' 9'# 86' (#"8'# Analyticity, Necessity and Belief Aspects of two-dimensional semantics Eric Johannesson c Eric Johannesson, Stockholm 2017 ISBN print 978-91-7649-776-0 ISBN PDF 978-91-7649-777-7 Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2017 Distributor: Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University Cover photo: the water at Petite Terre, Guadeloupe 2016 Contents Acknowledgments v 1 Introduction 1 2 Modal logic 7 2.1Introduction.......................... 7 2.2Basicmodallogic....................... 13 2.3Non-denotingterms..................... 21 2.4Chaptersummary...................... 23 3 Two-dimensionalism 25 3.1Introduction.......................... 25 3.2Basictemporallogic..................... 27 3.3 Adding the now operator.................. 29 3.4Addingtheactualityoperator................ 32 3.5 Descriptivism ......................... 34 3.6Theanalytic/syntheticdistinction............. 40 3.7 Descriptivist 2D-semantics .................. 42 3.8 Causal descriptivism ..................... 49 3.9Meta-semantictwo-dimensionalism............. 50 3.10Epistemictwo-dimensionalism................ 54 -
Lecture 6. Dynamic Semantics, Presuppositions, and Context Change, II
Formal Semantics and Formal Pragmatics, Lecture 6 Formal Semantics and Formal Pragmatics, Lecture 6 Barbara H. Partee, MGU, April 10, 2009 p. 1 Barbara H. Partee, MGU, April 10, 2009 p. 2 Lecture 6. Dynamic Semantics, Presuppositions, and Context Change, II. DR (1) (incomplete) 1.! Kamp’s Discourse Representation Theory............................................................................................................ 1! u v 2.! File Change Semantics and the Anaphoric Theory of Definiteness: Heim Chapter III ........................................ 5! ! ! 2.1. Informative discourse and file-keeping. ........................................................................................................... 6! 2.2. Novelty and Familiarity..................................................................................................................................... 9! Pedro owns a donkey 2.3. Truth ................................................................................................................................................................ 10! u = Pedro 2.4. Conclusion: Motivation for the File Change Model of Semantics.................................................................. 10! u owns a donkey 3. Presuppositions and their parallels to anaphora ..................................................................................................... 11! donkey (v) 3.1. Background on presuppositions ..................................................................................................................... -
A Bayesian Approach to 'Overinformative' Referring Expressions
RUNNING HEAD: USEFULLY REDUNDANT REFERRING EXPRESSIONS 1 When redundancy is useful: A Bayesian approach to `overinformative' referring expressions Judith Degen•, Robert X.D. Hawkins•, Caroline Graf., Elisa Kreiss• and Noah D. Goodman• •Stanford University .Freie Universit¨atBerlin December 11, 2019 Author note: The earliest precursor of this work (the core idea of a continuous semantics RSA model and Exp. 1) was presented as a talk at the RefNet Round Table Event in 2016 and at AMLaP 2016. Exp. 2 and the corresponding model were presented as a talk at the CUNY Conference on Sentence Processing in 2017 and as a poster at the Experimental Pragmatics (XPrag) Conference in 2017. An earlier version of Exp. 3 and an earlier version of the corresponding model appeared in the Proceedings of the 38th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. All experiments and models have been presented by the first author in various invited talks at workshops and colloquia in Linguistics, Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science arXiv:1903.08237v3 [cs.CL] 10 Dec 2019 since 2016. We are grateful to many audiences and individuals for discussions that have made this paper better, in particular Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Herb Clark, Michael Franke, Gerhard J¨ager,Florian Jaeger, Emiel Krahmer, Timo Roettger, Paula Rubio-Fern´andez,Greg Scontras, Mike Tanenhaus, and our anonymous reviewers; audiences at the RefNet Round Table Event 2015, CogSci 2016, AMLaP 2016, CUNY 2017, XPrag 2017, the UC Davis Perception, Cognition, and Cognitive Neuroscience Brown Bag, the Bay Area Philosophy of Science Group, the IMBS Quantitative Approaches to Language Workshop 2018; and audiences at colloquium talks given by the first author at Berkeley Psychology, CMU Philosophy, Dartmouth Linguistics, McGill Linguistics, OSU Linguistics, Stanford Linguistics, T¨ubingenLinguistics, and UC Davis Linguistics. -
A Bibliography on Event Semantics and Related Matters
A Bibliography on Event Semantics and Related Matters Events: Modification, Aspect and Lexical Meaning Cleo Condoravdi and Hana Filip LSA Institute Stanford July, 2007 References [1] Abusch, Dorit. 1985. On Verbs and Time. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. [2] Abusch, Dorit. 1986. Verbs of Change, Causation, and Time. Technical Report CSLI-86-50, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. [3] Abusch, Dorit. 2005. Causatives and Mixed Aspectual Type. In Gregory N. Carlson and Francis J. Pelletier, eds., 29–61. [4] Abusch, Dorit and Mats Rooth. 1990. Temporal Adverbs and the English Perfect. NELS 20, 1–15. [5] Alexiadou Artemis, Monika Rathert and Arnim von Stechow (eds.). 2003. Perfect Explorations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [6] Allen, James. 1983. Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals. CACM 26, 832–843. [7] Allen, James. 1984. Towards a General Theory of Action and Time. Arti- ficial Intelligence 23, 123–154. [8] Arregui, Ana. To appear. When aspect matters: the case of would- conditionals. Natural Language Semantics. [9] Artstein, Ron. 2006. Quantificational Arguments in Temporal Adjunct Clauses. Linguistics and Philosophy 28, 541–597. 1 [10] Asher, Nicholas. 1992. A Default, Truth Conditional Semantics for the Progressive. Linguistics and Philosophy 15, 463–508. [11] Asher, Nicholas. 1993. Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse. Dor- drecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [12] Asher, Nicholas and Pierre Sablayrolles. 1995. A Typology and Discourse Semantics for Motion verbs and Spatial PPs in French. Journal of Seman- tics 12, 163–209. [13] Bach, Emmon. 1981. On Time, Tense, and Aspect: An Essay in English Metaphysics. In Peter Cole, ed., Radical Pragmatics, 63–81. -
Wittgenstein and Embodied Cognition: a Critique of the Language of Thought Amber Sheldon University of San Diego, [email protected]
University of San Diego Digital USD Keck Undergraduate Humanities Research Fellows Humanities Center Spring 2019 Wittgenstein and Embodied Cognition: A Critique of the Language of Thought Amber Sheldon University of San Diego, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/hc-keck Part of the Other Philosophy Commons, Philosophy of Language Commons, and the Philosophy of Mind Commons Digital USD Citation Sheldon, Amber, "Wittgenstein and Embodied Cognition: A Critique of the Language of Thought" (2019). Keck Undergraduate Humanities Research Fellows. 2. https://digital.sandiego.edu/hc-keck/2 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Humanities Center at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Keck Undergraduate Humanities Research Fellows by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sheldon Fall 2018 Wittgenstein and Embodied Cognition: A Critique of the Language of Thought Amber Sheldon University of San Diego, 2018 1 Sheldon Fall 2018 Wittgenstein and Embodied Cognition: A Critique of the Language of Thought Amber Sheldon University of San Diego, 2018 Introduction The “computer metaphor” views the content of the mind as being akin to software. Our brains are coded using abstract symbols to represent concepts and semantic rules.1 Such models for understanding the relation between mind and body have been popular among cognitive scientists and philosophers.2 Computational Functionalism views the mind/brain like a computer that works according to a system of symbolic inputs and corresponding outputs. The framework of these computational mental representations is the “language of thought.”3 This symbolic mental language is often analogized with the symbolic “language” of a computer.