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The Early Tudors : Henry VII.: Henry VIII

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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^^. A Epochs of Modern History EDITED BY EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A., J. SURTEES PHILLPOTTS, B.C.L. AND C. COLBECK, M.A. THE EARLY TUDORS REV. C. E. MOBERLY EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY THE EARLY TUDORS HENRY VII.: HENRY VIII. BY THE REV. C. E. MOBERLY, M.A. LATE A MASTER IN RUGBY SCHOOL WITH MAPS AND PLANS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1887 PA PREFACE As the plan of works in this Series does not allow of systematic references at the foot of the pages to larger and more detailed histories of the period, it may be well to mention here a few of the books which are likely to be most useful to those who wish to study it more fully. So far as these are complete histories, they must be chiefly modern, as the age was not fertile in contemporary narratives. Thus for Richard III.'s time Mr. Gairdner's excellent Life of that king should be studied, with its appendix on Warbeck; for Henry VII. Lord Bacon's Life, which has been carefully edited for the Cambridge Univer- sity Press by Mr. Lumby. The Stanhope Essay by Mr. Williamson on the ' Foreign Commerce of Eng- land under the Tudors ' gives ample details on this subject in very small compass; and the religious movement from 1485 to 1509 is described to perfec- tion in Mr. Seebohm's delightful work on Colet, Erasmus, and More, and in Cooper's Life of the Lady Margaret. For Henry VIII. 's reign much has been done of late years, above all by Mr. Brewer in his celebrated Prefaces to the papers of the reign in the Rolls VI Preface. Series (which have been published separately in two volumes), illustrating the years from 1509 to 1529. The history of the early Reformation is given with much detail and liveliness in Dean Hook's Lives of Archbishops Morton, Warham, and Cranmer; the Dissolution of the Monasteries and other measures of the reign have been examined with great care in Dixon's ' History of the Church of England,' a work of unusual merit. The subject of religion is admi- rably treated as regards Germany in Ranke's ' His- tory of the Reformation,' which Miss Austen has translated. It is hardly necessary to refer to Mr. Froude's history of Henry VIH., for no one can hope to know the period without reading it diligently. True it is that this industrious and most eloquent writer may probably fail in inspiring readers with his own admiration for Henry's actions, which indeed he has of late shown some disposition to reconsider. But, qualify his verdict as we will, we shall still find abundant profit as well as pleasure in reading his great work, especially if we check and perhaps correct his view of some great events by comparing with it Mr. Friedmann's recently published Life of Anne Boleyn, which is full of important information and shows the hand of a master throughout. For Scottish affairs Mr. Burton's * History of Scotland ' is all that can be desired. Lastly, it may be permitted to refer to some very interesting papers on Henry VH. and Henry VHL Preface. Vll contained in Bishop Stubbs's recently published volume of Oxford Lectures. No use has been made of these in the present work, which was in type before they appeared ; its writer ventures to remark that, where he himself has praised Henry VII., he often finds with great pleasure that the Bishop does the same. It is somewhat disquieting to observe that the Lectures attribute to Henry VIII. far more innate power and ruling faculty than has been here traced in his ad- ministration, civil, military, and religious. It may perhaps serve as an excuse for differing from so high an authority that Mr. Friedmann, after taking a connected view from without of Henry's entire management of home and foreign affairs, and of the opinions with regard to him expressed by foreign sovereigns and their correspondents, is inclined to place him lower, even in mere intellect, than any English writer has yet ventured to do. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE National unity from despotism ...... i Despotism in Spain ....... 3 Despotism in France ....... 7 Despotism in England ....... 9 CHAPTER II. Henry VII. 's claim to the throne . .14 The Lady Margaret . * . 15 Henry's invasion . .16 Battle of Bosworth Field 18 Henry's title to the throne . .21 The Coronation ........ 22 Restoration of persons attainted . -23 The Pestilence -25 English feeling under it . .26 CHAPTER HI. Parliament of 1485 27 Rebellion of the Staffords ...... 28 Causes of Yorkist feeling ....... 29 Simnel. Battle of Stoke ...... 30 Martial law 33 Affairs of Bretagne ....... 34 French policy there ........ 36 Northern and Scottish rebellions ..... 38 Quasi- war with France. Peace of Etaples . -39 CHAPTER IV. Warbeck widely supported ...... 42 Warbeck in Ireland and Scotland ..... 45 Cornish rebellion. Blackheath Field . -47 X Contents. PAGB Warbeck in Devonshire 49 . The Intercursus Magnus . ' • • • -5° CHAPTER V. Charles VIII. in Italy 5^ Royal marriages. The Italian League .... 54 Crusade refused 5° Prince Arthur and Katherine 57 Plan for Katherine's second marriage . -59 The Archduke Philip in England 6o Empson and Dudley 63 Death of Henry VII 64 CHAPTER VI. State of Ireland ^5 Poynings' Laws Fraternity of St. George 69 Laws of Henry VII 69 The Star Chamber 7' Navigation Law, &c. • • • • • 73 Trade with the Netherlands 73 French trade ......•• 75 Columbus . 76 Voyages of discovery. Vasco de Gama. The Cabots 77 CHAPTER VII. Spirit of the Renaissance 79 . 80 Enthusiasm for Latin and Greek authors. Colet, More 86 Works of Erasmus .... ... 88 Schools and colleges for the New Learning ... Printers. Wynkyn de Worde. Poetry of the time . .91 ' Prose of the period. The Utopia ' . • 93 Cardinal Morton and Church Reform . • -94 Erasmus on pilgrimages 9" Buildings, &c., of the period 9^ CHAPTER VIII. Henry VIII. fond of the navy ^o' Execution of Empson and Dudley .... 103 Contents. xi FAGS Marriage with Katherine of Aragon 104 Death of the Lady Margaret 105 Disciplinary laws . • • .106 Argument on Church privileges 108 James IV. of Scotland. The Bartons . .108 War with France : how regarded no CHAPTER IX. The League of Cambray 112 Resistance of Venice 113 Henry VIII. joins the Holy League; his failure . .114 Naval operations . .116 Invasion of France . • . • "7 Battle of Flodden Field 118 Home effects of the war 120 CHAPTER X. English trade in the Netherlands 123 Cornish mining . • . • .124 Jealousy of foreigners 125 Population shifting in England . .128 Depopulation of the rural districts 129 The rise in rents . - . • .129 Scotland under Queen Margaret 130 The government of Ireland , . • . .132 Vain attempts at a Crusade . • 13^ CHAPTER XI. The French in Italy. Battle of Marignano . .133 Wolsey's administration . .136 Field of the Cloth of Gold : its uselessness . -139 The Duke of Buckingham executed .... 141 Henry's treachery to Francis I43 The War of Pavia 143 Turkish conquest of Rhodes 146 War taxation in England '47 Sack of Rome '49 ' XII Contents. CHAPTER XII. PAGE Old anti-Papal laws 150 Forerunners of the Reformation. Doctrine of Luther . 151 Henry VIII. Defender of the Faith I55 Beginning of the Divorce question . .156 Its dangers to England 15^ Commission of Campeggio I59 FallofWolsey 162 His arrest and death 166 The first Reforming Parliament. Pramunire against the clergy '67 Resistance of the clergy overruled 1 70 CHAPTER XIII. i?' Appeal to the Universities on the Divorce. • Cranmer's Court at Dunstable. Popular feeling towards Anne 173 Conditional excommunication of Henry . .175 The Nun of Kent. Peter's Pence. Th^ congi d' elire . 176 Northern conspiracies. Rising in Ireland . .180 Death of Fisher and More 182 Character of Sir T. More 184 CHAPTER XIV. The Bull of Deposition drawn up . .188 Execution of Anne Boleyn 189 Henry's Protestant leanings 192 State of the monasteries I93 The Universities visited I95 Visitation of the Monasteries 196 The Louth rebellion I99 The Yorkshire insurrection 201 205 The ' Bishops' Book ... ... Prince Edward born. Case of Lambert . 206 CHAPTER XV. Lord Exeter and the Poles. The Six Articles . .209 Legislation for Wales 213 Contents. xiii PAGE The alliance with Cleves. Fall of Cromwell . .214 The Reformation in Scotland . .217 SolwayMoss. Death of James V. Attempts at Union .219 Lord Leonard Grey in Ireland ..... 222 Katherine Howard. Death of Lady Salisbury . 224 CHAPTER XVI. Charles V. fails at Algiers 225 Henry joins Charles against Francis and the Turks . 227 French attack on Portsmouth ...... 229 The currency debased 230 Execution of Lord Surrey . .231 Henry's last persecutions; his last foundations . 233 Katherine Parr 234 Death of Henry 235 Henry's influence on the Church 236 Civil laws of Henry VIII 238 Trials under Henry VIII 240 Poetry of the period 240 The stage and prose 242 Science 243 Character of the middle classes 244 Effect of Henry VIII.'s institutions .... 246 INDEX 247 MAPS. England AND Wales, 1485-1547 . To face Title-page Campaign OF Terouenne 11^) Battle OF Flodden Field 119 Cleves, Mark, Berg, Juliers 214 — THE CHIEF EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND MEMBERS OF ROYAL FAMILIES. (1485-1547.) A. Emperors of Germany. 1. Frederic III. (first Emperor of the Austrian House of Hapsburg), King of the Romans 1440; crowned Emperor 1459; died 1493. 2. Maximilian I. (sonofFredericIIL), Kingof the Romans i486, never crowned; styles himself ' Emperor Elect' from 1503; died 15 19. Married (a) Mary of Bur- gundy; (J)) Anne of Bretagne; (by proxy—marriage dissolved) ; (r) Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan. Has issue [a) The Archduke Philip, who inherits the Netherlands from his mother, Mary of Bur- gundy, 1483; marries Juana of Castile 1505; dies 1506.
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