the Ricardian Bulletin The magazine of the Richard III Society

THE TOWTON CHAPEL HOW TO REBURY A MEDIEVAL KING RICHARD III’S SCOLIOSIS FOCUS ON THE BARTON LIBRARY March 2014 Advertisement the Ricardian Bulletin The magazine of the Richard III Society March 2014 Richard III Society Founded 1924 Contents www.richardiii.net 2 From the Chairman In the belief that many features of the tradi- 3 Reinterment news Annette Carson tional accounts of the character and career of 4 Members’ letters Richard III are neither supported by sufficient evidence nor reasonably tenable, the Society 7 Society news and notices aims to promote in every possible way 12 Future Society events research into the life and times of Richard III, 14 Society reviews and to secure a reassessment of the material relating to this period and of the role in 16 Other news, reviews and events English history of this monarch. 18 Research news Patron 19 Richard III and the men who died in battle Lesley Boatwright, HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG, GCVO Moira Habberjam and Peter Hammond President 22 Looking for Richard – the follow-up Peter Hammond FSA 25 How to rebury a medieval king Alexandra Buckle Vice Presidents 37 The Man Himself: The scoliosis of Richard III Peter Stride, Haseeb John Audsley, Kitty Bristow, Moira Habberjam, Qureshi, Amin Masoumiganjgah and Clare Alexander Carolyn Hammond, Jonathan Hayes, Rob 39 Articles Smith. 39 The Third Plantagenet John Ashdown-Hill Executive Committee 40 William Hobbys Toni Mount Phil Stone (Chairman), Paul Foss, Melanie Hoskin, Gretel Jones, Marian Mitchell, Wendy 42 Not Richard de la Pole Frederick Hepburn Moorhen, Lynda Pidgeon, John Saunders, 44 Pudding Lane Productions Heather Falvey Anne Sutton, Richard Van Allen, 46 Some literary and historical approaches to Richard III with David Wells, Susan Wells, Geoffrey Wheeler, Stephen York references to Hungary Eva Burian 47 A series of remarkable ladies: 7. Kunigunde, Archduchess of The Ricardian Bulletin is produced by the Bulletin Editorial Committee. Austria and Duchess of Bavaria Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt ricardian[email protected] 48 Focus on the Barton Library team © Richard III Society 2014. 52 Books ISSN 0308 4337 55 The Barton Library Individual contributions and illustrations © the contributors except where otherwise 56 Branch and group reports stated. 62 Membership Designed by Flagholme Publishing Services Printed by XLPress Limited Distributed by e-Mediacy Limited Other features Advertising contact: Howard Choppin, 11 Coming in your June Bulletin [email protected] 51 Ricardian crossword 7 by Sanglier For details on submitting future contributions, please see p. 33. 60 Branch and group contact list 64 Obituaries Bulletin and Ricardian back numbers: 64 Late news Back issues of The Ricardian and the Bulletin Inside back cover: Society contacts and Calendar are available from Judith Ridley. If you are interested in obtaining any back numbers, please contact Mrs Ridley to establish Cover photo: Detail from the painting Towton 1461 by Graham whether she holds the issue(s) in which you Turner. © Graham Turner, www.studio88.co.uk (see advertisement are interested. For contact details see the opposite). For more on Towton, see pp. 17 and 18. inside back cover. Right: Philippa Langley reviews the year since the discovery of the King’s remains on p. 24. (Photograph courtesy of Murdo McLeod)

1 From the CHAIRMAN

It’s now over a year since that momentous day in There will be a feature in September’s Leicester University when Richard Buckley told the Bulletin telling us about the events of world’s press that the remains found in 2012 were that summer and how the society was founded, while in confirmed as being those of King Richard and in many this issue we have two articles that bring in our founder. respects it’s been a frustrating time, as we witness the The article about Richard III’s scoliosis by Peter Stride continuing debate over where the king should finally be and his colleagues at the University of Queensland reinterred. As I write, this is still unresolved, though we touches on the medical career of Saxon Barton, as well all hope that a resolution will be achieved soon so that us giving us more insight into the condition and the King Richard can, at last, be laid to rest in honour as treatments available. Our focus on the Barton Library, befits an anointed king of England. named after our founder, reminds us of his commitment The Judicial Review reconvenes on 13 March. to learning and knowledge. It also highlights the Hopefully, most of you will have received this Bulletin important contribution the library has made to the by then but, of course, the judges may not make known Society’s success over the past five decades. For that, I their decision for several weeks after that. There has pay tribute to all our librarians but especially our even been a suggestion that it may not be for several librarian emerita, Carolyn Hammond. months. Obviously, all of us hope it will be sooner The very positive response to the new‐look Bulletin rather than later. On the following pages there is a has been very pleasing. The praise for the Bulletin team summary of the review’s initial hearing on 26 is well deserved, as a great deal of work went into the November last year. Since then, we have heard that new design. There is no doubt that the standards Leicester City Council has withdrawn its wish to be achieved with the December Bulletin are repeated in this considered as a co‐defendant and now wishes to be issue, with another stunning cover and a range of considered just as an interested party. As soon as there contents to match. is further news about the Review and related matters, I am delighted, too, by the response to last year’s call we will inform members via the website and RIII for volunteers to help share the workload. You will see Mailings and there will be full coverage, of course, in from the profiles of our new committee members that the June Bulletin. we have a formidable range of experience and skills to In the news last November there was a report about call on. I welcome them and all the other volunteers and a recently rediscovered seventeenth‐century copy of a look forward to working with them in the future. fifteenth‐century manuscript that described the prayers It will be another challenging and busy year for the and music used in reburial services for members of the Society. As I asked recently in another context, will 2014 nobility. Some of you will have heard the Radio 4 be as exciting as 2013? Already it looks as if it will. programme that mentioned the discovery and during However, we remain strong and determined to meet which some of the hauntingly beautiful music from the those challenges and to continue our work in pushing service was played. We count ourselves very fortunate forward the aims of the Society: ‘to promote research in this issue to have an article by Dr Alexandra Buckle, into the life and times of Richard III’. Throughout the who discovered the manuscript. coming months, I anticipate there will be many It goes without saying that it’s been a momentous opportunities for me to meet members at the various year for Philippa Langley, too, and we have an inter‐ events in our calendar and I look forward to meeting as view with her in which she tells us about it. Her life has many of you as possible. not been easy since she began the project and we can Finally, let me add that I have heard from Kensington only admire her stamina, while I also add my Palace that HRH the Duke of Gloucester is happy to appreciation for her support for the Society over the continue to be the Society’s patron. Since His Royal past year. Highness, like his royal cousin, is trying to reduce his During 2014, we celebrate the ninetieth anniversary workload, it is pleasing to learn that we are still of our founding by Saxon Barton in the summer of 1924. considered important enough to remain on his list. Initially, we were known as the Fellowship of the White Boar, only changing to the Richard III Society in 1959. Phil Stone

2 REINTERMENT news The Judicial Review into the decision to bury King Richard in Leicester Cathedral – a personal view ANNETTE CARSON JUDICIAL REVIEW, Tuesday 26 November 2013 (adjourned) Important note: The following summary is a personal impression of the events in the High Court which the writer attended as a member of the public. They are by no means a verbatim transcription, and indeed from my seat at the back it was quite difficult to hear the arguments. Please accept my apologies for any inaccuracies, and do not quote this account as authoritative. Heard before: Lady Justice Hallett interested party, but for wishing to have it joined as a Mr Justice Ouseley co‐defendant – so that it, too, would be bound by the Mr Justice Haddon‐Cave ruling of the Court. (There are already two named interested parties in the case: Leicester Cathedral and For the Plantagenet Alliance (claimant): Gerard Clarke York Minster.) For the Secretary of State for Justice (first defendant): Interestingly, at this point the LCC was observed to James Eadie, QC have clearly broken ranks with the University, in that it For the University of Leicester (second defendant): disputes the UoL’s role and claims to have overall Anya Proops direction of the matter, in its capacity both as the For Leicester City Council: Norman Palmer, QC landowner and as a public authority. Given that this submission was received only on 19 The proceedings opened, to our surprise, not with November, the PA needed to hear the LCC’s arguments arguments for the Plantagenet Alliance’s case but with a in full in order to determine whether the target of the wholly unexpected application by Mr Clarke, acting on Judicial Review should rather be (or should include) the their behalf, seeking the Court’s permission to join LCC. Asked why this was not considered at the outset, Leicester City Council to the existing two defendants in Mr Clarke stated that they could not have known of the the case. It was only later in the course of the morning LCC’s role because the public position on the remains that Mr Clarke spoke the words which he had doubtless was adopted by the UoL in February 2013. originally prepared as his opening remarks: that this was Lady Justice Hallett sought for other remedies, as she the most extraordinary Judicial Review in modern times, was well aware that to consider the joining proposal and practically unrepeatable. As such it was probably now would almost certainly prevent the conclusion of non‐precedential. The Court was being asked to decide the hearing, for which only this one day had been set whether the defendants had failed to conduct the due aside. She added that there was now further consultation that was called for in the case of the reburial disagreement relating to how the remains should be of the human remains of a King of England. laid out – whether they should be placed in their The first business of the day, however, concerned anatomical position in the coffin. itself with the request by the Plantagenet Alliance (PA) There was considerable discussion as to the LCC’s to have Leicester City Council (LCC) joined as co‐ history in the matter and its stated willingness to defendant. The Council had very recently made a conduct consultations with various parties, some of written submission to the effect that it considered itself whom were mentioned. Mr Justice Ouseley evinced an to be the custodian of the remains. Mr Clarke said that ongoing interest in what consideration it had given to the LCC had a reasonable case to claim custody, but had other reburial locations: he had noticed that the LCC’s been persuaded by the University of Leicester (UoL) to early intentions to consult on them had been dropped. take a background role. The Council now says it merely In the end Mr Palmer, acting for the LCC, stated that the suspended its decision‐making process, and proposes to Council was firmly committed to a policy of return to it after the conclusion of the Judicial Review. consultation in respect of the remains. The PA’s concern was that in returning to its Discussion also centred on the exhumation licence decision‐making role once the Court had given issued by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ). The PA was judgment, there was no reason to suppose that the surprised that an expedition order had been made, i.e. Council would then carry out the consultation sought an order to expedite compliance with the terms of the by the claimants. What if, after the judicial process, the licence. For readers who are unaware, the licence, LCC simply maintains that it has legal control of the issued in September 2012, permits the exhumation of disposal of the remains? This was the PA’s main remains and gives the licensee responsibility to arrange argument for not leaving the LCC merely as an for their reburial within two years. It was applied for by 3 REINTERMENT news

University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS) await new submissions. Lady Justice Hallett wanted to but issued to the UoL as licensee. schedule the hearing for as early as possible in the new The question was asked whether the Secretary of year, but they were looking at two days in the Court State had the power to amend the order as to the two‐ calendar as well as time to prepare, so they could not year deadline. Mr Eadie, acting for the Ministry of predict how soon this would be. Justice, replied that the MoJ does not assert the power to It was established that there would be no problem do anything other than to issue such a licence in the amending the original exhumation licence to provide a proper form. slightly longer time. Mr Eadie did not appear to have Mr Clarke envisaged that in the event that the PA been briefed as to several aspects relating to the licence, succeeded, the Secretary of State would probably issue and answered ‘Pass’ when asked by Mr Justice Ouseley a fresh licence. The problem facing the Court was: what whether the phrase ‘burial ground’ had any if the LCC then objected to it? The PA wanted to avoid geographical limits, and whether it signified an exterior any further legal challenges in the future. The LCC’s burial site or one within a building. statement said that it had ceased its own consultations Meanwhile Mr Palmer had taken new instructions because they were not required by the MoJ’s licence. It from the LCC and gave the Court an undertaking that had also made its position clear that it was in favour of the Council was prepared to embark on consultations – reburying Richard III in Leicester. now. Ms Proops, for the UoL, said the University was The Justices then decided to take a brief bound by the terms of the licence as issued and had no adjournment, the issue to be determined being whether room for manoeuvre, otherwise it would be in breach of the LCC has a role to play in the case and whether it is the law. Mr Palmer for the Council disagreed on this appropriate to join them as co‐defendants. On returning point of law. they ruled that the LCC would now be co‐defendants, which meant that the hearing must be adjourned to © Annette Carson, 2013

Members’ LETTERS

Will contributors please note that letters may be shortened or edited to conform to the standards of theBulletin . The Bulletin is not responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors. Contrasting opinions I thought we were supposed to be the past occurrences substantially written up. One felt as if one was on the From: Pauline Harrison Pogmore, Richard III Society and to speak about ‘Northern Progress’ trip in July, so well by e‐mail the facts of his life to the public, not did the contributors report it – and what I personally am getting totally sick of rewrite history. Can we please return to a good idea to have more than one Richard’s connection with the north of being the Richard III Society and reporter. I was at the AGM in London England being rewritten. We have had speaking the truth about his life, even if but had to leave early – the seven‐page his ‘connections’ with Leicester rammed it is in the under‐appreciated north resumé not only coincided with what I down our throats all year and even rather than a whitewash to make his life remembered but was most helpful in Richard Buckley telling us that he had story what people with an agenda wish reporting the later stages of the day. little connection with the north. We have was fact? Bruce Watson and Geoffrey Wheeler’s also had the claim that there is no proof regular media synopsis is invaluable for Richard intended the chantry in York as From: Ken Hiller, by e‐mail keeping abreast of the wider world’s his final resting place. At the risk of I am sure I will be but one of many view of events, whilst the Branch and repetition, why did he sign the members who were most impressed Group reports reflect a vibrant and well‐ agreement for the chantry after he with the new‐style Bulletin. All those run Society. became king rather than before if he involved must be congratulated on its I am particularly pleased that the intended burial in the south and most layout and general presentation. The Bulletin widened its remit some years definitely not in Leicester? colour illustrations rival any other back to include some fascinating articles, Mention a connection with the north magazine. However, it is the written many of which challenge one’s own and it seems there is a frenzy of refuting content which matters most and, with a opinions (dare one say, prejudices). it. The latest is this piece in the Bulletin membership of over 3,500, many of David Johnson’s piece in September, by Tony Pollard. However much anyone whom feel passionately about the Last ‘Did Richard III intend to be buried in tries to rewrite history, the fact is that Plantagenet and everything past and York Minster?’, and Tony Pollard’s Richard spent the biggest portion of his present relating to him, it must be a article, ‘Richard’s childhood home?’, life here in the north. As for Middleham, difficult job to know what to include and both showed historians actively testing it’s the one place that you can feel the leave out. hypotheses which could be found connection the minute you walk in the I feel the balance is pitched correctly: wanting. These are the sort of castle precinct. future events are well signposted and

4 Members’ LETTERS submissions which stimulate thought. Britain appearances, and he worked at replacing an old building near St They may or may not be provocative; the Bletchley Park in the war. He was very Nicholas’s Church; but on expansion the reader might find, on reading them, that much Snow’s mentor at a time when Boys’ School moved in 1920 into the they agree or disagree with the con ‐ Alderman Newton’s was sometimes Peacock Lane building (the ‘main clusions. Surely, that is the hallmark of a referred to as ‘the Eton of Grammar school’), which was originally built for positive and confident Society which Schools’ (in the 30s and 40s), turning out the Wyggeston School Foundation. The encourages, and engages in, evidence scholars of the calibre of R. J. Blin‐Stoyle St Martin’s building consequently based research. I look forward to many (Nobel Prize winner in Physics), and the became the Girls’ School. The girls then more Bulletins in the same vein. historians R. W. Greaves, J. H. Plumb moved out (in 1959 to New Parks), when and Neil McKendrick. Howard retired in that building became ‘our’ Lower Alderman Newton’s Boys’ 1962, but I remember him well, coming School. This building, as I understand it, School into the 2nd‐year classroom, often will become a Richard III Museum. From: Peter Foss, by e‐mail drunk, and bellowing his orders from Alderman Newton’s, by the way, was a Your readers might be interested in a the door; he set us on studying history charity school foundation dating back to sidelight on the St Martin’s area of through pictures, reportage and drama, 1760 (as ‘The Greencoat School’). On the Leicester, where Richard III’s body was which was wholly original at the time. cessation of Alderman Newton’s in the found and in which the Grey Friars The classroom where he taught us was 1980s, Leicester Grammar School Priory stood. When I attended Alderman about 50 ft from Richard III’s grave; he assumed some of its forms, and Newton’s Boys’ School in the early ‘60s would have been amazed to know it! occupied the buildings into the 2000s. (I was there from 1959 to 1967), the school dominated almost the whole area Below: The St Martin’s building, portrayed Historical truth in a school greetings card of 1960. from Peacock Lane (where the main From: Bill Leedham (formerly subject Image courtesy of Peter Foss school stood) up to 21 St Martin’s (our leader in history, University of Plymouth dining hall), the Georgian house on the Faculty of Education), by e‐mail north side of the road towards the street My congratulations to Annette Carson called Greyfriars. The school building (Bulletin, December 2013) on her ex‐ almost opposite, which we now know is emplary demonstration of the way built on the site of the presbytery of the history becomes fable and possibilities Grey Friars Priory, was known then as are transformed into probabilities in aid the ‘Lower School’ (because it housed of a good story. Such sleights of hand as the rooms for the 1st‐ and 2nd‐year she exposes in relation to Chris pupils). As grammar school boys we Skidmore’s new book on Bosworth fuel regularly attended Founder’s Day the arguments of those to maintain that services in the cathedral, and we were there is no such thing as an objective always passing up and down along the view of the past and that each age pavement between the buildings. rewrites history in its own image. This area is the setting for two History happened: the present is its remarkable novels penned by members product. For the present to be as it is, of the school: William Cooper’s Scenes history can only have happened in one from Provincial Life (1950), and C. P. way. Our evidence for what happened Snow’s George Passant (1940), the first in may be incomplete and allow for his series Strangers and Brothers. The A word about the school buildings different interpretations; which of the former was written pseudonymously by themselves. The ‘Lower School’ (which alternatives on offer we choose may well a physics master at Alderman Newton’s, was involved so much in the dig and be our personal preference, as the H. S. Hoff, and is a wonderful evocation appeared in so many of the media changing reputation of King Richard III of that part of Leicester in the 1930s. It is photos) is L‐shaped and dates mostly shows. The challenge is to strip away the still a highly regarded exercise in neo‐ from the 1880s–90s, but the end wing accumulation of half‐truths and get back realism, often bracketed with novels (the bottom stroke of the L) is of 1864 to what we know and what we don’t such as Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim. Snow, and designed by Joseph Goddard (1840– know and state with honesty what we on the other hand, is not read at all 1900). He was one of a prestigious family may never know. That’s why history, today, though celebrated in his life as the of Leicester architects responsible for correctly taught, is so vital a part of a scientist and adviser to government, many of the high‐quality Victorian and modern education. Lord Snow of Leicester, the analyser of Edwardian buildings in the city. The the ‘two cultures’. The central character style of the building was, in the words of ‘Richard III’s childhood of George Passant, and later novels in the the architects’ report, ‘Perpendicular home’ – a correction series, was based on my old history Gothic, red brick faced with stone’, with From Professor A. J. Pollard, by e‐mail master at Alderman Newton’s, H. E. a flèche at one end and a magnificent I am sure you will receive countless (‘Bert’) Howard, one of the most four‐centred arched window at the letters from readers correctly pointing remarkable educators of his time. other, which illuminated the Lower out that the Council of the North was Howard wrote detective novels himself School assembly hall on the upper storey formed after the death of Edward, prince under the pseudonym R. Philmore, but (its front‐facing windows were also of Wales, in 1484, not before. The council he was nationally known for Brain of originally Gothic). It was purpose‐built, as established in July 1484 was of course

5 Members’ LETTERS designed to replace a council that had in Richard III Society, The Church of A reply from Phil Stone, Chairman of the the first months of the reign acted in the England, The Roman Catholic Church, Society, on behalf of the Executive prince’s name. My apologies for such a The Advisory Panel on the Archaeology Committee silly slip. of Burials in England, The Department As explained in my opening address to for Communities and Local Govern ‐ last year’s AGM, from the beginning the ment, and HM The Queen. No Executive Committee took the view that The resolution for debate at d e sc end ants of Richard III were invited. it would be wrong for the Society to the AGM The meeting was “postponed” following adopt a partisan position, not least From John Vasco, by e‐mail the launch of these proceedings . . .’. So, because there would not have been a At this year’s AGM a resolution was put in paragraph 32 of Mr Justice Haddon‐ consensus of opinion within the Society, forward that the Society conduct a poll Cave’s ruling, there is mention of the and without a consensus we could of members to obtain the membership’s Society being invited to a meeting to hardly claim to be putting forward a views on where the remains of Richard discuss the question of the location of Society view. To have actively camp ‐ III should be reinterred. The debate that the reburial. aigned for one location over another followed was eye‐opening, to say the Given the stance of the Executive solely on the basis of members’ personal least. The debate lost its way following Committee at the time, and its present views would also have compromised the proposed amendment from Peter stance, that of having no opinion our claims to be a serious historical Hammond, and I was ultimately non‐ whatsoever, and also not being able to society. I will also add that the Society plussed by the decision of the Chairman speak for the general membership since has consulted two barristers who have to simply dismiss the resolution/ no canvassing of their views has ever guided the current stance. amendment without any kind of vote taken place, how would the Executive If the Society were invited to give being held. Is that the way to conduct Committee have approached this evidence in a future consultation (and business on what was seen by many as meeting? Would they have diplomatic‐ contrary to Mr Vasco’s assertion, the an important issue? ally bowed out of attending, or attended Society was not invited to any previous Turning to the issue itself, it has been and expressed no view whatsoever? meeting for that purpose), the independ ‐ the position of the Executive Committee, Either way, I consider that it would have ent panel would presumably be looking since it was established that the remains cast the Society in a bad light, in for informed factual evidence from a were indeed those of Richard III, to advancing itself as a serious historical serious historical research organisation maintain a neutral stance as to where and research body, yet having no view with a unique focus on the life and times those remains should ultimately be re‐ on such a historically important issue. of Richard III – an ‘expert witness’ – not interred. Whereas that position is I do not believe the Society should for subjective opinion. We would then be laudable in one sense, in that it does not hold such a neutral stance, given the able to point to the varied (and seek to place favour towards any broad canvas of knowledge of its conflicting) clues to Richard’s own location, in another sense it leaves the membership on the historical period in intentions for his place of burial, to what Society (and by ‘Society’ here, I mean the general, and King Richard III in par ‐ his expectations as a king of England membership) without any kind of view ticular. If the outcome of the Judicial might have been, and to medieval on the matter whatsoever. In my opinion Review is to uphold the challenge of The precedents for royal burials and burials that is not a position the Executive Plantagenet Alliance Limited, and the of nobles killed in battle. We could point Committee should have placed, and still matter goes out to consultation (which out the merits and demerits of several place, the Society in. I set out the reason Mr Justice Haddon‐Cave stated it should suggested locations for the king’s below. have done in his judgement of 15 August reinterment, not just those of Leicester On 15 August 2013 in the Queen’s 2013), then it is not unreasonable to and York. However, we could not give Bench Division of the High Court of expect that the Richard III Society will be evidence claiming that we ‘know’ what Justice, the Honourable Mr Justice invited to be party to such consultations, he would have intended. That will be the Haddon‐Cave granted a Judicial Review as was the intention as previously extent of the consultation – our Society to The Plantagenet Alliance Limited. His shown. If so, are we to appear to be a does not ‘own’ Richard and our ruling ran to 41 paragraphs. In Society that not only, via its Executive preferences (even if they were unanim‐ paragraph 32, with the heading ‘Belated Committee, holds no view on the issue ous) would not be likely to carry much attempt at consultation’ Mr Justice of the reinterment, but also has not weight. Haddon‐Cave stated, with regard to the bothered to consult its membership in So it is not that the Executive Comm ‐ lack of consultation on the matter of the order to provide an across‐the‐board ittee has ‘not bothered’ to ascertain place of re‐interment: ‘. . . in April 2013 view of the Society to any formal members’ views, but rather that it sees the Ministry of Justice sought to consultative body that may be set up in little purpose in a Society‐wide poll, for “facilitate” a meeting of “interested the wake of the Judicial Review. That is the reasons just given. I have explained parties” to discuss the question of the where we stand at present. I sincerely this before on a number of occasions, reburial of Richard III (whilst still hope that should such consultation take and I believe that the vote at the AGM, maintaining its position that ultimate place, the Society will have a positive on a guillotine motion proposed by an decision as to the burial place was solely input to matters under discussion rather ordinary member to end the debate, for the University of Leicester under the than sit on the fence. To do so would be which was overwhelmingly in favour of Licence). The Ministry of Justice invited a disservice to all members, who do hold the EC’s handling of the reinterment the following parties to attend: York City a view on where the reinterment should question to date, reflects the views of the Council, Leicester City Council, The take place. majority of our members.

6 Society NEWS AND NOTICES New faces In the June Bulletin last year we made a call for volunteers from amongst the membership to help the officers and committees of the Society manage the increased workload that has resulted from the discovery and identification of the remains of King Richard III. The response was very encouraging and we now have a number of new faces on our committees and a team of volunteers supporting the work of the Society at various levels. We asked the four new committee members to introduce themselves.

Melanie Hoskins – the the Bulletin in 2013, I contacted the With the exception of ten years in Executive Committee Executive Committee offering to economic development, I have spent assist with proofreading. Over the most of my working life in years I have been involved in consumer affairs. I have been a editing several customer magazines consumer adviser, manager of and brochures. As I had also consumer education in a local mentioned that I had experience in authority and responsible for event management, social media standards and safety issues for and marketing and database/IT Which magazine. For the last 15 projects, the Society invited me to years I was responsible for develop ‐ join the Executive Committee. As ing consumer policy at Age the Society has grown significantly Concern. This involved dealing with in the past few years, the pressure a wide range of issues including on volunteers has grown. In my day transport, post offices, energy, job I work on a lot of projects to digital exclusion and inclusive help make businesses more design. I represented Age Concern efficient, while still improving (subsequently Age UK) on a number communications in the most cost‐ of influential external committees Joining the Society in mid‐2013 was effective way. Hopefully by promoting the interests of older something I had been meaning to do volunteering my time I can help set people on numerous matters, for a while and like many new up some new (and low‐cost) including digital switchover and the members, I was prompted to join by systems to help the volunteers. As a introduction of smart meters. I the discovery of Richard III’s younger member of the Society, I’d finally retired in June 2011 and remains. I’ve always been interested also like to be involved in maintain a link with the consumer in British history (despite being encouraging younger people to world by being the European originally from Australia) and the become interested in Richard III consumer representative on the Wars of the Roses is one of the and the period. European standards committee for periods I am most interested in. I postal services. think it was the mystery and Gretel Jones – the Executive I have always had an interest in intrigue of how little is known about Committee history and was delighted to be Richard III that drew me in. I’m also selected to be a volunteer for a romantic at heart, and the Westminster Abbey in 2011. This relationship between Anne Neville involves answering visitors’ and Richard III is one that I enjoy questions, giving tours for people reading more perspectives on. nearing the end of their army I had wanted to read history at a training and helping with the British university after graduating. education sessions the Abbey offers All plans changed though and I to schools. My interest in Richard III studied something else in Australia, arose in the same way as for many but I came to the UK in 1996 to others. I read Josephine Tey’s The work for the National Trust as part Daughter of Time while at school. My of my university placement and commitment to the need to redress since then many of my previous the somewhat one‐sided treatment roles have had a link to history and Richard had received was sealed the interpretation of it for visitors. when I read Paul Murray Kendall’s Reading the call for volunteers in Richard III. Although I always 7 Society NEWS AND NOTICES meant to join the Society this only fascinated with the fifteenth happened in October 1999. My century and I examined the life and mother treated me to a themed reputation of Cecily Neville for my Richard III weekend in the dissertation. I went on to research a Midlands, which spurred me to DPhil thesis on English Queenship, apply. 1445–1503, which OUP published This has been a momentous year as The Last Medieval Queens. This for anyone interested in Richard III. was a joint winner of both the It has resulted in a considerable Longman–History Today Book of the increase in membership but also an Year and the Women’s History increased workload for the Network Book Prize. Society’s Executive Committee. I spent a couple of years teaching Sometimes it is easy to forget that at Pembroke College, Oxford while committee members are volunteers my husband was training for the with work and other commitments priesthood and then briefly taught at the University of Lancaster and and I was happy to respond to their at Huddersfield University when had intended to make the subject my request in the Bulletin for additional he began his curacy in Tadcaster career before involvement in the volunt eers. I hope my skills will be (just down the road from Towton). student newspaper intervened and helpful in promoting the aims and However, I put my career on hold sent me on a different path. As often professional running of the Society after the first of my two sons was happens, Shakespeare provided the at such an important time in its born (a 2 October birthday) and introduction to Richard III; in this history. have since juggled motherhood with case it was Ian Holm’s compelling occasionally publishing papers and Gloucester in the rather quirky BBC Joanna Laynesmith – the with a long‐term research project on version that grabbed me in my early Research Committee royal adultery in medieval Britain teens and prompted me to (hence, for instance, an article in investigate what the real person History Today last year on whether might have been like. Cnut’s mistress/wife Aelfgifu is I joined the Richard III Society in depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry). the 1970s and became an avid The main focus of my work at reader of The Ricardian, but family present, however, is producing a and career took me out of the UK biography of Cecily Neville and I and eventually the membership am currently a Visiting Research lapsed. However, my interest in the Fellow at the University of Reading. turbulent politics of the fifteenth Having benefited from a Richard century only grew with time and, in III Society bursary during my MA the light of developments in research and recently been very Leicester over the past 18 months, I appreciative of their role in funding decided to revive my membership the publication of The Yorkist Age, I and become more involved in the was delighted to be asked to join the ongoing quest for the elusive truth I joined the Richard III Society back Society’s Research Committee. I’m about Richard and his times. in 1985 (easy date to remember!) very much looking forward to I hope that I can use my skills when I was still at school. I’d helping continue its valuable and experience to the benefit of this attended an evening course on contribution to the academic under‐ very lively and professional Richard III with my mother, standing of the fifteenth century publication. I believe it is important intrigued by all the unanswered and to making that knowledge to strike a balance between necess ‐ questions about his life. There we accessible. ary academic rigour and popular met some Society members who interest in the subject and I look persuaded us to join and to help Diana Whitty – the Bulletin forward to helping members be found what is now the Worcester ‐ Editorial Committee aware of, and involved in, the work shire Branch. I am very excited to be joining the of the Society. After studying English and Bulletin editorial team at such an We will introduce the other volunteers History at the University of York, I active time for the Society. I have a in June’s Bulletin; in the meantime a was lucky enough to get British background in journalism and warm welcome to them and our new Academy funding for an MA at corporate communication and committee members. The Society wishes York’s Centre for Medieval Studies. considerable experience in editing them all well for their future involve‐ That was when I really became specialist magazines. I read history ment with our work. 8 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

The Robert Hamblin Award for South Cumbrian Group service to the Richard III Society We wish to notify any Ricardians living in the Barrow in Furness area that the South Cumbrian Group has been Nominations for 2014 reactivated after ten years in abeyance. We have set our The award was established in agenda as follows: four meetings in the winter months, 2002 as a means of recognising four outings in the summer months, two of which would members who have given be local, with perhaps a visit to York and Leicester. Our significant long‐term service and first official meeting is to be held on Monday 31 March, made a contribution of partic‐ as our chairman, Chris Tinmouth, is at present studying ular merit to the work of the for his MA degree in medieval history at York University Richard III Society. Our late and cannot attend until then. Our first outing has been Chairman, Robert Hamblin, was suggested as a visit to Penrith, by invitation of the always conscious of the voluntary service and comm‐ secretary of the North Cumbrian Group, for a Ricardian itment that members give and was himself a fine tour of the town. We are looking forward to 2014, and example of such service. Following Robert’s death in hopefully to the peaceful reinterment of King Richard. August 2002 the Executive Committee decided to initiate For further information please contact me on 01229 and name the award in his memory. 826120 or by e‐mail at [email protected]. Nominations are now sought from branches, groups Isabel Sneesby (South Cumbrian Group secretary) and individual members for the 2014 award. The award is open to all members, apart from those serving on the Richard III’s royal progress 2014 – Executive Committee, the President or the Vice Presidents. a reminder Nominations must include full details of the The facial reconstruction of King Richard III nominee, the reasons why you think they qualify for the commissioned by the Society is currently on tour, award and any relevant background information about following its showing at the Richard III: Leicester’s them and their service to the Richard III Society. Search for a King exhibition in the Leicester Guildhall. Nominations should be sent to the Joint Secretaries Confirmed dates are: either by e‐mail or letter – please see contact details on British Museum: 11 January–16 March 2014 the back inside cover of the Bulletin. The closing date for Gloucester Museum and Art Gallery: 20–30 March 2014 nominations is 31 July and the final selection will be Sudeley Castle: 2–15 April 2014 made by the Executive Committee. The recipient of the 2014 award will be announced at this year’s Annual It will then return to Leicester later in the spring of this General Meeting. year, where it is expected to become a central feature of the new visitor centre close to the Greyfriars site. For New Groups further information about dates and venues for the tour, visit www.visitleicester.info/richardIII or contact For members in Kent Leicester City Council on 0844 888 5181 or 0116 299 4444. Are there any Ricardians in Kent who would be interested to form a local group on an informal basis for Correction and apology meetings and visits? If so, I would love to hear from you. My name is Carol and I live in Maidstone and can be The minutes of last year’s AGM incorrectly spelt Sandra contacted by telephone on 01622 675169 or by e‐mail at Pendlington’s surname: see the December 2013 Bulletin, [email protected]. p. 4, item 7, Reports and messages from branches. Our apologies to Sandra. Notice of the RIII Mailings update 2014 Annual General Meeting of With the departure of Helen Challinor as the RIII the Richard III Society Mailings administrator there has been some disruption This year the Society’s AGM and Members’ Day will to our service (see September Bulletin, p. 7) but hopefully take place on: everybody who has asked to be added is now on the Saturday, 4th October 2014 database. I apologise if I have not acknowledged all such at The Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich, requests but it has been a very busy time. I am, however, Norfolk NR2 1RQ . delighted to announce that Katie Dungate is our new Further details will be given in the June Bulletin but, administrator and has now taken over all aspects of the in the meantime, please put this date in your diary. function. It might be worth recapping what RIII Mailings is 9 Society NEWS AND NOTICES about so that you can all decide whether or not you If you would like to use this method of payment a form would like to sign up. RIII Mailings was launched at the for you to complete, and send direct to your bank, is end of December 2012 as a communications tool to included in the insert pages in the middle of this Bulletin. enable the Executive Committee to contact members The reference required is your membership number, who had an e‐mail address with breaking news, which can be found on the address inlay sheet which particularly in the light of the discovery of the remains accompanied this issue of the Bulletin. If you no longer of King Richard. Although the Bulletin remains our have access to this please contact me at primary means of disseminating news there are obvious [email protected] or phone 01753 546066 drawbacks due to it being a quarterly magazine. We do to obtain your number. Subscription rates, which need to not, of course, wish to disenfranchise members who do be entered on the form, are shown below and on the not have access to e‐mail or the internet and where news reverse side of the insert. is of sufficient import we will communicate directly Wendy Moorhen, Membership Officer through the postal system. We are now using a new platform to issue RIII Current subscription rates Mailings that allows members to not only unsubscribe Full Membership ...... £26 but also to update their e‐mail addresses by clicking on Family Membership (all ‘update e‐mail preferences’ at the end of each message. living at the same address) ...... £32 All mailings are sent out under the name of ‘The Senior Citizen (over 60 years Richard III Society’. If you wish to subscribe please send of age) ...... £20 Senior Family Membership an e‐mail to Katie at: (all over 60 years of age and [email protected] (capital letter ‘I’ in RIII) living at the same address) ...... £26 giving your full name and membership number (if Junior (joining before 18th known). All new members to the Society who provide an birthday) ...... £20 e‐mail address are automatically included on the Student (18‐plus in full‐time database. If you have not received a mailing recently and education) ...... £20 you have changed your e‐mail address in the past few Overseas mailing supplement months please contact Katie at the gmail address above (including Republic of Ireland) ...... £6 with details of your new address. I would mention that the gmail address is not a general enquiries e‐mail and if The Ricardian Bulletin you wish to contact the Society please visit our website We have had an overwhelmingly positive response to and under ‘About Us’ and ‘Contact Us’ select the December’s Bulletin, with its new style and format. appropriate officer. Thanks you to everyone who wrote or e‐mailed us with Finally, please also be assured that the RIII Mailings their comments and helpful suggestions. Here is a database is not made available to any third party. selection of the views expressed: Wendy Moorhen From: Anne Webb, London What a transformation. It was always very good but now it’s Website update superb! It looks totally professional and what an amazing front The latest website project is the digitisation of articles cover photograph. Many, many congratulations to all from pre‐2003 editions of The Ricardian. We are working concerned – you should feel very proud. back from volume 12 and by the time your receive this From: Julia Campbell, Paris Bulletin the first articles will be available on line. This is Greetings from Paris and my warmest congratulations for the a long‐term project, since the scanning process is a time‐ new format of the Ricardian Bulletin. This duly arrived here this consuming task, so we ask you to be patient. The work morning and the presentation is in itself most attractive, the will be carried out by a new volunteer, Hilary Blakemore, larger format allowing more space for photos and larger print. who joined the Society last year; my thanks to her for I haven’t yet had time to read the articles in depth but the undertaking this project subjects are both topical and well‐chosen. As a beneficiary of Wendy Moorhen such well‐written and informative articles to be found in the Ricardian Bulletin, may I just add my grateful thanks for all the Membership matters hard work involved.

I have had to send out a number of reminders to From: Anne Ayres, secretary of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Group members to pay their subscriptions, which fell due on 2 I just want to show my appreciation of the new Bulletin. I think October 2013 and in their responses several members it’s wonderful! Well done to everyone on the editorial team. It have expressed a wish to pay automatically from their can now line up against History Today or any of the other bank accounts. Although the Society is unable to offer a historically based magazines. direct debit facility, members can set up a standing order. 10 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

From: Bill Featherstone, Northamptonshire From: Wim Wiss. The Netherlands All those who have a hand in the design and production of the Having just finished reading the December 2013 issue of the new style Bulletin are to be heartily congratulated. I am a bit of Ricardian Bulletin I wanted to write you a few words to express a stick‐in‐the‐mud re changes to journals and especially to their my extreme satisfaction with the new setup of the Bulletin. A sizes but the new Bulletin is so good to handle and such a wonderful job, a tremendously good read, absolutely world professional production that even I cannot gripe. Thank you class! for all the hard work that has gone into the change. We have also had comments expressing reservations Julia Redlich, former secretary of the New South Wales Branch, about the new size. Joan Currell from London succinctly Sydney Australia summed up these views: I was thrilled with the new version of the Ricardian Bulletin – and I was a lover of all the previous editions since the time I joined Personally I regret the passing of the old, sturdy, smaller size the Society. Now I am so proud of this new version, which of the magazine, which was ideal to tuck into a bag to read (should I let it out of my hands) receives admiring comments whilst while travelling and never crumpled . . . and will sadly from others who see it. Having been involved in magazine not tuck into a bookcase. production for years and worked on super glossies with wonderful photographers, design experts and authorities on Or thanks to everyone for their helpful and thoughtful typefaces, I appreciate the thought and care that has gone into comments. production. I do have one quibble: I would love to see more use of breakout quotes in the longer pieces of text. Purely for reader Please note appeal, of course, but readers matter. The excellent examples on We have a new contact and postal address for the pages 21 and 40 show what I mean. Congratulations and thanks Ricardian Bulletin – Diana Whitty, Burge’s Cottage, to all who have worked so hard on this magazine for the Richard 8 Harold Terrace, Bosmere Gardens, Emsworth, Hants, III Society. PO10 7NU. Our e‐mail address remains [email protected]. From: Celia Parker, Sheffield Just a quick e‐mail to say how much I like the new Bulletin: Media material attractive, clearly laid out (glad you resisted any urge to print text over fussy backgrounds so it’s impossible to read!), colour Our thanks to all those who over the past year have sent photos. It actually looks like a magazine anyone might want to us interesting items from the media and elsewhere: we pick up and read! And I’m somebody who usually resists regret that it has not always been possible to include change! Well done. these in the Bulletin.

From: Susan Brushwood, Dorset Fortieth anniversary I was very impressed by the Bulletin I received when I rejoined The Bulletin is 40 years old this year, and in June’s issue (it’s over ten years since I was a member) so the new A4 Bulletin we will have a feature celebrating the anniversary. was amazing! The Bulletin Editorial Committee

From Judith Ridley, Surrey I think the new Bulletin is excellent, congratulations to you and Coming in your June Bulletin the team. and the 2014 The Ricardian Judith Ridley with the examples of the different style of the We expect that June’s issue will be another extensive and Bulletin over the years. varied one, with hopefully some more definitive news about the plans for King Richard’s reinterment. Other items expected include: • Beverley Fairfoull’s fresh look at the lineage of Edmund and Jasper Tudor • Dave Johnson’s analysis of Richard III’s relationship with the city of York • A feature on Leicester’s new Richard III visitor centre • A look back at the first 40 years of the Bulletin. Also in June members will receive their 2014 edition of The Ricardian. There is an extensive article on Londonʹs trade in the reign of Richard III. New evidence is presented on the clothing provided for the children in Richardʹs care, notably his daughter Katherine; new evidence about the death and burial of Katherine; and new material about Edward Woodville. There is a discussion of Richard IIIʹs epitaph, and a study of the knights of the Garter made by Richard. Finally, there is a study entitled ʹPleas, Pigs and Peascodsʹ.

11 Future Society EVENTS Inns of Court guided walk of the Inn’s council meetings, started in 1422. The Old Hall was built between 1489 and 1491 and enlarged in Thursday 15 May 2014 1623. The New Hall was opened by Queen Victoria in The Visits Committee has arranged a guided walk led by 1845. One of the treasures in the library is a first edition a City of London Guide around the Inns of Court of Sir Thomas More’s Utopia (1516); at the time he was a (exteriors only). The visits will be to Gray’s Inn, the Inner notable member of the Inn. and Middle Temple and Lincoln’s Inn, and also the former Inn of Court, Staple Inn. We also hope to be able Staple Inn to visit some of the gardens belonging to the Inns. Staple Inn was a meeting place for wool merchants in the The Inns of Court have for centuries had the fourteenth century. Lawyers then resided in the Inn and exclusive right to call students to the Bar to act as formed an Inn of Chancery in 1378. The Inn eventually advocates in the Royal Courts of England and Wales. became affiliated to Gray’s Inn. By the eighteenth century The four Inns of Court are independent self‐governing it was declining as a legal school: many non‐lawyers took bodies, governed by Benchers (judges). rooms there, including Dr Samuel Johnson. The Hall was built in about 1580; some of the chambers were destroyed Gray’s Inn by a flying bomb in 1944, but it has been carefully Gray’s Inn stands on the Manor of Portpoole, home at reconstructed. The Inn is now let to the Institute of the beginning of the thirteenth century of the family of Actuaries. Some Richard III Society Annual General Gray of Wilton. In about 1560 the Inn adopted the gold Meetings have been held in the Hall in the recent past. griffin on a black shield as its arms. The Old Hall was re‐ edified between 1556 and 1559 at a cost of £863 10s 8d. It Practicalities was gutted during the Second World War, as was the Meet at Chancery Lane Underground Station (Central library. The Inn’s most distinguished member was Sir Line) outside Exit 3 (which is near Staple Inn) at 2 p.m. Francis Bacon, who joined in June 1576. His statue stands The walk will take about two hours and finish in Fleet in South Square. Charles Dickens worked as a Law Clerk Street, from where buses run to Liverpool Street mainline at No 1 South Square. station. It will be necessary to book in advance and the cost is Inner and Middle Temple £5.50 per head. A booking form can be found in the The area of the Temple was acquired in the twelfth centre pages of this Bulletin. Cheques should be made century by the Knights Templar, who were suppressed out to the Richard III Society and marked on the back in 1312 and accused of heresy. The first mention of a ‘IOC’. The maximum size of the group is 25 people; if it Society known as Middle Temple occurs in a will dated is oversubscribed we will try to arrange a repeat walk. 1404. James I granted the Temple to the two Societies of Communication will be by e‐mail if you provide an e‐ Inner and Middle Temple. The parish church is fifteenth‐ mail address; otherwise, please enclose SAE with your century and the arms of the two Inns, featuring Pegasus booking form for a receipt. (No tickets are necessary for (Inner Temple) and the Agnus Dei (Middle Temple), this visit.) decorate the choir ceiling. The Great Fire of London Please return your completed booking form with destroyed many buildings in the Temple and an even payment by 30 April 2014 to Rosemary Waxman, 37 more disastrous fire broke out 13 years later while the Chewton Road, Walthamstow, London E17 7DW. Tel: River Thames was frozen. It was in Temple Gardens, 0208 521 4261 E‐mail: [email protected]. according to William Shakespeare’s Henry VI, that the Rosemary Waxman, Visits Committee respective champions of the Houses of Lancaster and York plucked the red and white roses, and thus started Norfolk Branch Study Day the Wars of the Roses. A noteworthy member of the Middle Temple was Sir Francis Drake and those of the Saturday 8 November 2014 Inner Temple include Thomas Wentworth, earl of As advised in the December Bulletin, the Norfolk Branch Strafford, and Judge Jeffreys. Charles Lamb was born in Study Day will take place on Saturday 8 November 2014 chambers in Crown Office Row. at The Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich on the theme ‘Looking for Richard . . . and beyond’. The full Lincoln’s Inn programme is as follows: Lincoln’s Inn was founded in the mid‐fourteenth 9.55–10 a.m. Welcome century. The traditional view was that it derived its name 10–11 a.m. ‘The King’s Grave: from car park to from Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, who died in 1311. cathedral’, by Philippa Langley The ‘Black Books’, which are the records of proceedings 12 Future Society EVENTS

11–11.30 a.m.Coffee Please note we are unable to issue ticket refunds if you 11.30 a.m.– cancel. The cost of the study is £25 per person. Please 12.30 p.m. ‘Richard III and Bosworth – a family complete the booking form in the centre pages of this story’, by Dr Michael Jones Bulletin and return to Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington 12.30–2 p.m. Lunch Road, Norwich, NR1 3RR; tel. 01603 664021; e‐mail 2–3 p.m. ‘Ways forward from the Leicester Dig: the [email protected]. Duke of Clarence and other projects’, by Dr John Ashdown‐Hill 3–3.30 p.m. Tea 3.30– 4.30 p.m. ‘Laughter and Tears: how Richard III was reinterred’, by Dr Phil Stone 4.30–5 pm. An optional Q&A session if required 5 p.m. approx. Vote of thanks and close

The Leicestershire Branch of The Richard III Society

presents Richard III and Leicester

On Saturday 19 July 2014 a Study Day will be held at Leicester Guildhall, Guildhall Lane, Leicester LE1 5FQ from 9.30 a.m. until 4.30 p.m.

The programme will feature talks on • The Leicester Richard III would have known by Richard Buckley • The Looking for Richard Project by Philippa Langley • Richard’s Last Days and the Myths and Legends Surrounding Them by Dr John Ashdown-Hill • Beliefs about Death and the Body in the Time of Richard III by Prof. Sarah Tarlow Refreshments are included in the price. Own arrangements for lunch. Please apply for tickets and further details by 1 June 2014 to the branch secretary:

Sally Henshaw, 28 Lyncroft Leys, Scraptoft, Leicester. LE7 9UW. Tel: 0116 2433785 E-mail [email protected].

A booking form can be found in the centre pages of this Bulletin.

13 Society REVIEWS

Christmas lunch and carol service further afield, which had meant a journey to England at Fotheringhay itself before meeting up at the coach in London. We were soon on our journey, which this year took us Saturday 14 December dawned bright and fair, a cause past the Tower of London before joining the M11 of much relief among Ricardians who were preparing to towards Peterborough. During the journey, Marian travel to Fotheringhay for the annual Christmas lunch Mitchell came round and gently persuaded us to buy and carol service. No ice, fog or any other weather raffle tickets, assuring us of the wonderful prizes to be hazard was forecast and, bearing in mind the memory of won. There was the usual courtesy stop and time for a roadworks on the motorway which considerably delayed quick coffee before we were once more on our way. our journey to Fotheringhay a few years back, we were After we had turned off the motorway and taken the even more relieved to learn that none of those were road to Oundle, just a few miles from Fotheringhay forecast either. itself, those of us on the right‐hand side of the coach As usual, the coach picked up those living in the began to look out excitedly for that notable landmark, London area on the Embankment, the ‘Plan‐it’ Fotheringhay church, which stands out so well from its company’s coach arriving shortly after 9 a.m. It was surroundings. We were fortunate to see it in bright good to greet new arrivals as they climbed on to the sunshine. A few minutes later, our skilful driver had coach. They included both regular members and new, negotiated the narrow turning‐round point past the and the Chairman welcomed especially those on their village hall, where we assembled , having remembered first visit. The coach was very nearly full. Unfortunately, to take with us warm hats, scarves and gloves. this year some people were unable to be with us ‐‐ in Inside the beautifully‐decorated hall were what particular, Kitty Bristow, who was already on her way seemed masses of people. Many had come by car and to South America to join family there for Christmas but we were most warmly welcomed by everyone there. who had somehow found time to organise the raffle The hall was absolutely packed out and it would not prizes. have been possible to add yet another table. After Those on the coach also included people living everyone had found a seat, Revd Brian Rogers, Vicar of

Below: Chairman Phil Stone reads the eighth lesson at the 2013 carol service. Next page: Revd Brian Rogers wearing the Fotheringhay Cope presented by the Society in 1990.

14 Society REVIEWS

Fotheringhay, said grace and lessons included parishioners we sat down. It is always good and members of the Richard III to meet newcomers and, after Society, with our Chairman we had introduced ourselves, reading the memorable and crackers were pulled, festive thought‐provoking Journey of hats put on and the usual the Magi by T. S. Eliot as the excruciating yet funny riddles eighth lesson. The final were asked. We enjoyed a reading, by Revd Brian Rogers, complimentary glass of wine was the well‐known passage and were served with plates of from St John’s Gospel, ‘St. John delicious hot soup. For the unfolds the great mystery of main courses, we were invited the Incarnation’. to go forward a table at a time Among the carols sung by to the front table, where an the choir and congregation array of food awaited us. We were well known and well were served by an efficient loved ones such as The First and wonderfully patient team Nowell and The Holly and the of cooks from the village and, Ivy and the choir sang lovely as always, could choose from renderings of both modern various meats, salmon and and ancient carols. Adam Lay salad, followed by Christmas Ybounden (Boris Ord) and A pudding, apple and cinnamon Spotless Rose (Herbert crumble or trifle, followed by Howells), as well as the mince pies with coffee and a modern Star Carol (John chocolate mint. The raffle Rutter), are familiar to most of followed, after which we us, but we also heard the first thanked our hard‐working performance of Where is This cooks and all those who had Stupendous Stranger?, written helped to organise the lunch. by musical director George Usually, there is a little time Haynes himself. There was before the carol service for a also the hauntingly beautiful gentle walk around the village sixteenth‐century Spanish or even to see what remains of carol, O Magnum Mysterium, the castle, but this year, by Tomás Luiz de Victoria. perhaps because we had had After the collect, the service the maximum number for ended with Adeste Fideles, lunch in the hall, it was most appropriately sung in already time to go over to the Latin. As is the case at every church for the service. By carol service here, we had the now, the sun had disappeared opportunity to make a and a rather chilly breeze had monetary gift to support the sprung up. The reason for all church at Fotheringhay, those extra warm clothes became evident in the church, which, at the conclusion of such a memorable day, was which is not the warmest, but somehow the cool air a way of expressing our heartfelt thanks. seemed in keeping with its austere, medieval beauty. As There was a little time in which to explore the church, always, the church looked lovely, with a brightly look at the exhibition centre or buy any of the books or decorated tree, and although we missed being greeted booklets on sale before saying our farewells to those by the sun beaming in through the ancient plain‐glass who were leaving by other means and making our way windows in the chancel at the beginning the service did back to the coach for the journey home. Once again, on at least begin in daylight. leaving the village, Fotheringhay church stood out, The church was very well filled by the time the service illuminated like a beacon, before our route took us began, with many local people joining us. Revd Brian further away into the darkness. Rogers took the service and the excellent choir of St On behalf of all of us who participated in it, I should Peter’s Singers, conducted by their musical director like to say a very warm thank‐you to everyone involved George Haynes and the organist, Ivan Linford, led our and in particular to our Chairman for organising this music. We began with O Come, O Come, Emmanuel, major event year after year. followed by the bidding prayer. The readers for the nine Julia Campbell 15 OTHER NEWS, reviews and events

Richard III: Rumour and Reality that struck me most were the first sight of the skeleton with the curvature of the spine; the fact that various York’s Richard III: Rumour and Reality programme of groups of people such as those belonging to the Richard events continues into 2014 and full details can be found III Society, even in America and other parts of the by visiting its website at www.richardiii‐ipup.org.uk world, helped to raise money towards the cost of the As we reported in the last issue of the Bulletin, as part excavation; and the unveiling of the reconstructed face of the programme the York House Books are on display of the king. I then came up with the following words for in the Yorkshire Museum’s Medieval Gallery alongside the verse of the song idea: numerous other artefacts relating to the reign of Richard It was at Bosworth Field that a king was slain III. The books will remain on display until 27 April 2014. Despite it all Lord Stanley felt no shame Dating from 1476 through to the present day, these The mayor or York he did mourn volumes record the meetings of York’s council, with the For his loyalty to Richard he had sworn. earliest coinciding with Richard’s rise to power in the north of England. The manuscript is currently open at Within a few hours I had written out the words for two the page where York council documented the news of more verses, based on my then somewhat limited the King Richard’s death at Bosworth on 22 August 1485 knowledge of Richard III, and a week later I thought of with a fascinating letter of regret written by the council the words for the chorus and the music to go with it. I to the earl of Northumberland: then recorded the song with Lord Zarquon (my friend’s King Richard late mercifully reigning upon us was thrugh stage name) and we were so pleased with it that we grete treason of the duc of Northefolk and many othre that decided to write a concept album about Richard III in an turned ayenst hyme, with many othre lordes and nobilles English folk rock style. Along with the instrumentals, of this north parties, was pitiously slane and murdred to Tudor Danse, Fanfare for the King and the song York City the grete hevynesse of this citie. Fayre (originally called Dorchester Fayre) are all songs York House Books, vol 1 p. 368–9 written by me, with my wife and Lord Zarquon, over the last 12 months. Thanks to Lee Clark, communications manager for the I have decided to call the album Loyaulté Me Lie after York Museums Trust, for the above details. For further reading in Annette Carson’s bookThe Maligned King that information, visit www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk this was Richard’s personal motto. It also gave me the idea for the song called Loyalty Binds Me. This book was Loyaulté Me Lie by the Legendary also the inspiration for the song called Wheat in the Field, based on the reminiscence offered by Jean di Meglio. Ten Seconds Something else that I would like to mention is that I write and record songs with a strong English folk rock until I saw the documentary about the king in the car flavour, having played in an English country dance band park my only knowledge of Richard III came from two called Phoenix from about 1998 to 2006. I have always history books: The Lives of the Kings and Queens of had an interest in medieval history and several years ago England, edited by Antonia Fraser, and The Story of I wrote a song about the battle of Hastings and several Britain by Roy Strong. I have owned these books for Tudor‐influenced instrumentals. many years and for some reason I would often return to At the beginning of 2013 a friend of mine had an idea them and always read the same sections covering the for a new folk song and a few days later I saw the reign of Richard III. I also recall my first holiday to documentary about the discovery of Richard III’s grave Yorkshire, when I visited Middleham Castle nearly 20 in a car park in Leicester. It was one of the most years ago. I remember there was a novel about Richard powerful documentaries I have ever watched. The parts III in the English Heritage shop and that I didn’t buy it because I thought the ending would be too sad when Richard murdered the princes. After watching the documentary about Richard I felt that I would like to read a book about him and I soon discovered that there seem to be more books about Richard III than about the rest of our monarchs put together. The first book I bought was The Sunne In Splendour by Sharon Penman and when I started reading it I realised that it was the book I had looked at in Middleham all those years ago. I recognised the first 16 OTHER NEWS, reviews and events paragraph straight away. What an amazing book, and Towton into a site for travellers. Although only on the oh how I wish I had bought it 20 years ago. fringe of the dedicated battlefield and with two I am trying to use my music project about Richard III temporary caravans in situ, hidden at present by a to raise money and awareness for a charity called the hedge, the plan was to make this permanent. I am Scoliosis Association (UK). This wasn’t my original happy to report that the local council, Selby, has been intention when I started the project, but about a month persuaded by the deluge of complaints and, for now at ago a cousin of my wife passed away in very distressing least, the proposal has been rejected. circumstances and she had been a long‐ term sufferer of A school which owns that part of the Tewkesbury scoliosis. battlefield known as The Gastons wishes to sell the site The music for the album can be purchased from the to raise money and there is a fear that the area will be internet via these following links: bought by housing developers, even though this is an https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/loyaulte‐me‐ area prone to flooding. Tewkesbury Battlefield Society lie/id777935354 have put forward a plan that they should put in a bid for www.amazon.co.uk/Loyault%C3%A9‐Lie‐The‐ the land – it will be a closed auction – and, if they are Legendary‐Seconds/dp/B00H7SF3UU successful, the land can be made into a more suitable Ian Churchward amenity, such as a wildlife park. The sale of The Gastons need not be so much as a threat but an Battlefields under threat opportunity – if the money can be raised. At the time of writing, we are waiting to hear what My apologies to those who have already seen some of plans the Tewkesbury Battlefield Society and others this but, all of a sudden, it has become open season on have to raise money and so at present we are not asking medieval battlefields. In recent months, Barnet, Edgecote, members for anything; however, if and when an official Tewkesbury and Towton have all come under threat. appeal for funding is made, we will post this It has been in the news that part of Barnet may accordingly via RIII Mailings and the website, and the become a landfill site and, of course, Edgecote is in the June Bulletin if time allows, with details of where to line of HS2, the high‐speed rail link between London send your donations. This will probably be to the and Birmingham. Letters of concern have been written Battlefield Society rather than through us or the to the relevant bodies responsible for both and the Battlefields Trust. proposal for Barnet has been denied. HS2 and Edgecote My thanks Helen Cox for her help with Towton and is another matter, of course. Keith Stenner for the news of Tewkesbury. More recently, there were plans to turn part of Phil Stone

Storm clouds gather over North Acres, Towton battlefield. © Racheal Tan. Richard III’s Books

By accident I came across a copy of Richard III’s Books in a second‐hand bookshop in Holland. It is ‘as new’ except for a neat Ex Libris stuck to the inside of the front cover. If you are interested in buying it please send me an e‐ mail at [email protected] so we can sort out how you pay me and I will send it to you post‐free. Livia Visser‐Fuchs Book signing at Middleham

K. E. Martin, author of The Woodville Connection (see review on p. 55) has sent us the following inform ation: ‘On Saturday, 19 April, I will be signing copies of my first novel, The Woodville Connection, at Middleham Castle. A lifelong Ricardian, I have always wanted to write historical fiction but prior to the publication of The Woodville Connection in October 2013, I was best known for my non‐fiction books and work as a magazine editor. I am already writing the second Francis Cranley mystery, which again begins at Middleham Castle. Further details about the signing will shortly be available on my website www.kemartin.co.uk.’

17 RESEARCH news From the Research Officer The mystery of a will and a lost chapel In May 2013 an article appeared in the Leicester Mercury regarding a letter in the Huntington Library that appeared to have been written by Cecily Neville. Since then photocopies of the letter have been passed to different members of the Research Committee for comment. The photocopy of the document was not very clear, but fortunately the newest member of the committee, Joanna Laynesmith, recognised it immediately. Her analysis of this intriguing letter can be seen below. Also in the press, mention was made of the discovery Towton Hall from the Old London Road. © Racheal Tan. of Richard III’s lost Towton chapel. The television documentary on Towton (The Medieval Dead, Yesterday under the driveway. Beneath the house a grave had channel, 21 October 2013) showed that it was hidden been found that contained only three bodies. The spines rather than lost. Tim Sutherland has been working on of each body had demonstrated a similar anomaly and Towton battlefield since 1997. Along with metal detect ‐ it seems likely that they were related. There was also or ists, ground‐penetrating radar and geophysical another single burial. These burials suggested that the surveyors, Tim has scoured the battlefield area looking chapel had been re‐used to form part of the hall when it for Richard III’s chapel. was built in the seventeenth century. Over time, as the Quoting a contemporary chronicler that ‘so furious hall was expanded, sections of the chapel could have was the battle so great the killing’, Richard never forgot been demolished, so that the east/west alignment of the the sacrifice made by so many. He was keenly aware of chapel was no longer obvious. Therefore, while the the importance of the battle to his brother Edward and bodies appeared to have a north/south alignment with the Yorkist dynasty. Therefore, when he came to the the hall, this may have been because of the demolition throne he set about commemorating the sacrifices made. of a wall. As the new building grew so the alignment The chapel was said to have been ‘very sumptuous’, changed, and the chapel became hidden within the hall, with Leyland describing it in 1540 as a ‘great chapel’: so, the only obvious sign of its existence being the as Tim asked, ‘how could such a grand structure individual burials of some of the bodies. disappear so completely?’ There is an area of the Just as there is little physical evidence for the chapel, battlefield called Chapel Hill, and Richard had the area so the documentary evidence is equally scarce. What sanctified in preparation for the reburial of the dead. could be found appeared in an article in the Bulletin in However, even this area had come up blank. As a result, 2007, which we republish on the next page. More Tim was faced with the small area of garden in front of information on Towton can be found on the Towton Towton Hall, which was called Chapel Garth. Ground‐ Battlefield Society website. This includes articles and penetrating radar had shown an anomaly close to the information on research carried out by the Society, as house and so a trench was cut. All that was found was well as news and events. See www.towton.org.uk rubble; there was a lack of any walls or anything Lynda Pidgeon indicating that a solid structure had once stood there. However, the rubble looked like demolition spoil that A new letter from Cecily Neville? had been spread over the site. Most of this dated from a much earlier period and some from the later seven ‐ Last spring a rumour started circulating that a new letter teenth century, when some work had been carried out from Cecily Neville to her son Richard III had been on the hall. Then one trench produced stone fragments discovered in the Huntington Library, California. A that showed tooling marks and polishing. These photocopy of part of the relevant manuscript was tantalising fragments were taken to Kings Manor to be recently posted to the Society’s Research Committee, examined by experts, including buildings archaeologist providing us with an opportunity to work out the truth Anthony Massinton, who was able to confirm that the of this intriguing story. The page we have actually fragments were of high status stone work and that they includes the tail‐end of a letter from Richard, duke of dated from the relevant period of the fifteenth century. York, followed by a letter from Cecily Neville. Cecily’s He then looked at a floor plan of the hall. In 2002 and letter begins without any salutation. which is perhaps 2006 bodies had been found beneath the hall as well as why some readers have imagined that Cecily was writing 18 RESEARCH news to a Richard. However, the conclusion of the letter above The Richard III and Yorkist History reads ‘By Ric‐ duc of York and defensor of E‐’, her Trust – new website husband, not her son. They are indeed fascinating letters but have long This Trust was set up by the Society in 1985, during the been known to historians: Ralph Griffiths cited Cecily’s quincentenary celebrations. The Trust has charitable in his 1981 biography of Henry VI and Carole Rawcliffe status and took over much of the Society’s academic published transcripts of them both in 1987.1 Duke publishing. It is a separate entity from, but has close links Richard’s letter was to his son Edward, earl of March, with, the Society, which appoints the majority of the urging him to ‘for bere the insolent rule and trustees. The Trust was funded by the Society initially mysgovernaunce’ of his followers, which was causing and the Society continues to make grants to it and to many complaints and reflecting badly on the duke stock its books, which may be sold to members at a himself. Despite his disapproval, York movingly urged discount. The Trust has now developed its own website his son to remember ‘the nyghness where yn we be knet where more information on the books it has published to gedir in nature and alyaunce’. and its other activities may be found. The web address The letter copied beneath, from Cecily, must have is www.richardiiiandyht.org.uk been written somewhat earlier, as it was clearly written Peter Hammond to Margaret of Anjou in 1453, when Margaret was pregnant with her only child. Cecily’s purpose was to Society to support new ask the queen to intercede for York, who was currently out of favour with the king. She assured Margaret that Inquisitions project York had always been the king’s ‘humble . . . obeisant The Richard III Society has agreed to help fund a project liegeman’ and urged the queen to make peace between by the University of Winchester to transcribe, translate their husbands for the sake of the realm and of the child and publish the Inquisitions Post Mortem (IPMs) from Margaret was carrying. the reign of Richard III. Inquisitions were inquiries made The document itself is a fifteenth‐century copy of the into what lands were held by a tenant‐in‐chief of the original letters by the duke and duchess. According to crown when they died. The value of the land was given Rawcliffe, it is Battle Abbey MS 937, which also includes and the heir identified and their age. If the heir was of copies of letters exchanged in the violent Bonville– age then an assessment was made of how much the king Courtenay dispute in the West Country during York’s was owed between the tenant’s death and the succession second protectorate. It must have come into the abbey’s of the heir. If the heir was a minor then the right to his possession at some time in the century after it was wardship and marriage was established as well as the written and before the Dissolution, when the abbey’s annual value of the estate. Inquisitions would be held in manuscripts were, of course, removed. They were held every county in which the deceased had held land of the by a number of libraries before leaving England early king. last century, when they were bought for the Huntington IPMs are an important primary source and are of Library. great value to anyone undertaking research into our Joanna Laynesmith period. There will be a full report about the project and the Society’s involvement in June’s Bulletin. 1 R. A. Griffiths (1981) The Reign of King Henry VI, p. 270; Carole Rawcliffe (1987) ‘Richard, Duke of York, the king’s “obeisant liegeman”: a new source for the ‘Ricardian Chronicle Continuations’ and protectorates of 1454‐55’, Historical Research (60) 142, ‘Useful and interesting websites’ will return pp. 232–9. in the June Bulletin.

Richard III and THE MEN WHO DIED IN BATTLE This article first appeared in the Ricardian Bulletin, autumn 2007, and was co-authored by the late Lesley Boatwright, Moira Habberjam and Peter Hammond.

One thing we know absolutely for certain about Richard Edward, and for Richard himself. Indeed, men also died III is that he prized loyalty: his chosen motto proves it. fighting loyally for the Lancastrian side. He must also have been aware from a very early age that Battlefield corpses might be subject to indignities: a man’s ultimate loyalty was to follow his lord into battle, looted, left to rot to discourage others, or cleared away to fight and die, perhaps die horribly, for him. His own into mass graves. Richard III had strong views on the father, with his loyal followers, was killed at Wakefield. subject. There is a little‐known document in the Duchy Men would later die fighting loyally for his brother of Lancaster archives that shows his concern that the 19 RESEARCH news men who died in battle should receive proper Christian There is a papal bull dated 6 November 1467 that shows burial. that some of the dead were buried in the cemetery of a Towton was his brother Edward’s battle, the longest chapel of St Mary at Towton, and others were buried and bloodiest battle ever fought in England, after which, near it. The bull describes the chapel as fere desolata & according to George Neville, Chancellor of England, ‘so destructa, ‘almost abandoned and ruinous’, and says many dead bodies were seen as to cover an area six that Edward IV was intending to repair and enlarge it so miles long by three broad and about four furlongs’. This that divine services could be held there (ut ibidem divina cannot be taken literally; Neville must be including the observantia peragentur). It promises some time off scattered corpses of those overtaken and cut down purgatory for people who visited the chapel and while fleeing, and those who had stumbled away to die contributed to the repairs. There is also a memorandum of their wounds in the distance. Andrew Boardman in dated 14 December 1472 in The National Archives to the his recent analysis of the battlefield believes that it was effect that four (named) men are guaranteeing that fought ‘in a very circumscribed area of just over half a Miles Chapman, chaplain of St Mary’s Chapel near square mile’. Many of the bodies choked the Cock Beck, Towton, would spend all the alms and offerings which ran red with blood. received there on repairs to and beautification of the Wherever they were, there would have been an chapel, having deducted his own wages of ten marks a urgent need to bury the bodies as quickly as possible. year. What was the system for the mass burial of battle Whatever happened to the fabric of the chapel, it casualties? Obviously, bodies of men of rank and wealth seems that Richard III was concerned for the mortal would be removed by their followers, especially if they remains of the men who died in the battle. Within were on the winning side. This happened to Lord Dacre, months of becoming king, he arranged for the whose body was taken to Saxton churchyard. Possibly recoverable dead of Towton to be given ecclesiasticam survivors who could find their dead friends or relatives sepulturam, ‘Christian burial’. The document setting out and had the means to hire a cart would be able to his intentions is recorded in the register of grants of the remove their bodies to be taken care of individually. But Duchy of Lancaster, and is very revealing. The docu‐ for the vast majority their funeral ‘rites’ would be to be ment is in Latin; this is a fairly literal translation of the put together into a pit. Would any attempt be made to relevant portions: consecrate the ground – would a chaplain walk round The king to all to whom [this letter will come] greeting. as men dug the pits, and say a few prayers and sprinkle Know that, whereas a few years ago, namely at the time holy water? when our brother King Edward of famous memory first Edward IV had taken some thought for the bodies. began to wield the royal power rightfully due to him, our same brother, leading a great army, was forced to fight a battle in the field of the vill of Towton in our county of On the lighter side – Yorkshire when certain men at the time opposed and an edible Henry VII! rebelled against him and his royal right, and with the assistance and help of God won a victory by his efforts in the same battle – and a number of noblemen sprung from Fiona Price contacted us about the family of our said brother and ourselves, and other leading men and people of this kingdom in a great a pre‐Christmas find at the multitude (the pity of it!) were cut off from this human National Portrait Gallery life, and their bodies put in three pits in the said field and (NPG). ‘Have you have ever other nearby places completely without any Christian wanted to bite Henry VII ‘s burial, as is well known [corpora . . . extra ecclesiasticam head off? Seen in the NPG prossus sepulturam terciis concavis notorie tradita] – shop in London, before wherefore we, deeply sorry [pro affectu compacientes] that Christmas, small slabs of the dead should be buried in this way, in these last months chocolate approx. 3 cm by 6 [iis proximis mensibus] have caused their bones to be cm with coloured edible exhumed and given Christian burial [ecclesiasticam pictures of Henry VII and sepulturam], partly in the parish church of Saxton in our Henry VIII. said county of Yorkshire and its cemetery, and partly in the chapel of Towton and its surrounding. The original price was £4 (!) but they were reduced to Presumably, Richard’s concern was to get the bodies into 50p each, as they were nearing ‘best by’ date. I properly consecrated ground, as he had had them brought a few slabs to entertain my Ricardian friends exhumed. If it had been rituals and prayers that had been instead of after‐dinner mints. I didn’t ask if the NPG lacking, these could have been performed over the had done an edible Richard or not.’ existing burial pits. He goes out of his way to give his brother Edward all the praise he can – he was ‘of famous memory’, the rightful king, who only fought when he 20 RESEARCH news was forced to, and won a victory with God’s help – but of both his immediate and extended family, both of the there seems to be an underlying rebuke for his treatment House of York and the House of Neville. Richard also of the bodies, and consequent disregard for the souls, of stipulated that other souls were to be prayed for: those who had died for him. the soules of Thomas Par, John Milewater, Christofre In November 1483 Richard had paid £40 for ‘the Wursley, Thomas Huddleston, John Harper and all other chapel’ at Towton to be built. Harley 433 (II 39) records gentilmen and yomen servanders and lovers of the said ‘A warrant to the Receivor of Pountfret to pay & deliver duke of Gloucetr, the wiche were slayn in his service at to Thomas Langtone & William Salley the batelles of Bernett, Tukysbery, or at for the bilding & edifieng of the any other feldes or jorneys. Chapelle at Tawton xl li. Yeven the ‘the memory of his xxviijti day of Novembre Anno former servants (none of Ross concludes his article by primo’. The Duchy of Lancaster grant them great men in terms of remarking, ‘it is . . . [a] fact that six quoted above concerns the salary of a worldly consequence) was years after their deaths in battle the chaplain who is to sing for the souls memory of his former servants (none of the dead of Towton. It continues: still held by Richard in of them great men in terms of worldly active and affectionate consequence) was still held by Now, wishing indeed to perform a service pleasing to God in this matter, regard. As a side light on Richard in active and affectionate and desiring greatly the rest and health his character, this regard. As a side light on his of the souls of the aforesaid dead, of our circumstance deserves character, this circumstance deserves special grace and from our certain consideration.’ consideration.’ knowledge and spontaneously we have given and granted, and by the tenor of Notes this present letter give and grant, to the proprietors 1. Letter from George Neville, bishop of Exeter and [impropriators?] of the said parish church of Saxton and Chancellor of England, to the Papal Legate Francesco the present and future churchwardens or guardians of its Coppini (Hinds, A. B., ed. (1912) Calendar of State fabric an annual rent of seven marks of legal money of Papers and Manuscripts in the Archives and Collections England coming from our honour and demesne of of Milan, vol. 1, London.) Pontefract . . . annually at the feasts of Pentecost and St 2. A. Boardman (2000) in Blood Red Roses, ed. V. Fiorato, Martin in Winter in equal portions for ever, for the support and maintenance of sir John Bateman, chaplain; A. Boylston and C. Knüsel, Oxbow, p. 27. and when he retires or dies, or in any other way 3. TNA C 270/26/30. Calendared in J. A. Twemlow, ed. relinquishes the underwritten charge . . . another suitable (1933) The Calendar of Papal Letters XII, p. 623, HMSO. perpetual chaplain [is to be] nominated and set in place . ‘Near it’ is iuxta illud in the Latin, so the ‘it’ is the . . who will celebrate masses and other divine offices in cemetery, not the chapel, which would have been the aforesaid chapel of Towton for the healthy state of us written iuxta illam. and of our most dear consort Anne, Queen of England, 4. TNA C 270/26/30. and of our dearly beloved firstborn son Edward, . . . and 5. TNA DL 42/20 fo.14. for the souls of the aforesaid dead, as long as we shall live, 6. C. Ross (1985) ‘Some “Servants and Lovers” of and for our souls and theirs and the souls of all the faithful Richard in his Youth’, in Richard III, Crown and People, departed when we have departed from the light of this life ed. J. Petre, Gloucester, pp. 146–8. The article first . . . Given at London on the 19th day of February in the appeared in The Ricardian, Vol. IV, No. 55 (December first year [of our reign] [1484]. 1976), pp. 2–4. Richard’s concern for the souls of the men who died at Towton may well have sprung from his personal religious feelings about what was due to the dead, but it also points to a real appreciation of their loyal sacrifice. Side by side with this endowment the chapel at Towton we may set his endowment of prayers for men who had FORGET-ME-NOT died for him at Barnet or Tewkesbury. Charles Ross BOOKS comments on Richard’s ‘conspicuous loyalty to, and For a list of out of print & second hand books generous treatment of, the men who had been in his on Richard III & his Times, and my Spring service as Duke of Gloucester’, pointing out that this Catalogue of Fiction & Non Fiction history extended to people of humble or comparatively obscure books contact: origin. He cites the indentures of 1477, drawn up between Richard and the President and Fellows of Judith Ridley, 11 Tamarisk Rise, Queens’ College, Cambridge, regarding four fellowships Wokingham RG40 1WG that Richard was endowing there in return for prayers Email: [email protected] for the good estate and the souls of himself and members 21 Looking for RICHARD – the follow-up A new Ricardian era: the impact promoting King Richard have been facilitated by the media, the Society itself has also been proactive in of the Greyfriars dig on the promoting its own initiatives for encouraging a Society and its work reassessment of the king. The first project was an early Executive Committee The world changed for Ricardians on the 12 September decision to write two advertorials for BBC History 2012 when a press conference, held in Leicester’s (circulation c. 83k) and History Today (circulation c. 25k), Guildhall, announced the finding of a skeleton possibly respectively on the king as a lawmaker and as a soldier, belonging to King Richard III. Officers and volunteers of Richard III’s Legacy: good King Richard? and Richard III: the Society braced themselves to see exactly what impact his military career and achievements, both of which this would have. Not since the National Portrait Gallery’s appeared in 2012. Advertorials, or advertisement 1973 exhibition and the Quincentenary celebrations of features, are essentially paid advertising. Whilst we had 1983–85 had the public profile of the king been so high. the opportunity to write positively about King Richard, The impact on administration (membership, sales wild speculation would not have been accepted and the and secretariat), communication (Bulletin, website, text we submitted gave a well balanced and evidence‐ Facebook and RIII Mailings) and public relations have based view which was not challenged by the editors. been covered in previous issues of the Bulletin and also The next initiative was the decision to hold a major in the 2012/13 Annual Report. These activities relate to conference in Leicester early in 2013, which developed the day to day functioning of the Society and our public into ‘The Greyfriars Dig: a new Richard III?’ image; however the crucial impact has been on our Organisation began late in 2012, before confirmation raison d’être – the reassessment of material relating to that the remains were those of the king and which King Richard and his times and his role in English perhaps says something about our confidence on a history. As a historical society of 90 years’ standing we positive identification! A large and appropriate venue, have carefully and prudently worked to achieve this the University of Leicester, was booked and we looked reassessment. Our modus operandi has been to forward to sharing the success of the Looking for challenge the traditional view of Richard III by Richard project with an audience of nearly 500. The encouraging research into his life and times and seeking event was filmed and is available to all on both the new evidence‐based interpretations. Results have been Society’s website and YouTube. The BBC was also published in The Ricardian and in books, for example present, filming for a documentary which is yet to be Richard III: the road to Bosworth Field by Peter Hammond broadcast. and Anne Sutton, where the story of King Richard was Undoubtedly one of the most original presentations told in narrative form based where possible on from the conference was by Professor Mark Lansdale, contemporary records. We have also promoted the who together with his colleague, Dr Julian Boon, had translation and publication of key primary sources, been commissioned by Philippa Langley to undertake a such as the Harleian Manuscript 433 and the Crowland psychological portrait of the king. Their results were Chronicle. Our Research Officer is currently in published in the March 2013 Bulletin. Forensic negotiations for the Society to support a project to Advertorial placed in History Today. transcribe and publish another important record from King Richard’s reign. Over recent decades we have achieved some measure of success and our status as a serious historical society is widely recognised. The effect of the recent media coverage cannot be underestimated, as Philippa Langley notes in her interview in this issue the ‘paradigm shift that has taken place in the public perception of Richard since the discovery’. The Looking for Richard team, Society officers and members, were given a unique chance to talk about King Richard on television, radio and in the press – an audience that ran into millions of people. Whilst many of these opportunities for 22 Looking for RICHARD psychology has now become an accepted role in the discoveries at the Greyfriars have led to publications by criminal justice system though its application for independent historians who are also Society members, examining historical characters is still in its infancy. including The Maligned King (Annette Carson) and The Their portrait challenged the traditional view of Richard Last Days of Richard III (John Ashdown‐Hill), both of as a psychopath and presented a man Ricardians, and which have been revised and republished. Originally indeed many others, could relate to. In her interview, published as Richard III: a reader in history, an Philippa writes how she was not allowed to reproduce indispensable source book has now been updated and the complete article in her book but fortunately it is now revised by Keith Dockray and Peter Hammond under available in full on the Society’s website. the new title Richard III From Contemporary Chronicles, Since the discovery of the Greyfriars skeleton Letters and Records. A number of short histories have also requests have come in thick and fast for talks by the recently been published, including Matthew Lewis’ A Society on King Richard and over 20 alone have been Glimpse of Richard III, Annette Carson’s Richard III: a given by our chairman Phil Stone. Indeed he has several small guide to the great debate and David Baldwin’s more bookings for this year and beyond. Phil also took Richard III: the Leicester connection, a Pitkin Guide. David part in the University of Leicester’s prestigious series of has additionally written Richard III, the first full live debates ‘Leicester Exchanges’ in June last year, biography of the king to include the findings of the where he was pitted against the editor of History Today, Greyfriars dig. Also incorporating the results of the dig Peter Lay, under the banner of Richard III: benevolent and published in 2013 are Chris Skidmore’s Bosworth: king or murderous tyrant? Phil, of course, is not the the birth of the Tudors and a revised edition of Peter only Society member out there battling for Richard’s Hammond’s The Bosworth Campaign. reputation; for example, Croydon Group’s veteran All of this activity together with the two Channel 4 campaigner, Shirley Linsell, has also delivered two documentaries – The King in the Car Park and The Unseen successful talks in recent months and many others both Story – has presented a more balanced view of King nationally and local have been active in promoting a Richard’s story to audiences throughout the world on a positive view of King Richard. scale few could have dreamt of a few years ago. To take The Research Committee have also been proactive, advantage of this the Society has worked hard to build continuing their promotion of research through projects upon its previous work and encourage further such as the Ricardian Chronicle and the publication of evidence‐based perceptions of King Richard. However the York Wills. An important new initiative has been the there is still much to do in such a narrow window of commissioning of a transcription and translation of part opportunity. Despite the uncertainties surrounding the of the original Latin manuscript of Polydore Vergil’s king’s reburial, we will continue to take advantage of Anglica Historia. This is the part covering Richard’s the opportunities that are currently before us. Most reign; the manuscript is in the Vatican Archive and was importantly we will do our best to ensure that wherever recently utilised by Chris Skidmore. The late Lesley King Richard is finally reinterred, he will be laid to rest Boatwright was working on this manuscript when she not as the caricature created by Shakespeare, but as an passed away in 2012. Although the translation may not anointed and honoured king of England. drastically change the existing published text there will I would like to end this be changes that may provide new interpretations of this review with an update on important primary source. The importance of new the PR campaign instigated research in European archives was highlighted by Chris and managed by our press in his talk to the Society’s recent AGM. By coincidence officer, Peter Secchi. The the Society was offered, and accepted, the opportunity campaign had already of sponsoring research into the archives and libraries of attracted the attention of PR the Low Countries and northern France by a well Week, the public relations known historian, which will take place in the spring. We industry’s journal, when in will report further on this in a future issue of the July 2013 a case study about Bulletin. it was published. In The importance of the promotion of new research November 2013 Peter’s work was also discussed by Philippa Langley and Mike Jones was recognised when the during the promotional tour of their book, The King’s Public Relations Consultants Association awarded the Grave. The tour was in itself a major achievement in Looking for Richard PR campaign as one to be ‘Highly bringing King Richard to a new and wider audience of Recommended’. In fact, Peter lost out on the top spot to well over a thousand‐plus spread over the fifteen a project that went on to win the campaign of the year – venues they visited. The audience at the book festival I for organic eggs! Well done Peter and his team at attended in Henley responded enthusiastically to the Crunch Communications and our grateful thanks for positive image of the king being presented. their commitment. Alongside the Society’s initiatives, the recent Wendy Moorhen 23 Looking for RICHARD A year on – an interview with Philippa Langley As we pass the first anniversary of the positive identification of King Richard’s remains we asked the initiator of the ‘Looking for Richard’ project, Philippa Langley, to be interviewed for this issue of the Bulletin. We posed some questions and Philippa’s answers follow: 1. It’s now over a year since King Richard’s remains were positively identified. For you personally it’s been quite a Mike Jones and Philippa Langley at the Henley Literary Festival. remarkable year; how did you cope with all the media Photograph courtesy of Wendy Moorhen. exposure, the constant travelling and disruption to anniversary. The default description of Richard is now everyday life? as the medieval king. I don’t think we can stress how It felt at times like being in the eye of a storm; the interest important this is in terms of our research efforts going in the ‘Looking for Richard’ project has been so forward. Now, for the first time, Richard is an historical overwhelming. I don’t think anyone copes with media person, and no longer the two‐dimensional caricature. interest at that level, I think you just try to survive it. By The second high has to be meeting so many members of the time Richard was found it had taken seven and a half the public through the publication of The King’s Grave years and I was exhausted, but that, as we now know, and the book tour. Finding the king’s remains has been was only the beginning. It’s been a gruelling year in instrumental in highlighting what was myth and terms of the travel and disruption to family life and it propaganda in Richard’s story and it seems to have would not have been possible without the support of captured the public imagination. What took us all by family and friends and the members of the Looking for surprise was the extent of the interest in him, not just Richard team. Phil Stone and John Ashdown‐Hill have nationally, but internationally and the advice of Peter been doing interviews and talks the length and breadth Secchi, our Press Officer, was invaluable, particularly of the country and Annette Carson and David and during those intense two days in early February when Wendy Johnson have provided non‐stop support, Richard was identified and the Society revealed its facial Annette also stepping up to be interviewed on BBC2’s reconstruction. The lows have been challenging, and still Newsnight. The Executive Committee has been working are. The ethos of the ‘Looking for Richard’ project was to 24/7 behind the scenes with Wendy Moorhen welcoming rebury King Richard with all dignity, honour and respect our thousands of new members whilst also finding time as a human being, not treat him as a scientific specimen to put together a brand‐new website. And Leicester or relic, and to give him a befitting and lasting memorial. members Sally Henshaw, Richard Smith, David Potter In short, to give him what he didn’t get in 1485. We are and Marion Hare have been doing all they can with the fighting to ensure Richard gets this. authorities there. It’s been an intense year for all involved 3. You wrote The King’s Grave in tandem with Mike Jones, but with the publication of The King’s Grave and the how did that process work and what was it like to Judicial Review in March we hope that the end‐game is undertake the promotional tours around the country? now in sight and Richard will soon be reburied in whatever location is chosen with all dignity and honour. The process of writing The King’s Grave with Mike was remarkably stress‐free. We’ve been friends for many 2. Given all that has happened since August 2012, not all of years so had an understanding of how each worked, and which has been without controversy, what have been the viewed Richard, so it was a pretty seamless undertaking. highs and lows for you? We worked through the structure over the phone and The main high has to be the paradigm shift that has taken then got on with writing our various chapters, so it was place in the public perception of Richard since his all pretty straightforward. At the proof stage we had to discovery; and also in the media. One of the main aims work though minor changes to words here and there to of the ‘Looking for Richard’ project was to bring the make our meanings clear. We agreed on the need to have historical Richard to a much wider audience and I think the debate about the Princes as this was another part of we can say that we have achieved that. As members of our friendship – our endless debate on this mystery! My the Society, we all understood, pre‐dig, what a minority only regret was that we could only publish a short précis interest Richard was. No more it seems. Indeed it was of the psychological profile. I had commissioned this Ricardian research dating at least as far back as 1975 that work from Professor Mark Lansdale and Dr Julian Boon ensured the king was found. No other organisation has (inventor of personality profiling) in 2011 specifically for been involved in such ground‐breaking research, and so the ‘Looking for Richard’ project and it was published in it is fitting that in 2014, the year that we may well reinter the Bulletin in March 2013, but the management at the Richard, we also celebrate the Society’s ninetieth University of Leicester refused to allow its publication in 24 Looking for RICHARD my book. It was a setback for getting this new research each vote/voice should be accompanied, and supported and perspective on Richard to a wider audience. The book by, an historical fact. This way the membership survey tour was exhausting but illuminating with so many would be in keeping with our foundation as an historical wanting to know about Richard. Virtually every event society based on research. was sold out and we’ve been asked back to many of them. 5. Finally, what do you think of the new‐look Bulletin and 4. The debate over where King Richard’s remains should what are your own plans for the future. finally rest is still unresolved as we go to press. Some have I really like the new‐look Bulletin in its A4 colour format. been critical of the Richard III Society’s position of Our Society is growing exponentially and this gives us an neutrality; how do you view matters? up‐to‐date shop window if you like, with the scope to The members I have spoken to, including those in my cover events in full colour. This will be an advantage branch, understand that the Society has to be neutral, as going forward, particularly when we come to rebury the it represents a large body of people with diverse opinions. king. As to the future, I’m looking to get the historical It also has to work with whoever is given the honour of Richard’s story told cinematically. They’ve been filming reburying the king. At the moment this is Leicester. We Shakespeare’s version since 1912, so I reckon it’s time for were all shocked at the attack that Phil came under a more realistic Richard to take his place on the silver recently in this regard. He is working non‐stop behind the screen. It won’t be about Saint Richard either. scenes and doing everything he can to ensure that Screenwriters are in the business of writing about the Richard is properly honoured, and he has my full human condition, bringing to life the stories of complex, support. Perhaps a way we can look at giving the conflicted and flawed individuals who overcome great members a voice in this historic event would be to obstacles and adversity to do incredible things. There’s undertake an historical survey. That is, one that does not also some new research projects on the go, about which I change the Society’s neutral stance, but is undertaken so can’t say anything yet, but watch this space! that in historical terms future Ricardians will know what Our grateful thanks to Philippa for her thoughtful and members thought, and why. My branch members felt that interesting responses to our questions. HOW TO REBURY A MEDIEVAL KING: a lost rite of reinterment ALEXANDRA BUCKLE We know a great deal about medieval and Tudor funerals, with detailed accounts surviving for the state funerals of Richard II, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I amongst others and many studies devoted to these. However, we know far less about reburials, a type of second burial, which involved burying the remains, specifically the bones, of somebody at some point after their first burial.

Reburials have been the poor cousins to the grand, state a family might choose to rebury an ancestor who died a funerals and have not been studied in any great depth. long time ago so as to emphasise the long history of However, during the course of my research into these, I their family. Alternatively, they may rebury an ancestor have found them to be extremely popular in the as an act of political reconciliation – a way of making fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and almost de rigeur amends or easing disputes. Richard III is a good for the great, the good and the not‐so‐good of medieval example in both of these cases. He was involved with England. My research has shown that many of the kings the reburial of his father, Richard, duke of York, in and nobles, especially from the fifteenth century, were Fotheringhay in 1476. This reburial is well documented reburied or involved with one of these ceremonies. The and involved moving his father from Pontefract in list is impressive and includes amongst those being Yorkshire to Fotheringhay in Northamptonshire, to a reburied Richard II, Henry VI and a whole array of noble church which was founded by the House of York and earls and dukes (Oxford, Warwick, Salisbury and York which became a mausoleum for that family in the 1400s. to name but a few). Amongst those ordering reburial are Turning to a more political example, then Richard III some of the most eminent Plantagenet and Tudor kings moved Henry VI in 1484 to St George’s, Windsor, from of the time, including Henry V, Richard III, Edward IV Chertsey Abbey. There are various interpretations of and Henry VIII himself. why he did this but most agree it was a marked political The motives are varied and cannot be entered into in statement. Whatever the case, these were expensive, great detail here but most reburials occur between 10 lavish rituals that sent a message to the wider and 30 years after the first burial and are a response to community not only about the status of a family but political upheaval or dynastic affirmation. For example, about the individual who ordered the service. Perhaps 25 Looking for RICHARD the best known case of reburial is that of Richard’s original source from which the seventeenth‐century father, Richard, duke of York. We know about the lavish copy was made but we do know that it was copied on 19 mode of transport, the coffin, the eminent July 1694 by Humphrey Wanley (1672–1726), mourners and the feast for over 1,000 who was one of the greatest palaeographers people. We also know that three masses ‘Harley 6466 of his day. It is no surprise that this were performed but we know very little manuscript had lain forgotten for so long – provides evidence about the ceremony which accompanied his the only reference I found to it was in a body into the ground. of an important dusty, antiquarian volume from the An answer as to what a reburial service lost rite, which seventeenth century. involved came in a unique source for was prevalent in With such a list of eminent people reburial, preserved among the Harley medieval society.’ involved with these ceremonies, the fact Manuscripts at the British Library.1 The that only one source of medieval reburial is document is a late seventeenth‐century known to survive makes this document all copy of a now lost late fifteenth‐century the more important as a window into a manuscript and provides all the directions, prayers, and prevalent medieval practice. As no other similar music to be used in a reburial ceremony. The title of the document of a medieval reburial is known to survive, document is Ordinacio servicij & observancie pro remocione this source provides important evidence of the kind of corporis dicti nuper Comitis (The order of service & ceremony which could have been used up and down observance for the removal of the body of the aforesaid the land in the pre‐Reformation period. late earl). Richard’ Com’ Warrwic (Richard, earl of Warwick) follows in parentheses. This document relates The reburial rite to the reburial of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick Harley 6466 provides rubrics detailing the process of (1382–1439) in his chantry chapel at the collegiate preparing the bones and their transferral to a new tomb. church of St. Mary, Warwick. However, although it It also gives full details of over ten prayers which are, specifically relates to the reburial of Richard with two exceptions, recorded in full. The musical items Beauchamp, it details a general rite, with a capital N or are also listed, but no music notation is found. Instead, nomine used where the appropriate name(s) of the the title of the choral item is given, such as ‘Ps[almus] De reburied could be inserted. There is no trace of the Profundis’ or ‘Antiphonam Ingrediar’. In total, the music

A page from Harley 6466. This seventeenth‐century copy of a required in Harley 6466 consists of seven psalms, six fifteenth‐century manuscript explains how medieval reburials were antiphons and various choral items, such as the kyrie conducted. © British Library eleison. Reconstructing this rite, according to the Use of Salisbury, which was followed at Warwick and in much of England, shows that the musical pieces, and many of the prayers, were not written specially for this service, but were familiar items used in burial rites in English churches throughout the later middle ages.2 However, because a bishop is asked to be the celebrant I sourced the music from a pontifical, a bishop’s handbook, which rarely contained the music detailed in Harley 6466.3 The source I used was the Bangor Pontifical, one of the only manuscripts of its kind to survive with music notation for the burial rites. It is a small and elegant book, with beautiful illumination, and was most likely copied in East Anglia in the early fourteenth century. It was still being used by Richard Ednam, bishop of Bangor 1465– 94, a time when reburials were very popular, and so is a reliable source for the music. Although there are marked similarities with burial rites, there are also major differences. These include the different order at times, new prayers to justify a reburial, and amendments to the rubrics in order to cater for a bishop as the celebrant and for the reburial of bones rather than a whole body (parish priests normally directed burial services). Therefore, there is a broad similarity to the burial rites in the Sarum manual, but enough differences to suggest that another (now lost) 26 Looking for RICHARD source was the inspiration when the original Humfrey Wanley, and Professor Michael Hicks for manuscript was copied. responding to numerous questions on Neville and Space does not permit me to enter into the order of Clarence. the day but I have examined this in full in my recent 2. In reconstructing the rite, many sources of the Use article in the Harlaxton Proceedings.4 Needless to say, of Salisbury, the liturgical order Warwick followed, the celebrations were lengthy, possibly spanned over were surveyed. No other example of a rite of reburial two days and were likely carried out with the full pomp was found in any of these liturgical books and there of the most elaborate funerals of the day. We do not is no other known medieval manuscript of it in know who attended the funeral, but we can assume England. This rite in full can be found in Latin and there were almsmen and noble mourners and, once English in Alexandra Buckle, ‘Music and Liturgy, again, the reburial ceremony of Richard, duke of York, Patronage and Authority: The College of St Mary, provides a valuable window into the funerary trappings Warwick, in the later Middle Ages’ (Oxford of such a ceremony.5 York was honoured with hanging University DPhil thesis, 2010). pennons, banners, candles, a black warhorse and full 3. The Bangor Pontifical does not have a shelfmark but knightly armour. is part of the Bangor Cathedral Collection, Bangor University Library. The relevant sections are the last Conclusion rites (Ordo ad sepeliendum corpus), where the musical It is likely that many rites of reburial once survived. items appear on ff. 147r–149v, and the carrying of a There must have been an established rite for the moving body to the church (Cum portatur corpus ad ecclesiam), of bones from one part of a building to another because where they appear on ff. 158r–162r. it was so widespread in the later 1400s and 1500s. 4. Alexandra Buckle (2013) ‘“Entumbid Right However, little was known of what their ceremony Princely”: the re‐interment of Richard Beauchamp, entailed until the uncovering of this document. Harley earl of Warwick, and a lost rite’, in Hannes Kleineke 6466 provides evidence of an important lost rite, which & Christian Steer, eds, The Yorkist Age: Proceedings of was prevalent in medieval society. the 2011 Harlaxton Symposium, Donington, Shaun Tyas. Notes 5. A.F. Sutton, Livia Visser‐Fuchs and P. W. Hammond 1. BL, MS Harley 6466. The bifolio in question is now eds (1996) The Reburial of Richard Duke of York, 21–30 numbered ff. 33r–34v, though properly it is ff. 35r– July 1476, London, p. 10. 36v. I am indebted to Professor John Caldwell for his help transcribing the document. I would also like to Dr Alexandra Buckle is a lecturer in music at St Anne’s thank Professor Ralph Hanna for translating the College and St Hilda’s College, Oxford. She has recently been document, and Professor John Harper for helping appointed the liturgical advisor to the committee planning the me to interpret the liturgy. Finally, I would like to reburial of the King Richard III. thank Julian Munby for sharing his findings on

News from Leicester City Council provided was actually taken in 1861, the year the medieval bridge was demolished. The new bridge was We are still hard at work on our King Richard III visitor entirely designed as a memorial to King Richard III, its centre. It is progressing really well but we are aiming for ironwork depicting the white rose of York, the Tudor a summer opening now rather than one in May as we rose, Richard´s White Boar and ‘Loyaulte Me Lie’. The had originally hoped. This is an amazingly complex photograph was evidently published widely; the project, with teams of different specialists all working at version I saw is large and mounted on card, whilst Mr a spectacular pace on its different aspects. The temporary Wheeler’s is a lantern slide. It inspired at least two book exhibition at the Guildhall will close shortly before the illustrations before 1900, and the original was new visitor centre opens, so please check for details if reproduced in the Illustrated Chronicle in 1960. The you are planning a visit. plaque itself was photographed and published in 1915, We are also finding out the enduring local interest in 1956, 1959 and lastly in 1969, by which time the building King Richard III’s story. I provided an early photograph had fallen down around it. This last accompanies an of people standing on Bow Bridge for the last Bulletin, article in the Leicester Mercury, describing the and I am most grateful to Geoffrey Wheeler for kindly redevelopment in which the stone plaque was to be provided further details, enabling us to fill in gaps in preserved. ‘Trying to take the stone out of the wall of the our knowledge. old building is proving quite a difficult job, for it is only In 1856 Benjamin Broadbent, a local builder, set up a three inches thick and has already been cracked, plaque on a gable end next to Bow Bridge which presumably when it was put there many years ago’. proclaimed: ‘Near this spot lie the remains of Richard They must have succeeded, since it was set up again. III, the last of the Plantagenets 1485’. The photograph I Not only that, but we have recently been contacted by 27 The battle of Bosworth, as pictured by William Bass in 1839. Reproduced by kind permission of the Talbot family. the owner of a commemorative cast from the bridge, crown falling in a terrifying press of bodies. The artist produced by Leicester Museums, and bearing the date conveys the horror and confusion of battle, but also the 1974. Perhaps this was when the plaque was unveiled in courage of a king who is fighting for his kingdom and its new home. So this one photograph has linked nearly very survival. We are delighted that the Talbot family 120 years of interest in Richard III in Leicester. have very generously agreed to this two‐year loan. Another recent discovery has been a beautiful Sarah Levitt painting by William Bass, dating from 1839, showing Sarah Levitt is head of Leicester City Councils Arts and King Richard’s heroic last stand at the battle of Museums Service; she will update us again in the June Bosworth. The piece, which is on loan to New Walk Bulletin with further details about the development of the Museum in Leicester, has previously not been seen in visitor centre. In the meantime, for further information visit: public for many years. It is now in the collection of the www.leicester.gov.uk/museumsandgalleries. Talbot family, a member of which married into the Bass family several generations ago. The family also own a Richard Buckley honoured number of William’s artefacts, including diaries, prepar ‐ atory sketches and sketch books and the palette used Congratulations to archaeologist Richard Buckley, the when the painting was created. This thrilling painting Greyfriars dig project manager, who was awarded an re‐imagines for a nineteenth‐century audience King OBE in the 2013 New Year’s Honours list in recognition Richard III fighting on horseback at Bosworth, with his of his services to archaeology. 28 Looking for RICHARD Richard III: the king in the courts (not the car park) Further legal and media controversy This autumn witnessed the start of the judicial review brought Current Archaeology (2013) Archaeologist of the year (Current by the Plantagenet Alliance over the decision by the Ministry Archaeology Feb 2014) and he is also co‐author of a new book of Justice to permit Richard III’s reburial in Leicester. ‘During on the discovery of Richard III’s grave (British Archaeology Jan the case a volley of puns related to skeletons and bare bones 2014). flew across from counsel’s row to the judges’ bench’ Alison Weir’s Elizabeth of York: the first Tudor queen has (Independent 27/11/13). However, shortly after the case started received numerous reviews, few of which seem to notice that, it stalled over arguments about whether Leicester City Council as much of Elizabeth’s life is poorly documented, it is hard to should be a defendant along with the Justice Secretary and will say much about her personality; instead, the text is padded out not be resumed until the new year (Times 27/11/13). The with lots of background information including ‘the minutiae of rationale behind this request is that as Leicester City Council royal daily life’ (Independent 16/11/13). Sadly, in the absence of own the land where the Richard III’s remains were found they reliable data Alison indulges in some foolish speculation about could potentially claim them if the exhumation licence granted aspects of Elizabeth’s life, coming to some ‘pretty wonky’ by the Ministry of Justice was rescinded (Church Times conclusions (Sunday Times 27/10/13). One useful inclusion in 29/11/13). Clearly the council have no wish to become a Alison’s book is the conversion of items of fifteenth‐century defendant, as they have subsequently declared that they no financial expenditure into their modern equivalents. Thus the longer consider themselves ‘the custodian of the remains of often derided ‘miserly’ sum of ‘£10 1s’ paid out by Henry VII Richard III’ and have confirmed that they now believe that the for Richard III’s tomb is put in perspective by its modern value University of Leicester Archaeological Services are ‘the rightful of £4,890 (p. 158). custodians of the royal remains’ (Leicester Mercury 21/12/13). It As 2013 saw the publication of numerous biography, fiction has been pointed out that the high level of public interest in and history books with either a Plantagenet or Ricardian theme, Richard III’s remains are ‘a timely reminder that the [medieval] it was surprising that only Elizabeth of York crept into the cult of relics lives on . . .’ as they are ‘emblematic of the close Christmas book lists (Times 14/12/13). Meanwhile The White correlation between sanctity and death’ (THE 19/12/13). One Queen secured a nomination in the Golden Globes TV awards ingenious suggestion to the vexatious question of where to for Best Mini‐Series (Daily Telegraph 13/12/13, see Bulletin Sept rebury Richard III is a compromise whereby his remains spend 2013), despite some more negative comments (Mail on Sunday six months of the year in Leicester and the remaining six in 29/12/13) York (Times 20/12/13). One famous Yorkshireman who is clearly In October the Nottingham Playhouse’s Richard III received underwhelmed by the rediscovery Richard III is Alan Bennett. mixed reviews and wrongly claimed to be the first production He observed that ‘had the last Yorkist king been left under a (it was the second) to be inspired by the discovery of his car park I would not have grieved’ (London Review of Books remains (Independent 28/10/13; Times 31/10/13; Stage 7/11/13 and 9/1/14). June Bulletin p. 48). Richard III’s reputation also received a bit Meanwhile the Cathedral Fabrics Commission for England part in White Hart Red Lion: the England of Shakespeare’s histories has refused to make a decision concerning the proposed by Nick Asbury (2013, pp. 212–13). The actor/author visited the structural alterations to Leicester Cathedral to permit Richard exhibition in Leicester Guildhall about the rediscovery of III’s reburial, partly on the grounds that they want the Richard III and met two women who were described as Plantagenet Alliance’s law case to be resolved first (BBC & ‘dedicated Ricardians’. This popular exhibition has now Independent 11/11/13, Church Times 22/11/13). Designs for a new received over 150,000 visitors (Leicester Mercury 3/12/13). sculptural installation inspired by the discovery of Richard III One of the results of all the publicity generated by the to be placed in Leicester Cathedral gardens have been exhibited rediscovery of Richard III’s remains has been a renewed at the Bosworth Battlefield centre Hinckley( Times 24/10/13). interest in trying to relocate the remains of other ‘missing’ The debate over Richard III’s reputation and his place of English kings, particularly Alfred the Great (see Bulletin March reburial rages on across the letters pages with a general lack of 2013, p. 40). Examination of skeletal remains recovered from agreement. All of this contributed to making Richard III the the site of the high altar of Hyde Abbey in Winchester have ninth most popular news story on Twitter in 2013 (Metro and now identified a pelvis of ‘a middle‐aged man from the 9th Times 12/12/13). He made it into a number of end‐of‐the‐year century’, which may be Alfred (Times 18/1/14). news quizzes (Independent 24/12/13; New Statesman 20/12/13; During the early TV reports on the Leicester excavation, the Observer 22/12/13; Spectator 14/12/13 and Times 26/12/13). His idea of comparing Michael Ibsen’s face with an inferior modern remains also featured in two reviews of the year (Church Times copy of the Society of Antiquaries portrait of Richard III then 20/12/13 and Independent 28/12/13). Finding Richard III has dominating the media coverage seemed ludicrous (see Dec. certainly been good for Richard Buckley of the University of Bulletin 2012, p. 69). However, a similar experiment with an Leicester Archaeology Service, who received an OBE in the new alleged descendant of William I has reached new heights of year’s honours (Times 31/12/13), he has been nominated for absurdity (Daily Mail 14/1/14).

29 Looking for RICHARD reburied by the Anglicans in either rediscovery, has enjoyed tremendous Selective reports Leicester or York and instead he should public interest. ‘The recent discovery of From UK journals, newspapers and receive a Catholic requiem mass. Richard III’s body, and the historical magazines concerning Richard III’s Times Arts First Night: ‘Discontent? It discussion it provoked, was a reminder life and place of reburial. For earlier gives me the right hump’. Distinctly of how history comes to be rewritten by unimpressed the reviewer of the new the winners. Was he a bad king or just a material see previous Bulletin. Only Nottingham production of Richard III, deposed king?’ significant letters are included. noted that their claim to be the first 11 November Illustrations are photographs unless production to be inspired by the new BBC News (www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‐ described otherwise. ‘forensic evidence’ was wrong as they england‐leicestershire) reported that the had been ‘pipped to the post’ by Bristol Cathedrals Fabric Commission for October 2013 (see above). Richard’s character was England has been unable to reach a 24 October described as ‘neither chilling nor decision concerning the Leicester Hinckley Times ‘Vote on Richard III art to wickedly funny’. To make matters worse Cathedral proposal for Richard III’s new mark connection’. Leicestershire County he sported a hump that the reviewer tomb for two reasons. First, they were Council is paying for a new piece of described ‘as is one of the least unwilling to give permission for work to sculpture inspired by the rediscovery of convincing I’ve seen’. Illustration: Ian start until the judicial review into Richard III to be placed in the revamped Bartholomew as Richard III. Richard III’s place of reburial is cathedral gardens. Five designs have November 2013 concluded. Secondly, they have concerns been shortlisted and the public can vote 1 November over the proposed alterations to the 1927 at the Bosworth Battlefield Centre, where Times Diary: ‘Winter of Discontent’ Chris furnishings of the cathedral. the designs are currently exhibited or on Skidmore, MP and author of Bosworth: Independent ‘Still no rest for Richard as line. Illustrations: five proposed designs. the birth of the Tudors explains that he did dispute delays reburial’. A report on the 27 October not have to look far for inspiration on Cathedrals Fabric Commission for Sunday Times Culture: ‘Pawn in a how to depict Richard III in his book. ‘It’s England’s indecision. dynastic struggle’, a review of Elizabeth clearly Gordon Brown, Richard III made 14 November of York by Alison Weir. ‘Like most of her the same mistake that Gordon Brown did Leicester Mercury (website) ‘Richard III: works, this book rattles along pleasantly, of not reaching out beyond his base. He Leicester Cathedral sticking to its guns and is thoroughly researched even if the went back entirely to his supporters in over tomb plans’. The Dean of Leicester conclusions are sometimes pretty the north, building a little cabal of very Rev. David Montieth says ‘we wonky’. Illustrations: portrait of Eliza ‐ advisers round him known as the Rat, continue to have faith in the proposals beth of York c. 1500 (NPG, London) and the Cat and Lovell. They were highly we have submitted’. Delaroche’s painting of the Princes in the unpopular like Ed Balls and Ed 15 November Tower. Miliband’. Private Eye Letter: ‘Remains of the day’ 28 October 2 November Phil Stone the Chairman of the Society Independent ‘Car park’s cutting‐edge Guardian ‘A monster, or just misunder ‐ points out the misrepresentations in the evidence used to restage the death of stood’. Review of The King’s Grave by ‘Nooks and Corners’ article. ‘From the Richard III’. A new production of Philippa Langley and Michael Jones (see start the Richard III Society has Richard III is wrongly claiming to be the also previous Bulletin p. 35). It shrewdly maintained an impartial attitude towards first to utilise the results of the ‘forensic observed that now Richard III’s ‘bones where the remains of King Richard III evidence’ concerning Richard III’s are as contested as his reputation’. ‘Both should be reinterred. All it has ever said physique, from which they argue that authors, in their different ways, see the is that it will work with whichever Richard III’s scoliosis ‘could have discovery of his grave as an opportunity religious house is given the honour so as profoundly shaped his personality, to put the record straight’. Illustration: to ensure that Richard III is given a giving him a desire to prove himself in Kevin Spacey as Richard III in 2010. dignified burial, as befits an anointed the deeply masculine and physical world Private Eye Letter: ‘Bones of contention’ king, such as he did not receive in 1485’. of medieval power politics’. Sadly their pointing out that amidst all the 16 November claim to be the first production of wrangling about Richard III’s final Independent Books: ‘The little‐known Richard III to be inspired by the new resting place his birthplace of princess and her quest for survival’. ‘forensic evidence’ is incorrect, as a Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire is Another review of Elizabeth of York, Bristol production staged in February being overlooked as a reburial opinion. pointing out very little is known about had that honour (see introduction). This letter is one of a series (see below), her personality and many aspects of her Professor Lin Foxhall of the University of inspired by a ‘Nooks and Corners’ article early life, so much of the book is Leicester explains that their re‐evaluation (see previous Bulletin p. 35). composed of background information. of Richard III ‘had only just begun. . . . If 7 November 17 November I was portraying Richard it would be a Stage ‘What Lies Beneath’ Loveday Independent on Sunday ‘the Diana of the much more sympathetic Richard than Ingram, director of the new production Tudor Dynasty’ an interview with Alison Laurence Olivier’s. We can now see a of Richard III at Nottingham, explains Weir, author of Elizabeth of York. She much complex character than the evil how the discovery of the remains of believes that a five‐day visit to the Tower villain that Shakespeare produced’. Richard III have influenced her of London by Elizabeth immediately Illustrations: Richard III’s skull and Ian representation of his physique. before the execution of Sir James Tyrell Bartholomew as Richard III on stage. 9 November in 1502 (for helping a nephew of Edward 31 October Guardian ‘Diana, the rewrite’ a IV, the earl of Suffolk escape) was ‘to Evening Standard ‘A hearse, a hearse . . .’. commentary on the film biopic of the late extract a confession from Tyrell’, that Historian John Hall Spencer rather Princess Diana, observed that her year Polydore Vergil named Tyrell as the naively informs us that Richard III ‘was popularity seems to be fading, in contrast man who had murdered the Princes in a Catholic monarch’ so he should not be with Richard III, who, since his the Tower at Richard III’s instruction.

30 Looking for RICHARD

Illustration: portrait of Elizabeth of York, Church Times ‘Legal move stops High December 2013 Royal Collection. Court ruling on Richard’, an informative 3 December 22 November commentary on the adjournment of the Leicester Mercury (website) ‘Richard III Church Times ‘Richard III: cathedral tomb ongoing law case. exhibition welcomes 150,000th visitor at dispute continues’, reporting the Times Letter: ‘Richard’s reign’ pointing the weekend’. Cathedrals Fabric Commission for out that during his reign the Court of 4 December England’s indecision. Requests was established and the Country Life History: review of Tudor: the BBC News reported that Dr Alexandra translation of laws in Latin and Norman family story 1437‐1603 by Leanda de Lisle. Buckle of St Anne’s and St Hilda’s French into English started. Also It includes some illuminating insights colleges of Oxford University, an expert suggesting that the ‘unseemly squabble’ such as ‘the deaths of the Princes in the on medieval music has reconstructed an about Richard’s place of reburial could be Tower were denied lest a dangerous cult authentic fifteenth‐century aristocratic solved by his reinterment at St George’s be established on the basis of their reburial service (opposed to burial), that Chapel, Windsor as it was ‘the principal remains’. would be appropriate for Richard III’s Plantagenet necropolis’. 8 December reinterment. 30 November Observer ‘News Review: Faces of the Times Literary Supplement ‘Car park king’. Leicester Mercury (website) ‘Richard III – Year’, included Philippa Langley Further review of The King’s Grave by University of Leicester and City Council ‘Researcher’. ‘After years of searching she Philippa Langley and Michael Jones. meet to discuss custodian issues’. Both found the skeleton of Richard III ‘Ultimately, Langley appears to be organisations believe they are the underneath a car park in Leicester’. seeking to exonerate Richard of all rightful custodians of the king’s remains. Illustration: Philippa Langley. crimes of which he has been accused . . .’. Times Four Letters: ‘Where should 12 December While ‘Jones is more realistic about the Richard III be laid to rest?’, pointing that Metro In Focus: ‘Tweets ahead in only probabilities of Richard’s behaviour . . . almost all English kings generally have One Direction’, Richard III was the ninth Notwithstanding a degree of predictable been buried in the location of their most popular Twitter home news story bias, The Search for Richard III makes for choice, which in Richard’s case was very in 2013. compelling reading’. unlikely to been Leicester. Also claiming Times ‘That was the Twitter year that was’ 27 November that his birthplace at Fotheringhay, York (see above). Illustration: montage of Guardian ‘Richard III kept waiting for Minster or St George’s Chapel Windsor news stories including the skeleton of final resting place’. An update on the law all would be appropriate places for his Richard III. (shown below) case brought by the Plantagenet Alliance reburial. Illustration: copy of Soc. of 13 December against the canons of Leicester opposing Antiquaries portrait of Richard III Daily Telegraph ‘Globe judges seduced by the decision to rebury Richard III in their hanging in Leicester Cathedral. historical hokum’. The TV drama The cathedral. Yesterday the judicial review 1 December White Queen received a Gold Globe stalled over arguments about whether Mail on Sunday History: Elizabeth of York nomination despite ‘history as Mills and the City Council should be a third reviewed. Controversially Alison Weir Boon with no respect for the fabric of defendant along with the Justice believes that ‘Richard III ‘killed his sickly time. Indeed it had no respect for the Secretary. The case will be resumed in the wife, hoping to marry the now beautiful actual fabric of the time – a visible 21st‐ new year. 18‐year‐old Elizabeth of York’. Weir century zip was one many historical faux i (Independent) ‘Richard III’, an claims that after this incestuous marriage pas.’ announcement of the adjournment of the proposal went off the agenda and 14 December ongoing law case. Elizabeth was sent by her uncle to live in Spectator Christmas Quiz. ‘Royal Flush’, Leicester Mercury (website) ‘Richard III: Lord Stanley’s household, where she question 2 was: ‘which king’s skeleton High Court legal battle adjourned until encouraged him to rebel against Richard was said to have been found beneath a 2014’. Leicester Cathedral and University III, ‘hoping that when Henry became Leicester car park, the site of the former express their disappointment at this king, she could marry him instead. This Greyfriars church?’. complication and delay. is lively stuff . . .’, but Weir’s ‘evidence is Times Saturday Review: biography and Times ‘Richard III loyalists carry on battle slight – she basically relies on a Tudor‐ memoir section, included Alison Weir’s over final resting place’. An update on era ballad. Elsewhere her footnotes are so Elizabeth of York, which ‘combines the the law case brought by the Plantagenet vague as to be almost useless, and dramatic colour and timing of an Alliance (see above). Illustration: Soc. of sometimes she offers no supporting historical novelist with the truth to fact Antiquaries portrait of Richard III. evidence at all’. Illustration: portrait of of a scrupulous historian’. Editorial: ‘Royal Rumpus: the last Elizabeth of York, NPG. 16 December Plantagenet king should be laid to rest in Leicester Mercury ‘Surprise source for Leicester near where he fell’. ‘Richard III was a real villain, not a pantomime one, yet a pantomime is what the arrangements for his burial are becoming. On legal and archaeological precedent, his remains ought to be interred in Leicester Cathedral’. 28 November Times Letter: ‘Villain of the piece’ arguing that the Shakespearean view of Richard III portrayed in yesterday’s editorial was wrong as he introduced the right to bail plus other judicial reforms. 29 November

31 Looking for RICHARD

Richard III’s plaque revealed as child’s reconstruction of Richard III. play’. In June, reader Duncan Lucas had 29 December sent a picture of a plaque showing Mail on Sunday ‘Event: Television: That ‘Richard III leaving Leicester for was the year of . . . the BBC’s historical Bosworth’. This was reproduced again drama, The White Queen’. ‘I had no with an explanation of its origin from interest in the story and watched each Geoffrey Wheeler. The plaque was based week for the inaccuracies alone . . .’. on an oil painting with the same title, by Illustration: Rebecca Ferguson as C. L. Doughty, created as an illustration Elizabeth. for the former children’s educational 31 December magazine Look and Learn. The original Independent ‘Section 2: the Big Read: ‘So illustration is reproduced on the right. how was it for you?’. ‘For people who 19 December made the news in 2013 it will a year to Times Higher Education ‘Holy famous, in remember or one to try and forget. But whole and parts: a thread of celebrity what happened once the media moved weaves through a masterful study of on?’. Number 6 was Philippa Langley cults of Christian icons’, a review of Why who ‘hit the headlines after her Can the Dead Do Such Great Things by emotional discovery of Richard III’s body Robert Bartlett (see introduction). in a Leicester car park . . . She quickly had 20 December to adjust to the media spotlight and her Church Times ‘Review of 2013’ included a emotional reaction to the discovery soon reminder that Richard III’s remains are caught the public’s imagination’. ‘awaiting a final resting place’. Illustration: Philippa with the new facial Illustration: Richard III’s skeleton. reconstruction of Richard III. Battle of Wakefield and the death of the New Statesman ‘Know‐Alls House Party: Times ‘New Year Honours’ OBE: ‘Richard duke of York (see also This England New Statesman Christmas Quiz’. John Buckley Co‐director of University of Annual December) and for 3 Jan. 1431 the Question 6 was: ‘the bones of Richard III Leicester Archaeological Service, for capture of Joan of Arc. were found in Leicester under which ‘services to archaeology’. 24 December location? Answer: ‘a car park’. December Guardian ‘Stories of 2013: Maev Kennedy Illustration: facial reconstruction of BBC History Magazine Letter: ‘Proved meets the man who found Richard III in Richard III adorning a Christmas bauble. right on Richard III’ a comment on the a Leicester car park: “I don’t have a (shown here) November review of The King’s Grave, problem if he did murder the princes in pointing out many years ago in an article the Tower”.’ Mathew Morris reflects on by David Baldwin on Leicester unexpectedly finding the king: ‘for what Greyfriars it was suggested that future it’s worth, I think he should stay in archaeological investigation might Leicester. Nobody wanted him in 1485. uncover the king’s grave (Journal He has become part of the history of the Leicestershire Archaeol & Hist Soc 1986). city’. Illustrations: Mathew Morris and Current Archaeology (issue 285) ‘Found: the skeleton of Richard III. Richard III’s lost chapel’ archaeologists Independent ‘The Whittaker Quiz of the believe they have discovered the site of Year. Round 4: Go figure’ from relevant the Towton battlefield chantry chapel, numbers illustrated. One question was the construction of which was com‐ the ‘number of injuries discovered on the missioned by Richard III in 1483 and was skeleton of King Richard III ?’. Answer: Times Diary: a letter to a Yorkshire paper unfinished when he died. Illustrations: 10. has suggested that Richard III’s remains fragment of a masonry window mullion 26 December spend six months of the year in Leicester and a short length of excavated wall Times ‘So where were you in 2013?’. and the other six in York. foundation. ‘Current Archaeology on Question 4 in the news quiz was: 21 December Facebook’ with a new design for Richard ‘Richard III’s long winter of discontent Leicester Mercury ‘Richard III: after legal III’s tomb unveiled, they asked people has ended, the toppled King made advice, authority changes its stance. what they thought of it. The nine glorious at last in the sun of Leicester car Council in U‐turn over “custodian of opinions listed varied from liking the park. Why is a new Plantagenet Alliance bones” claim’. See introduction, illus‐ design to comparing it with ‘a religious fighting on his behalf?’ The correct tration: facial reconstruction of Richard bar of soap’ and ‘a Battenberg cake’. answer was: ‘They argue the arch Yorkist III. Genealogists Magazine (vol. 31, No 4) New should be buried in York not Leicester’. 22 December Developments in Medieval Genealogy: 27 December Observer ‘News Review: discover quiz’. ‘What’s in a Pedigree? The Mysterious Private Eye ‘Dumb Britain: Tipping Point Question 22: ‘DNA testing confirmed Elizabeth Lumley’, she was an (ITV)’, Ben Shepherd: ‘Which fortress furniture store owner Michael Ibsen as a illegitimate daughter of Edward IV complex is the Tower mentioned in the living descendant of Richard III, whose probably born in 1462, making her his legend of the “Princes in the Tower?”. remains were found beneath a car park eldest child, one of her descendants Contestant: ‘Alcatraz?’. in Leicester, but which country was Ibsen apparently is the Duchess of Cambridge 28 December born in?’ Answer: Canada. (see also Bulletin June 1979 & J. Independent ‘Radar: Review of the year’, Sunday Telegraph ‘News Review: Have Ashdown‐Hill’s article June 1999). featured the remains of Richard III and a yourself a Horrible Christmas’ by Terry Rescue News (No 119) ‘ “A Hearse! A reminder that he was the ninth most Deary, includes ‘Twelve days of Hearse! My Kingdom for a hearse!”: the popular Twitter UK ‘Top UK News Disasters’ citing for 30 Dec. 1460 the ongoing debate over the reburial of Trending story’ in 2013. Illustration: facial

32 Looking for RICHARD

Richard III and his legacy’. A discussion views on the discovery of Richard III’s Archaeology’, more about the discovery of the various proposals and fractions remains (see introduction) are followed of the Towton chantry chapel (see involved with the debate over Richard up by his sour reflections on a recent visit above). Illustration: fragment of a III’s place of reburial. Illustrations: to St Mary’s Chapel at Lead, near the site masonry window mullion. ‘Books Extra’ collage of news headlines, the burial of of the Battle of Towton. Alan was featured brief reviews of The King’s Grave Richard III and the proposed tomb chest incensed by the presence of the ‘gaudy’ described as ‘an extraordinary story’ and design. banner he found ‘draped in front of the Richard III: the king under the car park The Spink Insider (No 7 Winter 2013) altar’ of this redundant medieval chapel, by Mathew Morris and Richard Buckley Historic British coins by William apparently ‘advertising the Richard III (2013), ‘the archaeology of Richard III’s Mackay, ‘No 8: The catte, the ratte and Society’ and he was so angry that he Leicester and his grave authoritatively Lovell our dogge, rulyth all England wished that he could have destroyed it. told by the men who did the excavation’. under a hogge, the unfortunate reign of 14 January Illustrations: both book covers. Richard III’. A short account of the Daily Mail ‘I’m Jon the Conqueror: BBC History Magazine ‘History Extra: coinage of Richard III’s reign and aspects hospital porter claims direct line to what do you think about the ongoing of his life. Illustration: a groat of Richard William I. And is this the proof?’ dispute about where the remains of III with a London mintmark. Someone has claimed that William I was Richard III should be buried?’ Of the five This England Annual 2014 ‘Nursery his 27th great grandfather on the basis of published opinions two favoured Rhymes & Hidden Heritage’. Article by their family tree (which apparently starts Leicester and one York. Lucy Evans incorrectly claims that the in AD 519: producing it has cost over Museums Journal ‘Profile: the return of the rhyme: ‘The Grand Old Duke of York’ £30,000 and it has taken 28 years to king’. Charlotte Barratt has been ridicules the defeat of Richard complete) and a ‘strong’ facial appointed outreach officer for the Plantagenet at Sandal Castle during the resemblance to fictional images of the University of Leicester; she plans to Battle of Wakefield in 1460, which the Norman king (see introduction). Richard undertake school outreach work Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes III features in his family tree as ‘a fifth concerning the discovery of Richard III. (1966, pp. 242–3) states refers to cousin 20 times removed’. Illustrations: Illustration: view of the 2012 excavation. Frederick duke of York (1763–1827), Jon Blackmore and a photo‐fit with a The Psychologist (Vol. 22, No 1) ‘Presid‐ second son of George III, confusingly the seventeenth‐century carved image of his ent’s column by Richard Mallows’. ‘As a subject of the published illustration. The supposed ancestor from the Tower of York resident’ he has an opinion on rhyme may refer to the disastrous 1799 London’s ‘Line of Kings’ and a printed where Richard III should be reburied. Dutch campaign, which he commanded. portrait of William (NPG on display in Illustration: portrait of Richard III (NPG), However, the author was correct about the Long Gallery of Montacute House). captioned ‘another Richard of York’. ‘Humpty Dumpty’, which refers to an 18 January incident involving a cannon at the siege Times ‘Alfred’s pelvis gives scientists February 2014 of Colchester during the Second English something to chew on’ (see intro‐ Current Archaeology (No 287) ‘Current Civil War (1648) and not Richard III (see duction). Illustrations: Archaeology Awards: archaeologist of Bulletin Dec. 2012, pp. 39‐40) Illus‐ nineteenth‐century engraving of Alfred the year’, candidates included Richard trations: vignette of the Hanoverian and cartoon. Editorial: ‘King of Kings: Buckley. The discovery of Richard III’s Duke and Wakefield Cathedral. Alfred the Great’s bones seem to have remains was the 2012 Current Archaeology been found in Winchester: who next?’, Research Project of the year (see Bulletin January 2014 contrasting the rediscovery of Richard III June 2013, p. 49) 9 January with that of Alfred, who died ‘1,115 years London Review of Books ‘Diary’ by Alan ago’. Bennett. 4th February, his dismissive British Archaeology (No 134) ‘Britain in Bruce Watson and

Submissions to the Bulletin

Contributions to the Bulletin are welcomed from all members. All articles and images should be e‐mailed to: [email protected] preferably as MS Word file attachments and jpeg files respectively. We welcome submissions of photos (preferably high‐resolution digital images) from members – of events, objects, places and people with Ricardian or Society relevance, whether or not in connection with a submitted article or letter; we hope to build up an image bank for use in future issues of the Bulletin in this way. All photos used will remain the originator’s copyright and will not be re‐used without permission. Submission deadlines (articles should be sent well in advance of thse dates): March edition 1 January June edition 1 April September edition 1 July December edition 1 October

33 The Man HIMSELF The scoliosis of King Richard III PETER STRIDE, HASEEB QURESHI, AMIN MASOUMIGANJGAH AND CLARE ALEXANDER

Did he experience pain and disability and what treatment could twenty-first century medicine provide? The discovery of the skeletal remains of Richard III revealed a severe scoliosis, somewhat surprisingly considering his martial prowess. This paper discusses Richard’s disability, and contrasts the available management of scoliosis at three points in history: the time of Richard III, the time of Dr Saxton Barton,1 the founder of The Richard III Society, and the current period.

Introduction probably developed during adolescence and may well The skeleton discovered under the car park at the site of have been visible to those the previous Grey Friars’ church in 2012 was confirmed close to him. Scoliosis is to be that of King Richard III. The spine had a severe detected in children today by scoliosis, for which there are many therapeutic options simply observing the spine today, including the surgery performed on a current from behind when the child member of the royal family. Did Richard suffer pain or bends over, as shown in disability because of this abnormality? Figure 2. It is hard to believe that those who dressed the Before the Plantagenet monarchs monarch could not have seen such an abnormality, but no The ancient Hindu epics first described spinal record exists of any deformities and the use of axial traction as therapy five abnormality being detected millennia ago. Hippocrates (460–370 BC) used the term by his adherents during his scoliosis, meaning bending, to describe any spinal lifetime. Figure 1. Richard’s skeleton. deformity, including those caused by injury. Galen (130– © University of Leicester 200 AD) used the term as we do today, to describe lateral Diagnosis, definition and curvatures only. The ancient Greeks utilised traction, either on a rack, or by suspending the body vertically, measurement of severity either feet‐down or head‐down, utilising the body’s Scoliosis is defined as a 10° or greater lateral curvature weight, or spinal compression while lying on a hard of the spine on a coronal radiographic image while board as therapies. Diets, massage and herbal therapy standing erect. A simple spinal X‐ray remains the gold were also applied with little progress over the next 1500 standard of imaging for the evaluation of scoliosis.5, 6 years.2, 3 The degree of severity or curvature is measured by the Cobb angle, named after the American orthopaedic Fifteenth century – the man himself Although no physical abnormalities were recorded Figure 2. The Adam’s forward bend test performed by (left) a patient without scoliosis, and (right) a patient with scoliosis during Richard’s lifetime, nor when his naked corpse showing a rib prominence. was displayed after he was betrayed and killed at the battle of Bosworth, in the years after his death there were allegations of skeletal abnormalities. Rous stated that his right shoulder was higher than the left; Thomas More stated that the left was higher than the right, and Polydore Vergil stated that one was higher than the other. Sceptics attributed such ambiguous but malicious statements to Henry Tudor, who was far from being the heir to the throne and had a need to denigrate his predecessor, as we see in politicians today justifying their limited claims to leadership. However, Richard’s skel eton revealed a severe scoliosis4 (Figure 1) which 34 The Man HIMSELF surgeon (1903–1967). The top and bottom vertebrae of present with pain. The incidence of backache is slightly the curved section with the most tilt are identified; more than in the general population but is never parallel lines are drawn along the top of the upper disabling. vertebra and along the bottom of the lower vertebra to the point at which they intersect. The angle at which The natural history of scoliosis and the risk they intersect is the Cobb angle (Figure 3). Richard had factors for curve progression. a Cobb angle of 85°, indicating a severe scoliosis The two‐ or three‐year adolescent growth spurt Scoliosis may be seen associated with a variety of strikingly increases progression of scoliosis curves, then neurological syndromes and other diseases such as by the time growth is completed progress slows or muscular dystrophy and neurofibromatosis and is ceases. There is a tendency for minor scoliosis, 10–20°, known as syndromic scoliosis. There is no evidence of not to progress after the second decade of life, but more Richard having any associated disease. Congenital severe scoliosis, 40–50°, progresses throughout adult life. scoliosis can be seen in neo‐natal infants; however, the Bone maturity and severity of curvature are therefore the cause of scoliosis is unknown in most cases, though major factors when considering spinal surgery. In one there is a mild genetic association. Scoliosis is more series of 205 cases, 16% of those with a curvature of 20° concordant in monozygotic (identical) twins than at the onset of puberty, eventually required surgery, but dizygotic (non‐identical) twins, and certain genetic all those with a curvature greater than 30° at the same protein mutations are imputed as possible causes. stage required surgery.4, 5 In another series of 133 patients However, research is ongoing and the known or followed for 40 years, 68% showed deteriorating scoliosis believed remains of Richard’s father, the duke of York, after skeletal maturity. However those with a scoliosis and of his brothers, Edward, Edmund and George, at less than 30° did not get worse, while those with burial, reinterment or coffin‐opening, have no curvatures worse than 50° progressed at 1% per year. documentation of scoliosis. If not congenital it is then Infantile and syndromic scoliosis are associated with an known as idiopathic scoliosis, which is subclassified as increased risk of heart and lung disease, but there is no infantile between birth and the age of 3 years, juvenile clear evidence that this is also true of mild idiopathic between 3 and 10 years of age, and adolescent, the more adolescent scoliosis. common form that is suspected in Richard, after the age of 10 years. This is found in some 2% of adolescents, but Pain and disability only a fifth of these require any treatment. Speculation has arisen about any symptoms Richard may have experienced, particularly pain, reduced life How does adolescent idiopathic scoliosis expectancy or respiratory difficulties. Twentieth‐century present itself? research answers some of those questions. Most people with scoliosis are identified by an observer, A study of 2,442 individuals with scoliosis found that perhaps a relative, doctor or school nurse (or in Richard’s only 23% had pain when scoliosis was first detected, case a dresser) or the individual themselves, noting some and 9% developed pain later, leaving 68% with no skeletal abnormality such as uneven shoulders, or pain.5, 6, 7 A third of those with pain also had additional prominence of one hip or some ribs (see Figure 2) Few spinal problems, including osteoarthritis, posterior

Figure 3. Cobb angle and Richard’s skeleton. © Dr Brett Diaz

35 The Man HIMSELF vertebral displacement or a spinal tumour, which Twentieth century Richard did not. Many have suggested that Richard The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 by the would have been in constant severe pain, but this may Liverpool consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, S. not be correct. Pain is not a common feature of scoliosis Saxon Barton MRCOG (1892–1957), as the Fellowship of alone and not disabling. Pain from scoliosis is more at the White Boar. Its membership was originally a small the end of the day and gets better with rest. group of interested amateur historians whose aim was An alternative perspective on the possibility of to bring about a reassessment of the reputation of Richard suffering severe pain is obtained from a self‐ Richard III. Saxon Barton was a recognised authority on selected group of 101 adult patients analysed by King Richard III and, as secretary of the Fellowship in Jackson8 who actually presented with back pain. In this 1934, erected a stained‐glass window in Middleham group, aged between 20 and 63, the average age for Church, Yorkshire, to commemorate Richard III. He died developing pain was 28, late in Richard’s life. The following a motor accident in Wales, apparently an severity of pain correlated with the severity of the unhappy place for Ricardians. Saxton Barton is relevant scoliosis: those with a 40° curvature had infrequent mild also because his lifetime encompassed both the initial pain, while those like Richard with a scoliosis over 70° development of X‐rays by Wilhelm Röntgen to the mostly had severe daily disabling pain. Scoliosis widespread use of radiology in clinical practice, involving the lumbar spine caused more pain than including evaluation of scoliosis, and the description of thoracic deformity. Richard’s scoliosis extended from the Cobb angle to assess severity of scolioses. Robert the forth thoracic vertebra to the second lumbar Lovett was the acknowledged expert in the early vertebra. The extent and severity of Richard’s curvature twentieth century and recommended forcible correction suggest serious discomfort would have developed had of scoliosis with the use of plaster of Paris jackets.10 he lived longer. Early attempts at bone surgery in the early decades of the The other question about reduced health, respiratory twentieth century were largely unsuccessful because of problems and shortened life expectancy can only be recurrence and progress of the curvature. answer by studies that observe only adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cases over several decades, with Twenty-first century cases of infantile scoliosis and scoliosis due to other Monday 4 February 2013 was a monumentally important diseases eliminated from the analysis. A study from day for Ricardians. The University of Leicester held a Sweden9 recruited 130 patients with scoliosis between press conference to confirm the identity of the Greyfriars 1927 and 1937 and reported a follow‐up study in 1992 of car park skeleton as Richard III. Two of the world’s 115 of them – thus some had been followed for nearly 60 Dr Samuel Saxon Barton (1892–1957), OBE, FRSA, Founder of the years. An increased mortality was found in post‐ Richard III Society. Artist Mavis Blackburn (1923‐2005) poliomyelitis, infantile and juvenile scoliosis, but not in Reproduced by kind permission of the Williamson Gallery, the 52 individuals with adolescent scoliosis. However, Birkenhead. when the cases were subdivided by severity, there was an increase in the death rate, particularly from respiratory disease for those with severe scoliosis, defined as a curvature greater than 70°. The volume of the lungs and the chest doubles during adolescence, hence normal thoracic spinal growth is necessary. Jackson,8 in his series of adults with back pain, also found that lung capacity decreased with increasing curvature. A pubertal male with a thoracic scoliosis of greater than 50° will have diminished lung volumes and a fifteenfold increased risk for shortness of breath by the age of 30. Available therapies Fifteenth century Little progress in medicine followed for a millennium and a half to the fifteenth century. Lund4 suggests that Richard could have been treated with massage, herbal applications, traction and a metal or wooded board to wear, little different from Hippocrates time. No effective therapy was available to Richard.

36 The Man HIMSELF leading medical journals published articles about idiopathic adult scoliosis very shortly afterwards, the New England Journal of Medicine only 24 days later5 and the British Medical Journal on 30 April.6 Curiously there was no editorial comment on Richard III, but these publications scarcely seem a coincidence. Subsequent clinical information in this article is taken from these two up‐to‐date and relevant articles. How is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis managed? None of the treatments, such as traction or compression, Figure 4. Pre‐ and post‐operative spinal X‐rays with correction of available during Richard’s lifetime have any proven the scoliosis benefit in the treatment of scoliosis, and the same is true of many more modern therapies, whether evidence‐ When should surgery be considered? based such as physiotherapy and dietetics, or the many Surgery is the only proven effective therapy for severe therapies ‘du jour’ that lack scientific data. scoliosis in adolescents, originally introduced in the 1960s, involved surgical fusion of the spine with internal Casts and bracing fixation with a stainless‐steel rod, known as the Medical convention recommends plaster casts only for Harrington rod, to maintain the spine in a straighter infantile scoliosis. They may reduce curvature position (see Figure 4). Surgery is mostly indicated in progression and delay the need for surgery. It is mostly patients with Cobb angle more than 50°, increasing curve indicated for flexible curve of 20–30° in a growing child in growing child or significant cosmetic deformity. In with documented progression of 5° or more, and also modern era, given the above indications, Richard would some cosmetically acceptable curves with of up to 45°. definitely have had surgery well before the age at which Surgery is indicated in patients with curves of more than he died. 50°. In pre‐pubertal individuals bracing may be Harrington described his new technique as inserting beneficial for those with a moderate scoliosis of less than stainless steel rods attached to the outside of the 35°. A brace is usually more beneficial if worn for 23 vertebrae which could exert pressure on the spine hours, but part‐time protocols are instituted due to during surgery to correct the misalignment and compliance issues. In today’s world, Richard would have maintain that correction.12 Harrington rods were used been treated with bracing or surgery during his knightly for about 30 years, but more modern designs are training, depending on severity of his disease and composed of titanium. Spinal curves of greater than 50° progression. Richard became involved in the rough tend to progress slowly after maturity. Therefore a solid politics of the Wars of the Roses at an early age, and surgical spinal fusion is considered for the 10% of became sole commander at age of 17. Given difficult adolescents with severe scoliosis, characterised by a circumstances and the fact that scoliosis is commonly a Cobb angle curve that is greater than 45–50°, not only to pain‐free condition, he may have ignored it totally. prevent curve progression, but also to improve the However, medical knowledge progresses rapidly. A cosmetic appearance by correcting the deformity. randomised trial comparing bracing with observation Unfortunately surgery has not yet been proven to cure for idiopathic scoliosis, published online in the New back pain, or improve functional status. England Journal of Medicine on 19 September 2013, enrolled 242 adolescents with moderate scoliosis Other known cases of scoliosis defined as a Cobb angle of 20–40°.11 The brace was a rigid device extending from the chest to the hips. After Scoliosis appears to be no barrier to physical prowess an average of nearly two years, 52% of the untreated and reproductive success. Athletes known to have group had progressed to a 50° scoliosis, the point at scoliosis include the sprinter Usain Bolt, winner of six which surgery is considered as a treatment option, but Olympic gold medals, and the swimmer Janet Evans, only 28% of the group wearing a brace deteriorated to winner of four Olympic gold medals and mother of two this point. The success rate depended on the hours children. Elizabeth Taylor, the actress, had eight during which the brace was worn. Those wearing the marriages, seven husbands and four children and was a brace for six or fewer hours per day had a 40% success grandmother by the age of 39. A Princess of York, rate, while those wearing it for 12 or more hours a day nineteen generations and over 500 years after Richard, had a 90% success rate. Richard would have benefited Princess Eugenie, also had a scoliosis for which she had from such a device; perhaps he should have worn his insertion of two titanium rods in 2002 with no reported suit of armour for longer periods! residual disability. 37 The Man HIMSELF

6. Altaf, F., Gibson, A., Dannawi, Z. and Conclusion ‘Richard might Noordeen, H. (2013) ‘Adolescent Idiopathic well have Scoliosis’, British Medical Journal, 346 f2508. Current medical opinion indicates that developed DOI 10.1136/bmj.f2508 4. Richard did not have severe back pain, nor 7. Asher M. and Burton, D. (2006) any major limitation of activity up to the increasing ‘Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: natural time of his death. However, he might well respiratory history and long term treatment effects’, have developed increasing respiratory problems during Scoliosis, 1 (2). problems during his fourth and fifth his fourth and fifth 8. Jackson, R., Simmons, E. and Stripinis, decades, with a reduced life span. Today decades, with a D. (1989) ‘Coronal and Sagittal Plane Spinal Richard’s scoliosis would be regarded as reduced life span.’ Deformities Correlated with Back Pain and severe, perhaps necessitating a spinal Pulmonary Function in Adult Idiopathic fusion and insertion of titanium rods prior Scoliosis’, Spine, 14 (12), pp. 1391–7. to his involvement in the battles of Barnet and 9. Pehrsson, K., Larsson, S., Oden, A. and Nachernson, Tewksbury. Perhaps Richard would have preferred a A. (1992) ‘Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Patients with valiant death after a glorious cavalry charge than to suffer Untreated Scoliosis’, Spine, 17 (9), pp. 1091–6. a miserable death with increasing pain, disability and 10. Lovett, R. (1913) ‘The Treatment of Scoliosis’,New breathless ness? England Journal of Medicine, 169, pp. 629–35. Bibliography 11. Weinstein, S., Dolan, L., Wright, J. and Dobbs, M., (2013) ‘Effects of Bracing in Adolescents with 1. Obituary, ‘Saxton Barton’, British Medical Journal, Idiopathic Scoliosis’, New England Journal of Medicine, 1957, (1) 525.2 (published 2 March 1957). DOI 10.1056/NEJMoal 307337. 2. Vasiliadis, E., Grivas, T. and Kaspiris, A. (2009) 12. Harrington, P. R. (1962) ‘Treatment of Scoliosis ‘Historical Overview of Spinal Deformities in Correction and Internal Fixation by Spine Ancient Greece’, Scoliosis, 4 (6). DOI 10.1186/1748‐ Instrumentation’, J. Bone Joint Surg., 44 (4), pp. 591– 7161‐4‐6. 634. 3. Bademci, G., Batay, F. and Sabuncuoglu, H. (2005) ‘First Detailed Description of Axial Traction Techniques by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu in the 15th This paper was researched and written by Peter Stride MB BS, Century’, Eur. Spine J., 14 (8), pp. 810–12. DOI MRCP (UK), FRACP, FRCPEdin, FRCP Senior Lecturer, 10.1007/s00586‐005‐0889‐3. University of Queensland School of Medicine; Haseeb Qureshi 4. www.archaeology.org/news/803‐130419‐richard‐iii‐ MB BS; Amin Masoumiganjgah MD (Tabriz) Orthopaedic england‐scoliosis. Registrars, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland; 5. Hresko, M. T. (2013) ‘Idiopathic Scoliosis in Clare Alexander BCom (McGill) GMC4 Medical Student, Adolescents’, New England Journal of Medicine, 368, University of Queensland School of Medicine. pp. 834–41. DOI 10.1056/NEJMcp120906 3.

A new bust of Richard III

Steve Leadley, a former modeller with Royal Doulton, approached the Society some months ago with a request for permission to be allowed to make a bust of King Richard based upon the facial reconstruction. Following much discussion over the details, the bust has been completed and the Society is offering copies for sale. They will all be hand-made and they will not be mass-produced. Consequently, it will be necessary to take orders and for them to be fulfilled in rotation. Orders will be acknowledged, by e-mail if possible, but members are asked to be patient if they do not receive the bust immediately. They are made in resin with a polished bronze finish and are quite heavy, hence the cost for postage. If you are in a position to wait and collect from a Society meeting, you will save yourself part of the cost. Price, on application, is likely to be around £60.00 plus P&P.

Please make out your cheques to ‘The Richard III Society’ and write ‘R3 bust’ on the back. Orders should be sent to the Sales Officer (address in contacts list on inside back cover)

38 ARTICLES THE THIRD PLANTAGENET: George, duke of Clarence, Richard III’s brother JOHN ASHDOWN-HILL In 2004 I discovered the mtDNA of Richard III and his siblings – a discovery which subsequently played a large part in persuading Leicester City Council to agree to the search for Richard III’s lost remains. My discovery also played a significant role in identifying Richard III’s body during the winter of 2012/13, once his bones had been found. However, as most members of the Richard III Society they had probably served in his armies and had worn his already know, my original DNA research was not directly livery and his badges. As a result of this family linked to Richard III himself. I started the DNA work at connection, I had also discovered, some years ago, that the request of Belgian colleagues, who hoped to identify the parish church of those ancestors of mine, in Dorset, possible remains of Richard’s sister, Margaret, duchess of contained images of George and his wife Isabel. Sadly Burgundy. The key point about the mtDNA sequence George’s face is damaged in the Dorset church image, which I identified is that it was inherited from Cecily though the face of Isabel Neville is intact. However, the Neville, duchess of York, and therefore shared by Richard Dorset images seem to be generally unknown. Of course, III and all his brothers and sisters. they now figure in The Third Plantagenet as illustrations. Thus it was no great surprise to me when, following At the same time I was also interested in George’s the publication of my discovery, I received an e‐mail character. What was he really like – and why? I was from the archaeologist of Tewkesbury Abbey in intrigued by the evidence which I had uncovered relating Gloucestershire. Dr Richard Morris asked me whether to his height and appearance. I was also very intrigued the DNA sequence which I had found could be used to about the case conducted against him in 1477, which try to clarify whether the male bones in the Clarence ultimately led to his execution. Finally, of course, there vault at Tewkesbury did or did not belong to George, was the question about exactly how George had been put duke of Clarence. The bones from the Clarence vault at to death. One generally neglected fifteenth‐century Tewkesbury had been subjected to an examination in the source sheds some light on the manner of his execution. 1980s: an examination which raised serious questions In turn, this had led me on to background studies about about their identity. They appeared to belong to a man why George’s execution was private, and was ultimately too old to have been the duke of Clarence. I was therefore surrounded by so many questions regarding how it was keen to help to resolve the situation if possible. However, carried out. All in all, therefore, it seemed high time for in 2006, when Dr Morris first contacted me, the DNA George to be re‐examined, not only in terms of his sequence which I had discovered had not been putative bones, but also in terms of his entire life story. confirmed. Therefore I suggested that we should wait a Although he naturally figures to some extent in books while. about Edward IV, Richard III, and other members of the Early last year, however, Dr Morris contacted me house of York, only one full book had been previously again. The DNA sequence of Cecily Neville’s children been published about George – False, Fleeting, Perjur’d having now been confirmed; it seemed worth taking the Clarence, by Michael Hicks. That study contains much investigation of the putative Clarence bones one step valuable information about the duke’s land tenure and further forward. In April last year I therefore spent about his client relationships. However, it is sometimes con‐ a week at Tewkesbury investigating the Clarence vault in fusing in terms of its sources. As a result, some of its great detail. At the same time an osteologist accompanied statements needed to be reinvestigated from scratch. I me and re‐examined in detail the bones from the vault. also felt that George did not fully emerge from any of the The findings, both of my examination of the vault, and of previous writings as an individual human being. One of her examination of the bones, were extremely interesting, my main aims was therefore to try to find out what and comprise chapters of my forthcoming book. George was really like. Of course, this is not easy with a However, my interest in the duke of Clarence was not fifteenth‐century historical figure, but I hope that The restricted to the fate of his physical remains. He had long Third Plantagenet does make some contribution in this been a person who interested and intrigued me. I think direction. my original interest in George was probably hereditary, So how tall was George? What colour was his hair? for he had held a manor in Dorset where some of my Which of his parents and siblings did he most resemble fifteenth‐century ancestors lived. In fact, it seems that physically? How did he feel about Edward IV, and why? 39 ARTICLES

What was his relationship with his younger brother, records of the case against George prove to be, that my Richard? Why did the women of his birth family – study of this has led me on to write yet another book, particularly his sister, Margaret – show such care and which I am working on now. Research on the family of concern for him? And what were his real ambitions? The Richard III is far from finished, of course, and a writer’s Third Plantagenet tries to tackle such points. work is never done! The new book which I am now Of the political issues covered in the book, two seem writing will therefore lead on from The Third to be of overriding importance: George’s relationship Plantagenet, to explore in greater detail the complex with Elizabeth Woodville and her family; and the events issues around what really happened to George’s son, of 1476–8 which led to George’s death. Many questions Warwick, and the so‐called ‘Princes in the Tower’. This surround these issues. Of course, George knew Bishop sequel will be entitled The Dublin King and will be Stillington, but did the bishop reveal embarrassing published early in 2015. And my work on it has led me secrets concerning royal marriages to the duke of on to the possibility of a new piece of DNA research – Clarence? If not, were there other ways in which George this time using not mtDNA but the Y‐chromosome. But might have accessed such information? What caused to carry out this research I need to find some living the deaths of George’s wife, and their youngest son, people who have the surname Simnel(l). So far I have Richard, and what was the duke’s response to these not been able to find any, either in the UK or in traumatic events in his life? What role did Thomas Australasia – but maybe members of the Richard III Burdet play in George’s downfall, and why? How Society have friends with this surname. So if you know important was Ankarette Twynho? My careful re‐ any living Simnel(l))s please contact me! examination of the case conducted against George John can be contacted via his new website, hopefully offers some new insights, together with some www.johnashdownhill.com. The Third Plantagenet: George, fascinating hints of what may really have been duke of Clarence, Richard III’s brother by John Ashdown‐ happening. Hill, The History Press Ltd, ISBN: 978‐0752499499 (hardback), In fact, so engrossing for me did the surviving is due to be published in March this year. WILLIAM HOBBYS – physician and surgeon to the Yorkist kings TONI MOUNT If you have read anything about medieval medical practice, one fact seems to leap out: that physicians – proper university-educated medical doctors – and surgeons – who trained as apprentices to wield a scalpel – were two entirely separate professions, the one tending to look down its nose at the other. One man who appears to have overcome the physician-versus-surgeon problem was William Hobbys.

We are not certain when William Hobbys1 was born, but Hobbys joined the household of his son, now Edward maybe c.1425. His father, John, who died in 1462, was a IV, a move which would set him at the peak of both London surgeon, living in Fetter Lane.2 John Hobbys was professions. Although his training and university a member of the Fellowship or Mystery of Barber‐ education had been costly (according to his father’s will Surgeons of London and had a sizeable library of of June 1462, William still owed him £12), the medical books. He took his son William on as an investment certainly paid off because, mainly as a result apprentice to teach him the surgeons’ craft, but then John of royal patronage, Hobbys became a very wealthy man. did something most unusual in his lad’s training: he sent As ‘principal surgeon of the royal body’ he was granted him to read medicine at Oxford University. In January an annual fee of 40 marks (£26 13s. 4d. or £26.66) for life 1459, after 3 years of study and 12 of practice, William in 1462 and when parliament tried to reverse similar Hobbys was awarded the degree of bachelor of medicine grants to the king’s retainers for reasons of economy in and permitted to lecture on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. 1473, ‘our trusty and well‐beloved servant, William He then moved to Cambridge where he became a doctor Hobbys, cirurgion for oure body’ was specifically of medicine (MD) three years later. exempted. In 1479, he became the first non‐clerical Unlike most English physicians, Hobbys managed to master of St Mary of Bethlehem, the London hospital for avoid taking holy orders – we don’t know how but the insane, a post which also came with a stipend. perhaps because his surgical training disqualified him – Hobbys attended and treated the king regularly as so he was free to practise as both a physician and a the monarch’s health and that of his household surgeon. His expertise in both fields brought him to the required. He accompanied King Edward’s expedition to notice of Richard, duke of York, who retained him as his France in 1475 along with two other royal physicians, medicus et sirurgicus.3 When York was killed in 1460, Jacques [Jacobus] Frise and William Hatcliff, and twelve 40 ARTICLES lesser surgeons. Among these last were Richard William in bed with a prostitute, both of them naked. Chambyr and John Staveley (given as ‘Stanley’ in a When they dared to tell Hobbys’ wife, Alice, seventeenth‐century copy of the original indenture).4 sometime before Christmas that year, she claimed she’d Later, in 1482, Hobbys was sent at the head of eight had no idea of her husband’s adultery. In 1476, unable other surgeons to serve the king’s brother, Richard, to live with her philandering husband, she brought a duke of Gloucester, on his successful Scottish campaign, case against him in the church court held in St Paul’s when Berwick was besieged and became part of cathedral. Surprisingly, the court found in her favour – England once and for all. Hobbys’ work with Richard it was rare for a husband’s adultery to be considered ensured his continuing royal service when the duke such a serious breach of canon law. Divorce was never became king in 1483. In fact, he was promoted to the an option in medieval England, but Alice was granted prestigious post of royal physician, with a considerable permission to quit her husband’s ‘bed and board’.5 In rise in salary to £40 a year. other words, the couple legally separated, but neither Despite the time he spent in the king’s service, was free to marry again. Hobbys managed to run his own practice in London In his will, William’s wife is mentioned but he made where his royal success attracted other wealthy patients, no provisions for her except to request prayers for ‘the so it isn’t surprising that his will, drawn up in Latin on souls of William Hobbys and Alice’. He stipulates that the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (15 his daughter, Agnes, who was to be one of his executors, August) 1488, shows he had quite a collection of plate, may have the things he bequeathed to her ‘with the tapestries and hangings to bequeath, some of which permission of her abbess’, so it appears she was a nun. may have been payment in kind for medical treatment. Hobbys made bequests to Mercy and John Staveley – However, when the battle of Bosworth brought down the young surgeon who had been a witness and testified the House of York that he had served so well, Hobbys against him in 1476. It seems Staveley may have been was set aside by the new Tudor not only one of his apprentices but also regime, despite his medical skills, ‘The deeply religious his son‐in‐law, married to William and bringing his long association with the tone and charitable Alice’s daughter, Mercy. Hobbys also crown to an end. But he was proud of left two text books to William Staveley, his years of loyal service to Richard, bequests that Hobbys put in who may have been his grandson. One duke of York, and his two sons and his will were probably very of the books was entitled Compendium instructed in his will that the details necessary for the benefit of Qui Adiscit de Arto Generali, a should be carved on his tombstone in his soul, because he was compilation that covered ‘the general Holy Trinity Priory at Aldgate in guilty of quite a few sins.’ arts’ and would have included London. William Hobbys died on 27 medicine, so perhaps the young man September 1488. The bequest of an was following his grandfather and father ornate silver cup and £5 to the barbers of London into the medical profession, though whether as a suggests that he had not forgotten the lower orders of physician or surgeon, or both, we don’t know. the craft with whom he had begun his illustrious career William Hobbys’ career had been unusual, busy and but few others took this unusual path of combining the illustrious but not without its darker side. Nevertheless, roles of physician and surgeon. his unfaithfulness to Alice seems to have done nothing The deeply religious tone and charitable bequests to hinder his rise in the service of kings and he remained that Hobbys put in his will were probably very faithful to the House of York until the end. necessary for the benefit of his soul, because he was guilty of quite a few sins. William had been married to 1. Although the DNB spells the surname ‘Hobbes’, as his wife, Alice, for 20 years and they had five children do the Exchequer and Calendar Rolls, I have used but he hardly remained faithful to her. In June 1475, two ‘Hobbys’ from the form in the will because, medical men were called to attend a brothel‐keeper who according to the probate endnote, the testator wrote had been injured in a fight at a Southwark stew. Having the original document personally so it seems he tended the patient, the surgeon, Robert Halyday, spelled his name in that way. glanced through a spy‐hole in the wall into the next 2. R. Theodore Beck (1974) The Cutting Edge, pp.161–2. cubicle. There he saw his colleague, William Hobbys, in 3. PROB 11/8 William Hobbys, Milles [register] 17 the arms of a pretty young prostitute. Halyday was October 1488. master of the Barber‐Surgeons Guild and reprimanded 4. British Library MS Stowe 440 extracted out of the Hobbys on his behaviour as being liable to bring the indentures of military service preserved in the Office guild’s good name into disrepute. Yet just a month or so of Pells by the industry of Sir William Le Neve, Knt, later, while they were serving in France with King Clarenceux King of Arms before 1664. Edward, his fellow surgeons, Richard Chambyr and 5. London Metropolitan Archives, DL/C/0205, f. 315r– John Staveley, noticed William sneaking off to the local 320r. brothels in the evenings. Worse still, Chambyr caught 41 ARTICLES NOT Richard de la Pole FREDERICK HEPBURN A flurry of interest was created among Ricardians in September last year when a brief notice appeared in The Times concerning a portrait which, it was claimed, might be a likeness of Richard de la Pole, a nephew of Richard III.1 This would have been an exciting discovery, if only the claim had been true.

Like his elder brothers, John, earl of Lincoln (killed at the December 2010, and is described in the sale catalogue as battle of Stoke in 1487), and Edmund, earl of Suffolk ‘French school, c. 1630: Portrait of a nobleman, (executed in 1513), Richard de la Pole actively upheld the traditionally identified as Philip I, King of Castile’. It Yorkist claim to the throne. Known as ‘The White Rose’, came from the collection of the viscounts Mountgarrett, he eluded the grasp of the Tudors by living under the and had earlier belonged to the Tempest family at Tong protection of various European leaders and continued to Hall in West Yorkshire. It is painted in oils on a wooden plot against Henry VIII until 1525, when he died fighting panel measuring only 27.7 by 21.6 cm.2 The ‘traditional’ for Francis I of France at the battle of Pavia. My purpose identification of the sitter as Philip I of Castile (better in writing this piece is to argue that, unfortunately, the known as Archduke Philip the Fair, son of Emperor portrait in question does not represent him. Maximilian I) is unquestionably wrong: Philip’s The portrait was sold at Christie’s, London, in appearance is well known from many portraits in a variety of media, and he died in 1506, long before the Charles, duke of Bourbon. Watercolour facsimile, by Geoffrey style of costume depicted here became fashionable. The Times Wheeler, of the portrait which appeared in on 10 According to the notice in The Times, the portrait September 2013. Reproduced by kind permission of Geoffrey Wheeler came to the attention of Dr Anthony Gross, who considered the possibility that it might represent Charles, duke of Bourbon, Constable of France (1490– 1527), but rejected this on the grounds that the likeness was not convincing. In the newspaper report Dr Gross is quoted as saying, ‘There is a lifetime portrait of the Constable and this looks nothing like him.’ Dr Gross also noticed that in the sitter’s hat there is a large oval jewel with an image of a white hart at its centre. Knowing that the white hart was regarded as a royal beast and had occasionally been used as a badge by Edward IV, Dr Gross suggested that the portrait might instead represent Richard de la Pole as a Yorkist claimant to the English throne. There are in fact two drawings by the French court artist Jean Clouet which are usually called Charles de Bourbon and do not look like the man in the portrait. But there is an element of doubt here in that the identity of the sitter in these drawings is uncertain: they seem to show two different people and it may be that neither was Bourbon.3 More crucially, there exist several painted and engraved versions of a likeness which is clearly identified by labels as Charles de Bourbon and is of the same type as the portrait in question. The most distinctive features of this image are that it shows the bearded sitter in profile wearing a coif of gold netting on his head. Over this is a black velvet cap, worn tilted to one side so that the circular brim looks like a kind of halo. The underside of the brim is decorated with gold aglets and the large oval jewel, or enseigne; an ostrich plume with its quill end at the back of the cap projects forwards above the sitter’s ear. These features characterised what seems to have been accepted as the standard image of Bourbon. They are seen in a drawing, presumably early in date, which 42 ARTICLES

the painting of the coif. Judging from the examples mentioned above, the coif should have been shown with a prominent jewel at the front. In the other examples the protruding form of the jewel interrupts the smoothly curved outline of the coif seen against the brim of the cap. Here, however, although the outline is broken (immediately below the oval enseigne), there is no jewel. Secondly, it is of relevance that the badge of the fifteenth‐century dukes of Bourbon, which would certainly have been inherited by Charles, was a flying stag.7 It is not difficult to see how this might have been misinterpreted by an artist who was not familiar with it and may possibly not even have been working in a French context. There is, to the best of my knowledge, no painted portrait of Richard de la Pole. He is shown, as a small figure lying among the dead and conveniently labelled with his name, in a panoramic view of the battle of Pavia which was painted soon after the event and now hangs among the founder’s collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.8 Elsewhere in the same painting, Charles de Bourbon, who by 1525 had defected from France and was fighting for the Emperor Charles V, leads a mass of imperial troops into the fray.

References

1. ‘Rebel found with the hunchback’s badge’, The Times, 10 September 2013, noted by Bruce Watson and Geoffrey Wheeler in the December Bulletin, p. 34. As is now well known (or so one would have thought!), Richard III was not a ‘hunchback’; and his badge was Charles, duke of Bourbon. Engraving, late 16th or early 17th century, by Thomas de Leu. (The image is, of course, reversed in a white boar, not the white hart that is featured in the engraving process.) the portrait discussed here. 2. Christie’s, London: Old Master and 19th Century was at one time attributed to Jean Clouet.4 They also Paintings, Drawings and Watercolours, sale catalogue, 8 appear very clearly in a seventeenth‐century painting December 2010, p. 64, lot 176. I should like to record that forms part of the vast series of copies of portraits of my thanks to Sandra Romito, Director and specialist worthies at the Château de Beauregard in the Loire in old master and British paintings, and Karen Irby, valley.5 For the engraved image of Bourbon in his Les graduate intern, at Christie’s, for tracking this down Vrais Pourtraits et Vies des Hommes Illustres (Paris, 1584), on my behalf and supplying me with a copy of the André Thevet used – or perhaps created – a version in relevant page from the catalogue. which the sitter’s ‘civilian’ costume is replaced by 3. Peter Mellen (1971) Jean Clouet: complete edition of the armour and a sword and shield, but the distinctive drawings, miniatures and paintings, London, p. 215, headgear remains unchanged.6 A similar version with Nos 12, 13, and Plates 19, 22. armour and a sword appears in another late‐sixteenth 4. Reproduced in R. J. Knecht (1994) Renaissance Warrior or early‐seventeenth‐century engraving, by Thomas de and Patron: the reign of Francis I, Cambridge, p. 202. Leu, illustrated here, in which the name ‘Charles de 5. www.bridgemanart.com/en‐GB/asset/187176/french‐ Bourbon’ is inscribed in the oval frame. school‐17th‐century/portrait‐of‐charles‐iii‐1490‐1527‐ What, then, of the white hart badge? Although it is duke‐of‐bourbon. impossible to be certain about how it came to be here, 6. www.bridgemanart.com/en‐GB/asset/816555/thevet‐ two considerations need to be borne in mind. First, the andre‐1504‐92‐after/charles‐de‐bourbon. portrait appears to be of no more than workshop 7. C. W. Scott‐Giles (1950) Shakespeare’s Heraldry, quality; in all probability it was copied at several London, p. 118, Fig. 136. I am grateful to Geoffrey removes from the now‐lost original work, and in such Wheeler for alerting me to this. cases it is not unknown for mistakes to creep in. There 8. See Timothy Wilson, ed. (2003) The Battle of Pavia, seems in fact to be an instance of misunderstanding in Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 43 ARTICLES PUDDING LANE PRODUCTIONS: moving images of London before the Great Fire HEATHER FALVEY

My research as a social historian concentrates on the life the air was filled with odours and smoke’. Nevertheless and activities of ordinary folk in medieval and early London, if not Londoners, thrived and grew, and grew.6 modern England. Much has been written about royalty It is difficult for us to imagine the filth – and also the and the aristocracy, not least because a great deal of dimness in the absence of adequate lighting – but that archaeological and documentary evidence has survived has not prevented a team of students from producing a which enables research into those people at the top end short animation of late seventeenth‐century London, of the social scale. But what about everyone else? What which would have been very similar to the London of was life like for people like you and me? two centuries earlier. In the period before 1538, when Thomas Cromwell Earlier this year, the videogame developer Crytek ordered each parish to keep a register of baptisms, sponsored a nationwide initiative, known as the Off the marriages and burials, these rites of passage were rarely Map challenge, run in conjunction with the British recorded for the mass of the population.1 Many people Library and GameCity.7 Teams of students from the lived and died without even their names being universities and colleges competing in the challenge documented, but we do know the names of others had to choose one of three themes: maps and drawings because they paid taxes, or sat on manorial juries, or based on London in the seventeenth century; paid rent to the lord of the manor, or transgressed laws Stonehenge; and the Pyramids at Gizeh in Egypt. They or customs in some way.2 But, whether their names then had to use videogame technology to turn one of were recorded or not, these people lived and toiled in these historic maps or engravings from the British the same villages and towns that we inhabit today, Library into a 3D environment. They were given few although these places were very different then. rules to follow, which granted them the creative Chris Dyer, an eminent medieval social and freedom they needed to adapt the maps with Crytek’s economic historian, notes that ‘Historians may define an CRYENGINE. ‘The primary objective of the competition urban settlement in terms of its economy, one in which was to inspire innovation among students and merge a large concentration of people pursued a variety of rich visual sources from the past with industry‐leading occupations, but contemporaries would have technology.’8 recognized a town by its appearance, feel, sounds and The winners were Pudding Lane Productions, a team smells.’3 He shows that in Winchester, where in 1400 of six second‐year students from De Montfort there were about 7,000–8,000 inhabitants, the University, Leicester, comprising Joe Dempsey, population density averaged 29 people per acre within Dominic Bell, Luc Fontenoy, Daniel Hargreaves, Daniel the walls, and as much as 81 per acre in the centre, a Peacock and Chelsea Lindsay. Their ‘three‐dimensional figure which exceeds that of modern British cities.4 fly‐through of seventeenth century London impressed Medieval town houses rose to three or four storeys and the judges with its realism and attention to detail, were divided into the equivalent of modern flats. In showing the tightly packed streets and lanes of the London’s Cheapside, multi‐occupancy ‘meant that capital city’.9 Tom Harper, panel judge and curator of people lived in close proximity to one another, cartographic materials at the British Library, said: sometimes housed in single rooms, with living The haze effect lying over the city is brilliant, and great 5 accommodation adjacent to their neighbours’ privies’. attention has been given to key features of London Bridge, Dyer’s subsequent description of the chronic living the wooden structure of Queenshithe on the river, even conditions in London, the most populous city by far, is the glittering window casements. . . . I’m really pleased particularly evocative: that the Pudding Lane team was able to repurpose some of the maps from the British Library’s amazing map High densities of people, many of whom kept animals and collection – a storehouse of virtual worlds – in such a pursued trades and crafts using organic materials, considered way. inevitably created problems of disposing of effluents and rubbish. Privies ran into open drains or cess‐pits, which had a tendency to leak. Heaps of manure lay in the streets, The film is 3 minutes 30 seconds long and well worth butchers dumped entrails, blood and hair in unsuitable watching. It conveys the murkiness and dirtiness, if not places, and pigs rooted among the garbage. smelliness, of early modern London, down to washing strung between buildings and animal carcases hung But not only was it unsanitary, noisome and slippery outside numerous butchers’ shops. Pudding Lane, of under foot, it was downright unhealthy: ‘Water supplies course, refers to the site where the Great Fire broke out were endangered by industrial and domestic wastes, and in 1666. Some of the students’ inspiration came from The 44 A scene from Pudding Lane Productions’ recreation of seventeenth‐century London. Reproduced by kind permission of the British Library.

Shambles in York. In their blog the students describe how Notes they worked. For example, Chelsea Lindsay ‘built a 1. On the death of major landholders (tenants‐in‐chief selection of unique tavern buildings to place around the of the Crown), Inquisitions Post Mortem were taken: level as well as various unique signs based on actual these supply details of their landholding, their heir documented buildings from various sources such as the etc. For a brief definition, see D. Hey (1996) The diary of Samuel Pepys’. Joe Dempsey took on Oxford Companion to Local and Family History, OUP, the important job of designing and building the model for sub ‘inquisition post mortem’. Farriner’s (or Faynor) bakery which is located on Pudding 2. Many medieval tax records have survived and are Lane. The bakery bears some significance to our project now held in The National Archives. They are for a number of reasons, first of all our team’s name included in the document class E179. Manorial ‘Pudding Lane Productions’ and the fact that our level has documents survive in large quantities in record expanded outwards from Pudding Lane. As well as this offices up and down the country. Some tax records Thomas Farriner was actually the King’s appointed baker, and manorial documents have been translated and but most importantly Thomas Farriner’s bakery on Pudding Lane is the location in which the Great Fire of published by county record societies. London is said to of [sic] started. 3. C. Dyer (1989) Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: social change in England c.1200–1520, CUP, Joe went on to explain that p.189. The team wanted the bakery to be unique but not stand 4. Dyer (1989), citing D. J. Keene (1985) Survey of Medieval out so much that it looked out of place in our level. That Winchester, 2 vols, Oxford. Vol. 1, pp. 370–1. in mind I tried my best to design the bakery using the 5. Dyer (1989), p.189, citing D. J. Keene, Social and materials and textures we had been using. I also wanted Economic Study of Medieval London, Summary report the building to have an interesting shape, although not for Economic and Social Research Council, 1979–84. unimaginable, as well as considering the inclusion of some 6. For urban life in medieval England, see the various important elements such as where the shop sign would be contributions in A. R. Hall and H. K. Kenward, eds. placed, chimneys, large display windows etc. Thankfully I had managed to gather some invaluable reference (1982) Environmental Archaeology in an Urban Context, [material] during our visit to York as well as throughout CBA Research Report 43. the project.10 7. GameCity is a Nottingham Trent University project, celebrating videogames and videogame culture. You can find out more about Pudding Lane Productions 8. British Library Press release: by reading the blog that they ran whilst making their http://pressandpolicy.bl.uk/Press‐Releases/British‐ animation. This includes pictures of how they Library‐maps‐are‐the‐inspiration‐for‐a‐winning‐vid constructed some of the buildings and artefacts in the eogame‐concept‐666.aspx. film. Go to http://puddinglanedmuga.blogspot.co.uk. 9. British Library Press release. You can watch the film on YouTube at: 10. http://puddinglanedmuga.blogspot.co.uk/ entry by www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPY‐hr‐8‐M0. Joe Dempsey, dated 28 April 2013. Various universities are also exploring the 11. See www.medievalhistories.com/digital‐medieval‐ possibilities of computer‐generated medieval buildings, worlds. such as the University of St Andrew’s digitally reconstructed ‘virtual world’ of St Andrew’s cathedral in the early fourteenth century.11 45 ARTICLES Some literary and historical approaches to Richard III WITH REFERENCES TO HUNGARY EVA BURIAN

‘. . .things on Earth happen badly: a breast for the pistol, belief for calumny . . . ruin for the hero, success for the cowardly . . .’

The above lines were written by Endre Ady, the great a person, as Juliet says when asking Romeo to ‘Doff thy early twentiethth‐century Hungarian poet in his long name/And for that which is no part of thee/Take all poem Margita Wants To Live, published in 1912. He myself’ (Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene II). himself was a victim of injustice, struggling throughout As the play about the character called Richard III did his life and being the target of attacks from short‐sighted the most harm to the real Richard’s reputation and conservative critics. They did not understand his modern historical facts, performances and films stressing the poetry and criticised him in a way that was insulting both symbolic and absurd exaggerations of the play should to his honour and his personal integrity. A further be presented to make clear that it is not about the person injustice stems from the fact that his language, whose name it bears. Hungarian, is globally little known and therefore his Not only from the literary, but from the historical poetry is still less appreciated than it should be. point of view, there are also some references that I want The quoted poem is far from being one of his best to examine further. Richard was a contemporary of works, yet these lines reveal something important that King Matthias Corvinus (Matyas Hunyadi) of Hungary. clearly relates to the subject of Richard III. Fair‐minded The parallels and also the differences of the reigns and people can have no doubt by now that the reputations of the two kings are very Richard III was also a victim of injustice interesting. Both of them were popular and Ricardians do not have to take such ‘good kings’ of their time; both backed a defensive attitude any longer. Certainly learning and their laws similarly the Shakespearian caricature can no protected the poorer and more vuln ‐ longer be taken seriously, but the erable social classes against the question remains – was he just like most despotism of the mighty. Richard is kings of his time or was he the victim for generally referred to as the last medieval being more tolerant and more forgiving? king of England, while Hungarian Sometimes people who suggest this are scholars are inclined to stress Matthias’s accused of over‐romanticising the issue. humanist‐Renaissance features, pointing If only a few of the accusations against out that his love of Renaissance art was him were true, it would only put him on the artistic counterpart of his enlightened the same moral level of the majority of law‐making. They do not use the term the rulers of his time. The real monsters ‘medieval’ when discussing his reign. were the ones who were below this level Matthias Corvinus, marble relief The term in itself is not pejorative, but in as represented by the Shakespearean from the 1480s. Richard III’s case the Renaissance Richard III. Richard himself, features might also be stressed, because unfortunately, having given his name and some his progressive laws, in some respects, were very erroneously jumbled facts of his life to the character, is similar to those of Matthias. likely to have fallen victim to the very fact that he rarely Hungarian historians, acknowledging the successful if ever behaved like that. In politics his ‘good heart’ and life‐work of their king, have, in most cases, forgotten leniency were drawbacks, especially in his age. about the unpleasant aspects of his behaviour. For I have the impression that Shakespeare’s Henry V instance, he attacked the country of his first father‐in‐ has a personality similar to that of the real historic law, the Czech king George of Podebrady, who had Richard. It is of course unquestionable that the title‐hero been very supportive of him previously. He also turned of this play is not the historical person, the actual Henry against his uncle, Mihaly Szilagyi, who had helped him V, either. It was Richard who more likely had at least a to become king of Hungary. few of the characteristics of the idealised hero. Matthias was a successful and realistic politician who Shakespeare’s plays could be analysed from this did much for the common good; this has been the broader point of view; whatever he thought of the important factor for historians and writers dealing with connection of his plays to historical truth, he himself his reign, taking precedence over the more called our attention to the fact that a name is no part of unfavourable features of his character. These features 46 ARTICLES tended to be unknown to most ordinary Hungarians, who created an extensive oral and written tradition of A series of legend and popular tales in which the ‘just King Matthias’ defends the poor and brings justice to the REMARKABLE LADIES oppressed. 7. Kunigunde, Archduchess of Austria and Duchess The historians and writers who tried to portray him of Bavaria in a more balanced and idealistic way – Ivan Bertényi (16.3.1465, Wiener Neustadt–6.8.1520, Munich) for example – often criticised him because he tried to expand the borders of his realm towards the West at the RITA DIEFENHARDT-SCHMITT expense of paying less attention to the Turkish threat Parents: Emperor Frederick III (1415–93) and Eleanor from the East. However he did try to defend the Helena of Portugal (1434–76) Christian world against Turkish incursions, but less Husband: Albrecht IV, duke of Bavaria (1447–1508) efficiently so than his father, Janos Hunyadi, another Children: Sidonia (1488–1505), Sibille (1489–1519), Sabine celebrated hero of Hungarian history, who had defeated (1492–1564), William IV (1493–1550), Louis X, duke of the Turks several times earlier in the fifteenth century. Bavaria (1495–1545), Susan (1499–1500), Ernest, His victories are still celebrated in Hungary, but from archbishop of Salzburg (1500–1560), another daughter the Turkish perspective it was another story. Jozsef named Susan (1502–43) Thury quoted in his work about Turkish chronicles Source: Katarina Graf (2000) Kunigunde, Erzherzogin (published in Budapest in 1896) that for them he was ‘a von Österreich u. Herzogin von Bayern, Dissertation, devil of dissolute morals’. In the case of Janos Hunyadi University of Mannheim and his son Matthias, the malicious distortion of the truth took its origin abroad, but in their own country Kunigunde and her brother Maximilian (later the Emperor their good reputation survived untouched. Maximilian I) were the only ones to survive of the five Richard was the victim of civil war, so the distortions children of their parents. She had a happy youth in Wiener of his enemies spread inside his own country. Neustadt and Graz and was well educated. Apart from the Fortunately there have always been many fair‐minded usual lessons – reading, writing, needlework – she was people in England, particularly in York, who preserved also taught astronomy and mathematics, as well as riding a fairer depiction of him despite all the obstacles. It is and hunting. Later the ups and downs of her father’s often interesting to see how local legends and distortions can intriguing marriage policy for his children influenced spread either in a positive or in a negative, malicious Kunigunde’s life. King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary was way. There are many more similarities and differences one of several candidates for the title of Emperor. Her between the reigns of Mathias and Richard; this article father had a lot of political troubles with other nobles to only touches on the subject. establish his power. So the lives of him and his family were often in danger. The castle of Graz was chosen as exile, but Bibliography and notes even there Kunigunde and her family were not safe. Finally Frederick III sent his family into the care of his 1. Endre Ady (1954) Összes ersei (Complete Works), former Warden, Duke Sigismund (called The Mintrich) at Budapest. The quoted lines are my translation, but Innsbruck in the Tyrol. there are various translations of his better‐known There in 1485 she met Albrecht IV, duke of Bavaria, at poems in English. that time a charming 18‐year‐old who thought he could 2. Lajos Elekes (1956) Mátyás és kora (Matthias and His get more power and rights through the Emperor by Age), Budapest. marrying one of his daughters. Frederick III disliked this 3. Peter E. Kovács (2008) Mátyás, a reneszánsz király intention but was tricked through a forged wedding (Matthias, the renaissance King), Budapest. agreement which Sigismund helped Albrecht to hand 4. Peter E. Kovács (1990) A Hunyadi család (The over to Kunigunde. They married in the chapel of Hunyadi Family), Budapest. Innsbruck Castle on 2 January 1487. Only through the 5. Ivan Bertenyi (1993) Hunyadi Matyas, Kiralyok konyve help of her brother Maximilian did the young couple (The Book Of Kings), Bekescsaba. avoid the imminent ostracism her father ordered to be 6. Jozsef Thury (1896) Török krónikaírók (Turkish carried out. This event overshadowed the first years of Chronicles), Budapest. their marriage. Also their first children were girls, which In English about Matthias: reduced the chance of making Bavaria a mighty state. But 7. Marcus Tanner (2008) The Raven King, Matthias in 1492 Kunigunde’s brother helped again to win back Corvinus, Yale University Press. [This was reviewed her father’s favour, and also between 1493 and 1500 she in the Ricardian Bulletin, June 2009.] gave birth to three sons. After the death of her husband Eva Burian was born in Hungary but is now a Spanish citizen. in 1508 Kunigunde retired to Puettrich Abbey, where she She is a graduate of the University of Budapest and works as continued to fight for the rights of her children until her a journalist and writer. death in 1520. 47 ARTICLES Focus on the BARTON LIBRARY TEAM

first Fiction Librarian. Following Library goes back to 1965 – I had Carolyn’s retirement the Non‐ recently completed my librarianship fiction Library was divided qualifications and started my first between books and papers, with professional job. I answered an Jane Trump taking over the books appeal from Isolde Wigram, the then and Rebekah Beale the papers. In Secretary, for help with her work 2003 Anne Painter took over load, and volunteered to look after responsibility for the Fiction the papers section of the Library. At Library, and in 2006 Keith Horry that time this fitted into one large succeeded Jane as Non‐fiction cardboard box. Since one of my Librarian. In 2006 Rebekah retired responsibilities at work was running from the Papers Library and for a the borough’s inter‐library loan short while it was looked after by service I was in a good position to Gillian Paxton until Marie Barnfield borrow and photocopy journal The Society’s founder, Dr Saxon took over in 2011. In 2006 Carolyn articles to gradually build up the Barton (above), died unexpectedly Hammond was given the role of collection. Olivia Wigram, Isolde’s in 1957 as a result of a car accident. Library Team Co‐ordinator, with an mother, who had been running the He bequeathed his collection of overview of all aspects of the Barton book section of the Society’s Library Ricardiana – books, pictures, Library. since the refounding, died in 1970, photographs and maps – to the In addition to the services so then I volunteered to take over Society. There were 25 books in all provided by the Barton Library, the books as well. and they formed the nucleus of a many branches and groups both in The book collection arrived at new Society library named in his the UK and overseas have their own my flat in the boot of the Chair ‐ honour; hence the Barton Library. libraries and dedicated librarians man’s car – and when unpacked it Dr Barton had always hoped that the providing similar services to their filled three shelves of the new Society would have its own library members. It needs to be rememb ‐ bookcase I had purchased specially. and, as noted by George Awdry in ered, of course, that all our librarians The newly appointed Research his history of the Society’s early are volunteers, giving freely of their Officer, one Peter Hammond, years, the library was ‘a tool for the time and skills and also space within offered to help me extend and spreading of knowledge, the best their own homes to accommodate all develop the Library – the beginning memorial, apart from the Society the library material. We asked the of a lifelong collaboration in this itself – which we could give him.’ Barton librarians to tell us about and many other fields! At that time The first librarian was Olivia themselves and their libraries: the there were very few books being Wigram (pictured below), the audiovisual library is currently published on our period, and most mother of Isolde undergoing a major reorganisation of the previously published titles Wigram, our late so we will cover it in a future issue. were out of print. We scoured vice‐President, second‐hand bookshops for copies who together with Carolyn Hammond – our of books that would be useful in the Dr Barton was Library Team Co-ordinator Library, and lobbied publishers to instrumental in My involvement with the Society’s reprint standard works. By 1976 the refounding the Library contained over 200 works of Society in the early 1950s. Olivia non‐fiction, over 100 novels and remained in charge until her about 700 papers, and we’d moved sudden death in 1970 when Carolyn out of our flat and bought a four‐ Hammond (then Carolyn Hicks) bedroom house, as by then the took over responsibility, and she Library needed a room of its own. continued in office until her Those of you who attended one of retirement in 2001. By 1997, with our ‘Library Open Days’ may the library growing in size and with remember climbing up to the top an increasing range of material, the floor and finding a room decision was made to divide it completely filled with book cases between its fiction and non‐fiction literally from floor to ceiling. stock, with the former being taken The Library continued to grow in on by Anne Smith, who became the size, and was well used by members 48 ARTICLES

– the busiest year being 1982–3, the remained on the periphery of the the papers you require. run‐up to the Quincentenary of Society until January 2011, when I Richard’s accession, when members joined the Research Committee and Keith Horry – our Non-fiction borrowed 1,634 items. In total over began work as the new Non‐Fiction Librarian the years I ran the Library I lent out Papers Librarian. Prior to taking over the Non‐fiction over 29,000 items. In 2001 I felt it My invitation to take over the Library I was helping out with was time to retire and gratefully Papers Library from the outgoing Society merchandise (still am) and handed over the non‐fiction books Gillian Paxton had come two made a chance remark to our sales to Jane Trump, the other sections of months earlier in the form of an e‐ officer Sally Empson along the lines the Library having already been mail from Carolyn Hammond of: ‘if there is any job I would like it taken over by others, as described headed ‘A Possible New Oppor ‐ would be the Librarian’. After a lot above. But I never lost my interest tunity!’ The sheer volume of of help from Lisa, my wife, the and in 2006 took on an advisory material that arrived at my house smallest bedroom in the house was position as Library Co‐ordinator. was a surprise. With Carolyn and redecorated and the shelves and Peter’s help, I found space for most books were shoe‐horned in and Marie Barnfield – our Non- of it, but some of the less popular proved to be a perfect fit. fiction Papers Librarian material has had to be placed in the Much of what Marie has stated in Society’s storage facility, whence it her papers library piece applies to can be called out at need. the Non‐fiction Library in that the The catalogue for the Papers catalogue for the library is also Library is broken down by subject broken down into different subjects area, and these subject catalogues, – biographies, social history, like those for the other parts of the political history, primary source Barton Library, may be found material and military history, for online at the Society’s website. The example. The books are shelved in catalogues were, however, rather alphabetical order by author. The out of date when I took over, and so books range from editions of I set myself the task of sorting primary source material, through through the contents of the library, standard reference books, general making a note of the new items as I histories and biographies to books went. The resulting up‐to‐date written for children and those new catalogues for many of the sections to the period, and I am happy to have now replaced the old ones advise members on appropriate online, and the rest will follow choices of reading matter. I grew up close to the battlefield of shortly. I am not an academic but I will Barnet, and it was at the Barnet The Papers Library is a really always try to help with a member’s Quincentenary celebrations (if that excellent resource for any member research where I can and if stuck I is an appropriate term) that I first undertaking research. It covers can, and have, asked Carolyn and tracked down the Richard III everything from glossy illustrated Peter Hammond for advice and Society. I took information from the magazine articles through to information, for which I thank Society’s stall, but I could not scholarly papers. But the scholarly them. For the purpose of goodwill, I actually afford to join for a further articles form the core – and the bulk will also help non‐members with few months, when I received my – of the holdings. There is, for information and small amounts of first student grant cheque. That was example, an entire filing cabinet full photocopying but I cannot lend 42 years ago. of biographical material, and a them books. Obviously, I am I moved from St Albans to north complete drawer full of articles on prepared to photocopy for members Cheshire 28 years ago, and found the battles of the Wars of the Roses. and travel within a radius of an myself somewhat more remote There are also good sections hour or so of where I live. In the from Society goings‐on than I had covering social history, government case of a member wanting to been in Hertfordshire. So the Logge and the arts, and we hold every borrow a book that is not on the Wills project, with its annual study single back issue of The Ricardian. shelves, provided it is concerned weekends in York, was a godsend, If you are undertaking any sort with the time period of our interest, and I eagerly signed up as a of research into the period then namely the latter half of the transcriber. I have been a regular at please take a browse through the fifteenth century, I will try and the weekends ever since, and catalogues. And, if you do not see obtain a copy contributed in a small way to the what you are looking for, contact Postage rates introduced last more recent York Wills project, but I me anyway: I may be able to obtain April mean books that are thinner 49 ARTICLES than 8 cm count as ‘small parcels’ retirement from the post last year. talking about Ricardian fiction: The and therefore cost as little as £2.60, At the Society’s AGM in 2003 it Daughter of Time by Josephine Tey, 2nd class. Books will always be sent was announced that Anne Smith, We Speak No Treason by Rosemary via 2nd class post unless the the Fiction Librarian, wished to Hawley Jarman, and The Sunne in borrower specifically requests that retire from her post and that a new Splendour by Sharon Penman. There the book is posted 1st class. Fiction Librarian was needed. As are also some very different books: And finally, I was asked to tell I’ve always been very interested in Medieval Woman by Anne Baer, you a little about myself. I was born books and now had some spare which gives a very vivid portrait of in Egypt in 1947 at a military time on my hands I immediately a year in the life of Marion, the garrison near Ismailya. The hospital volunteered. I believe Anne was village carpenter’s wife, and her and wards were guarded by very surprised and pleased that she family and friends; Figures in Silk by remnants of Rommel’s Afrika was able to find a replacement so Vanora Bennett, in which the Korps, and very good they were quickly. After several phone calls fictitious sister of Jane Shore is too, according to mother! I moved we established how much space drawn into the silk‐importing to the Red Rose county from the would be taken up by the books business. There is a series of books Bear and Ragged Staff county on and how many bookshelves needed by Eleanor Fairburn following promotion in the Civil Aviation to be built. The books, in several Cicely Neville from 1425 until her Authority from Birmingham large packing cases, arrived in death in 1495. If you like whodunits Airport to work in a transcription Cornwall on my birthday in there is a series of books by C. L. unit based in Liverpool in 1985; I November 2003 and David and I Grace featuring Kathryn Swin ‐ am now retired. My aviation work spent the rest of the day unpacking brooke, medieval physician, involved, at times, working with the boxes and placing the books on chemist and investigator, or there is the Air Accident people at their new shelves. the Roger the Chapman series by Farnborough and various regulat ‐ Since taking over the Fiction Kate Sedley. This is just a snapshot ory bodies based in London. When Library the books are now of books to show what a varied I retired, I missed the aviation catalogued online. The catalogue selection there is in the library. Do world and it took a while to get may be searched to find novels go online to look at the catalogue or used to it. I met my wife Lisa in centred round a character or contact me if you are not online and 1977 in Illinois and we did fun location that you are interested in. there is a particular book you are things like visit the Indianapolis 500 In 2008 a successful book auction looking for. and on a subsequent visit played was held in which some of the out our own road movie in a duplicate copies were offered for A view of the Library Camaro on Route 66, listening to sale. With her over 40‐year experience of Fleetwood Mac, The Eagles and The books in the Fiction Library the Barton Library we asked others of that era (1980). We also look at medieval life from various Carolyn Hammond how she would stopped off at the Grand Canyon angles; not all are positive towards sum up its importance to the Society after staying overnight at the Richard III. There are the usual and how she sees its future in our Cameron Trading Post. Since we books that come to mind when increasingly digitised world: are not going quietly in to that good The Barton Library is probably the most night, we have just bought an comprehensive collection of material on elderly AMG Mercedes Roadster the life and times of Richard III, 230 SLK with supercharger – the containing some 1,000 volumes of non‐ colour, Electric Green! fiction books, and as such enhances the Society’s reputation as a serious Anne Painter – our Fiction historical society. It also provides the Librarian essential back‐up for our role in I moved from Nottinghamshire to encouraging members to carry out Cornwall in 1972 when I married my research towards a better understanding husband David. We ran a hotel in of this fascinating period of history. Since the Library was first set up all Newquay until 1996, when we took those years ago there have been great early retirement and moved to our changes: much information is now present home near Helston. I joined available on the web (although just the Richard III Society in 1978 and because it is on screen doesn’t the Devon and Cornwall Branch of necessarily mean it is accurate – or the Society (then known as the South unbiased!) and some out‐of‐print books West Group) in 1980. I was secretary can be tracked down from internet of the branch from 1994 until my booksellers or read on screen if they 50 ARTICLES have been digitised. However, there will useful than a book that normally covers in many books and websites. In addition always be some books that are rare and a wider field. Although some historical by using the search facilities you can difficult to find – this is when you might journals are now freely available online, tailor‐make a reading list to your exact find borrowing them from the Library some charge a subscription for access requirements. will be the easiest way to get access to and some have never been digitised at So the Barton Library still has a them. This need not be particularly all – so this is where the papers part of future, and is an asset of which the expensive – one average‐sized book can the Library can be invaluable – some Society can be proud. be sent as a ‘small parcel’ for only £2.60 1,500 booklets, essays and articles from at current postage rates. And if you are journals, arranged by subject to make it Finally, our thanks to Carolyn and all feeling like some lighter reading after easy to find material on any relevant the Society’s librarians both past and your serious research, the Fiction topic. present for their hard work and Library’s unrivalled collection of Even if you do not want to borrow dedication over the years. The Barton historical novels on our period can material from the Library it still has a Library has for over half a century provide a much wider range of choice valuable role to play – the catalogues of been an important tool in spreading than any public library, and bring the the stock of books and papers form very past vividly to life. useful subject bibliographies – with the knowledge and learning about King If you are interested in a specific topic added advantage that the full Richard and his times. This would you may find that an article from the descriptions of each item give far more have delighted Saxon Barton. non‐fiction papers collection which information than the usual brief ‘author/ focuses on a smaller area may be more title/date of publication’ bibliographies The catalogues for all libraries are Ricardian CROSSWORD 7 by SANGLIER Cryptic clues with a Ricardian flavour. Answers on p. 64

Across 28 Staff cutback 1 Picture the French who on the which caused borders of Gascony missed mayhem at opportunity to restart the Hundred Towton and Years War. (9) elsewhere. (7) 4 Traitors wanted to hide a 30 Sorry to hear Buckingham badge. (4) one’s wearing 7 Advice to the heartless Forrest, a shin guards? (7) notorious butcher. (7) 31 He died? Yes, 9 England in turmoil, losing national from obesity capital and headed by tyrant at last somehow. (4) – difficult to make sense of. (7) 32 We rectors 12 I learn the hard way: Richard III assembled in Dr Alcock’s has no such descendants. (6) cathedral. (9) 18 Wrongly termed ‘ban’, but 13 Woodville heir shows semblance Down nevertheless cast doubt on the of justice. (6) 1 The leader of Richard’s Army – a Beaufort claim. (9) 14 A knight’s obliged to conceal a relative of Edmund, duke of York? 19 Man who arrived at the hill was so tear. (3) (8) proclaimed after Bosworth. (6) 15 Downtrodden media journalist is 2 See 22 Across 20 Come close to an artist’s after work. (9) 3 Made out to be at room impression of a body part? (4, 4) 17 Publicity circle causes a lot of fuss. temperature? (7) 21 Understand grandpa’s DNA has (3) 5 Returned elated partly through the gone missing after a mix‐up. (5) 22/2 Where 7 was buried and was effects of this? (3) 22 Watery denizen of 22 Across gains clearly hated to bits. (3,9) 6 Nearly all gain spoils from eastern 90 to come top. (5) 24 A noble Neville traduced by us England. (6) 23 Money a medieval foot soldier liars? (9) 8 Hunting ground of a suspected might make. (6) 25 ‘King of the Romans’, as Ricardus murderer, it’s said. (6) 24 The transport brought back called himself. (3) 10 Snare girl by giving her a ring. (5) nothing in Towton’s conditions. (7) 26 Richard’s hall was considerably 11 A race to find the peer who 29 Something from Bolingbroke untidy, there’s no denial. (6) betrayed Richard? (5) returned for the coronation, 27 Astonished to be unseated from 16 Sorts information out for the perhaps. (3) one’s steed? (6) period. (3)

51 BOOKS Book reviews and notices Leicester City Council’s permanent visitors’ centre. There is a photographic record of the various stages of Richard III - The King under the Car Park: the story of the dig, with its five progressive research objectives: the search for England’s last Plantagenet king 1. Find the remains of the Franciscan friary by Mathew Morris and Richard Buckley 2. Identify clues to the position and orientation of the University of Leicester Archaeological Services buildings (paperback; ISBN 978-0-9574792-2-7; £8.50) 3. Within the friary, locate the church 4. Within the church, locate the choir 5. Within the choir, locate the mortal remains of Richard III All five objectives having been achieved, several tasks then had to be completed. ‘Putting the friary back together’ outlines what can now be deduced about that particular set of buildings. Then of course, there was the analysis of the skeleton – the injuries, the spinal curvature – and how Richard III might have died. The final section deals with the genealogical research, first carried out by John Ashdown‐Hill and independently verified by Kevin Schurer. This well illustrated, reasonably priced book provides a balanced, readable account of the search for Richard III. Heather Falvey Published by the University of Leicester, this beautifully produced 64‐page book ‘tells the story of the search and Richard III and the Bosworth Campaign by Peter the discovery, against all the odds’, of the skeleton Hammond thought to be that of Richard III, and of the Pen & Sword Military, 2013, rev. paperback edition archaeological investigation and scientific analysis that Those who have been in proved ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ that it was. the Society for more But as well as recounting the events that took place in than two years may well Leicester from August 2012, culminating in the recall Livia Visser‐ momentous announcement on 4 February 2013, this Fuch’s helpful review of book also sets the scene by recreating medieval the first, hardback Leicester. ‘The road to Bosworth Field’ follows Richard edition of this book in through Leicester, tracing his probable route to The Ricardian (Volume Bosworth, indicating buildings still standing or those XXI, 2011 pp. 94–5). I can known but now demolished. Following a brief outline do no worse than quote of the most recent survey of the battlefield, there is a Livia, when she discussion of ‘King Richard’s tomb’, probably an remarked that ‘the alabaster slab, with an epitaph, recorded by later greatest merits of this chroniclers. A translation of the Latin epitaph is book are its efforts to supplied. An artist’s reconstruction of the Grey Friars draw all previous quarter in medieval Leicester in c.1450 shows a possible discussions together . . . layout for the friary buildings. Following the and at the same time introducing the latest dissolution, by the late sixteenth‐century the site had archaeological evidence as well as giving due place to been acquired by Robert Herrick but over the sources such as Jean Molinet’. succeeding centuries its exact location became lost. As This, indeed, is only to be expected from an author the project involved urban archaeology, i.e. excavating who has, for well over 40 years – many of them as in a built‐up area, rather than digging a series of test Research Officer for the Society – immersed himself in pits, various maps and street names suggesting the site the arguments and counter‐arguments over the were used to locate it. These have been reproduced. The character and actions of Richard III and the site of the building that was formerly Alderman Newton’s Boys’ battle of Bosworth. Ricardians would do well to track School now occupies the site: this is will become down a previous work, co‐authored with Anne Sutton 52 BOOKS in 1985 – Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field The White Princess by Philippa Gregory Simon & Schuster, 2013, hardback 518 pp. (Constable). Used together, these books give as good an account of the king, his reign and the final denouement The Gregory ‘Cousins’ as found anywhere. War’ juggernaut rolls on A useful family tree – strangely excising Henry VI and now we arrive at and Richard, the younger ‘prince in the Tower’, but Elizabeth of York, understandably also omitting Edward V’s year of death daughter of Queen – is followed by a brief preface cataloguing the Elizabeth Woodville, niece moveable feast that was the site of the battle of of Richard III and sister to Bosworth (or Redemore or Sandeford). As late as 1996, the missing princes. Danny Williams, in the official Leicestershire County The novel opens with a Council booklet, was dismissing ‘the Legend of sad and desolate Elizabeth Dadlington Field’ in no uncertain terms and arguing on mourning the death of her ‘military and common sense’ grounds for the western king and lover, Richard. slopes of Ambion Hill. Hammond explains this Their affair is an open tradition, from William Hutton (1788; 2nd. edn 1813) secret in the court, but onwards, whilst mentioning Peter Foss’s (1990) times change and so has evidence for moving the site westwards and Michael her destiny: Henry promised that, if he took the throne, Jones’ (2002) suggested scenario between Atterton and he would marry the lovely princess of York and make Fenny Drayton, even further to the west. Hammond’s her his queen, thus uniting York and Lancaster. So, as own chapters – ‘Military Matters’ and ‘The Battle’– are her mother warns her, she must now ‘act the part of the clear expositions of both the quality of the participants queen that you were born to be . . . you will smile and and the topography and likely course of the battle itself. look joyful as a bride coming to her betrothed’ (p. 3). But There are few changes from the first edition: Sir the cautious new king, guided always by his mother, Robert Willoughby’s effigy and the memorial stone at Margaret Beaufort (whose every decision is approved ‘Sandford’ have given way to illustrations of Richard by God himself) is in no hurry to claim his prize. Firstly, III’s skeleton in its grave at the Grey Friars’ Priory and he has himself crowned with none of the Yorks present, the reconstruction of the head of the king; whilst an then he waits several weeks to see if she is carrying extra comment on p. 106 points readers to a new Richard’s child, after which he effectively rapes her Appendix 6. Here, in just over three pages, Hammond until she becomes pregnant with the first Tudor heir, succinctly describes the findings at Greyfriars in 2012 just to make sure he isn’t wasting his time. and the subsequent examinations and extrapolations. Hardly surprisingly, a relationship that is founded His final paragraph is an ideal summary: ‘These results on such principles is unlikely to demonstrate much show at last how Richard III died, and the bones show warmth and affection: as Henry graciously points out to us what kind of man he was physically. All of this is his bride ‘there are only my rights and your duty’ for valuable information and helps us to understand him as ‘you are the spoils of war’ (p. 76). Although they a man. Unfortunately, of course, they tell us nothing gradually reach a kind of tolerance and a measure of about his thoughts and the reasons behind his actions.’ kindness towards each other, their relationship is Others might take note. always, and seriously, undermined by Henry’s abject Another useful addition (Appendix 5), using John fear of betrayal and the rise of Yorkist opposition. For Alban’s article in The Ricardian ((Volume XXII, 2012 pp. Elizabeth, however, this is a dilemma; although she is 1–7), discusses the will of a Yorkist soldier from Norfolk, faithful to her family, once her children are born, Tudor who fought at Bosworth. This is a rare surviving source children, she must, for their sake (as well as her sacred which relates to an ordinary soldier caught up in that marriage vows) become a loyal Tudor. Elizabeth battle. Woodville may secretly scheme and plot but Elizabeth There have, inevitably, been a plethora of books and must tread a difficult path because Henry never trusts articles about the last Plantagenet over the last 30 years, her, and she is always in potential danger. with a mini‐spasm between 1983 and 1985 and a Meanwhile, the kingdom is restless under Henry’s cascade, often driven by publishers, since 2010. The line increasingly tyrannical rule. The Lambert Simnel crisis between fiction and non‐fiction has, one feels, been comes and goes and Henry deals with the northern occasionally breached. While it is salutary for some rebellion. But still he is not safe for he inspires no authors to be reminded of Voltaire’s cutting but loyalty, and his fear and insecurity reach a climax with apposite ‘History is nothing but a pack of tricks that we the appearance of ‘the boy’, Perkin Warbeck, who has play upon the dead’, others, like Peter Hammond, do gathered the support of European royalty for his claims strive to live up to another of that sage’s dicta – ‘We owe to be Richard of York. Rumours that Richard survived respect to the living; to the dead we owe only truth.’ have long swirled around the court, and the appearance Kenneth Hillier of ‘the boy’ tips Henry into open paranoia. He refuses to 53 BOOKS believe that Elizabeth knows nothing and watches her leading scholars of the day. He also ate in the very hall constantly for signs of deceit. Henry’s vicious hatred of they are dining in and it is here the two detectives begin ‘the boy’ revolts Elizabeth who sees ‘one of the greatest to learn about Richard in detail. kings in Christendom’ ranting about ‘the torture and Watson is given the task of investigating fully the execution of one young orphan’ (p. 308) who, secretly, character, reputation and possible crimes of the recently she suspects may be her brother. The Warbeck crisis is crowned king and this he does with the aid of such eventually resolved, but Henry subsequently becomes notaries as Sir Clements Markham and James Gairdner, even more suspicious and insecure. who have very opposing views on the monarch. With The White Princess has all the characteristics of the additional help of a friendly and knowledgeable Gregory’s ‘Cousin’s War’ series: first‐person narrative, Yeoman of the Guard, Watson begins to unearth easy to read, more dialogue than description, deft interesting facts and statistics and soon manages to characterisation, and it is a rare pleasure for Ricardians dispel many rumours and untruths. Each crime and to witness first hand, as it were, Henry’s constant, action attributed to Richard is looked at and dissected in unrelenting insecurity and anxiety: ‘uneasy lies the great detail and a final judgement of guilty or not guilty head that wears a crown’ indeed! pronounced. The best is left to last: did Richard III Elaine Henderson murder the Princes in the Tower? Donald MacLachlan has written this novel in a The Adventure of the Bloody Tower: Dr John Watson’s purposely Victorian style which actually reads very well. first case by Donald MacLachlan Having said that, the prose is very intense and requires a Irregular Special Press, 2013, paperback certain amount of concentration from the reader. It is a I think many Society book to read in a quiet room with no other distractions. members sat up and took The use of large chunks of quoted text to back up the notice when they first arguments is quite valid, although it does slow the reader heard about this novel. A up and occasionally reads more non‐fiction, less a novel. new investigation into the I found myself having to reread paragraphs because I supposed ‘crimes’ of our had simply ‘switched off’ and lost the thread. Richard? A new slant on The Postscript deals with the finding of Richard’s the Tudor propaganda of remains and brings us slap up to date. The bibliography old? And the investigation has to be one of the most comprehensive I have ever carried out by none other seen in a novel and will see many of us groping for a than Dr John H. Watson, pen and pad to take details. I enjoyed The Adventure of ‘trainee consulting detect ‐ the Bloody Tower and believe it will grace the ive’ and sidekick of the bookshelves of any Ricardian, especially those new to legendary Sherlock Holmes the Society. The facts are there and Donald MacLachlan himself. has done us proud. I was excited to be asked to review this book and Janine Lawrence eagerly awaited its arrival from the publisher. And I am glad to say I was not disappointed, because it The Woodville Connection By K. E. Martin. thoroughly lived up to my expectations. Donald Pen and Sword, 2013, hardback, 231 pp. MacLachlan is a Society member, belonging to the The publisher’s description proclaims this novel to be a Canadian branch, and has spent many years ‘tale of intrigue, mystery and high drama’ set against a researching this book. His hard work has done him backdrop of ‘one of the most tumultuous episodes in proud and I feel sure fellow members will applaud him English history’. To take the second statement first, the for his diligence. Most of the characters actually existed, reader would hardly know that the story was set in such although it is left up to the reader to decide whether turbulent times as the late fifteenth century, as little is Holmes and Dr Watson did. made of events outside the narrow confines of the story’s The plot is simple: it is the summer of 1883 and Dr action. As for the first statement, the reader fairly soon Watson is exhausted and needs a holiday. Holmes knows who is responsible for the murder of the frail and receives an invitation from an old university sparring disabled young man, Geoffrey, heir to the Plaincourt partner to visit Magdalen College, Oxford and ‘resolve estate. The manor of Plaincourt in Lincolnshire is a prize a most criminal case’ of two missing brothers of royal much coveted by Geoffrey’s uncle and guardian, the blood. Thus Dr Watson’s idea of spending time relaxing villainous Sir Stephen Plaincourt, who keeps Geoffrey by the sea is brushed aside and he is persuaded to join strictly confined, apparently in the hope that such Holmes on this most intriguing case. treatment will bring about his demise. In spite of this The date is 23 July and Holmes and Watson learn neglect, Geoffrey refuses to die. So when the rough, that, coincidentally, Richard III visited Magdalen scarred and disfigured former soldier Will Fielding College on 23–24 July 1483 to hear debates given by the appears at Plaincourt looking for employment, Sir 54 BOOKS

Stephen sees an oppor‐ At the manor, Cranley soon meets the beautiful tunity of using him as a Mistress Blanche, a waiting woman and Fielding’s scapegoat for the murder lover, who is also, rather surprisingly, betrothed to Sir of his nephew and his Stephen, though he shows little interest in her. acquisition of the Eventually, Cranley finds out the truth about Blanche’s Plaincourt fortune. background, her reason for being at Plaincourt and why Sir Stephen has Sir Stephen is so reluctant to marry her. Barely escaping powerful friends – he with his life, Cranley returns to Middleham to confirm counts Anthony Wood‐ Fielding’s innocence. ville, earl Rivers, amongst The story is told in the first person by Cranley his very closest – but so in himself and is written in a kind of cross between fact has Fielding, for he modern and ‘olde’ English, which gives it some was hired long ago to help atmosphere, and the story moves on at a good pace. safeguard Richard of There are some vivid characters, especially those Gloucester and George of employed in the manor house kitchen, and some Clarence as they fled after the battle of Wakefield. astounding ‘revelations’ about the Woodvilles. The Richard has never forgotten this and is delighted to see Woodville Connection is not ‘high drama’ but a straight‐ the old soldier again when he turns up at Middleham, forward, unpretentious tale, easy to read and suffic ‐ having escaped from captivity at Plaincourt, appealing iently absorbing to keep the reader interested – and for help to prove his innocence. Richard despatches none the worse for that. Francis Cranley, a trusted retainer and friend, to Elaine Henderson Plaincourt disguised as a musician to find out the truth. See also p. 17 for details of book signing by the author.

From the Barton Library Contact details for all the librarians are on the inside back cover. Please note: the Audiovisual Library is currently undergoing a major reorganisation. Further details will appear in a later issue. Additions to the Non-Fiction Papers Library – ‘Espionage and Intelligence from the Wars of the Roses Marie Barnfield to the Reformation’ The recent increase in Society membership has provided by Ian Arthurson, Nottingham Medieval Studies, No. 35, 1991. the Papers Library with a welcome boost, in terms of both lending and donation. These are two papers from A well researched article on the types of espionage and the book The Yorkist Age: Proceedings of the 28th Harlaxton counter‐espionage employed by English rulers and those Symposium (2011), recently donated by Jan Mulrenan: in rebellion against them.

‘The Piety of Cecily, Duchess of York: a reputation ‘Royal Charter Witness Lists and the Politics of the reconsidered’ Reign of Edward IV’ by Joanna Laynesmith. by Theron Westervelt, Historical Research, Vol. 81, No 212, 2008. In a challenge to Armstrong’s view of Cecily’s ‘humility’ and ‘individual sanctity’, Dr Laynesmith demonstrates Suggests that the choice of witnesses to royal charters that her religion was communal rather than personal and may contribute to an understanding of the power politics ‘often decidedly ostentatious’. of Edward’s reign.

‘Organising Theatricals in York between 1461 and An Addition to the Fiction Library – Anne 1478: seventeen years of change’ Painter by Meg Twycross. A fascinating study of the variety of civic pageants The Woodville Connection staged in York during this period. by K. E. Martin (2013, hardback) And just three of the many articles very kindly donated The illegitimate child of a penniless knight and a woman by Ed Shine: of easy virtue, Francis Cranley is abandoned when his father is killed fighting for the House of York. The duke ‘Five Indentures between Edward IV and Warwick the of York decides to save the child and bring him up with Kingmaker’ his family at Middleham Castle alongside his own by Cora L. Scofield, English Historical Review, Vol. 36, No children, including the youngest, Richard of Gloucester, 141, 1921, pp. 67–70. to whom Francis Cranley becomes particularly attached, Brief article detailing the terms of Warwick’s captaincies displaying unswerving loyalty from an early age. (See of Calais, Guisnes, Rysbank, Hammes and Carlisle. the review above.) 55 BRANCH AND GROUP reports Greater Manchester Branch In August a group of us spent a wonderful weekend at Bosworth for the annual battle reenactment and For the Greater Manchester Branch 2013 was an amazing joined other members of the Society at the service of year. Our membership increased significantly and we commemoration in Sutton Cheney Church. The weather hope that this trend continues. was perfect and we had a very enjoyable time visiting We do not hold a meeting in August but we did the various stalls and watching the events. arrange a visit to Markenfield Hall in Yorkshire, which In September we visited Hoghton Tower near is close to Ripon. It was a gloriously sunny and warm Preston in Lancashire. The tower sits on top of a hill at a day and, as we approached the hall, we knew we were height of 650 ft and gives commanding views over the in for a treat. It is reached along a winding drive and is Pendle Hills. Once again the weather was kind to us and actually a small fortified medieval manor house, now we assembled in the restaurant for refreshments before privately owned. Markenfield was mentioned in the we began our tour. Accompanied by our excellent Domesday Book and by the twelfth century it belonged guide, we started the tour at the gatehouse, from which to the le Bret family, who were later to become the de we entered the outer courtyard. Then we climbed up the Markenfields. We all decided that it was one of the most beautiful eigthteenth century semi‐circular steps into picturesque halls we had ever seen and, after crossing over the Tudor gatehouse, which stands astride the moat, we entered the courtyard. The earliest part of the house dates to around 1230 and we were given a superb tour by our expert guide. The original great hall has been beautifully restored and is now used as a library and study. It is a delightful room and we were allowed to sit on the comfortable sofas, while our guide gave us a very knowledgeable talk about the hall and the de Markenfield family. By the fourteenth century the family had become quite wealthy and John de Markenfield held high office under Edward II. Sir Thomas, who was Sheriff of Yorkshire, fought for Richard at Bosworth and received a pardon under Henry VII. We were also shown the undercroft and the chapel, which was restored in 2001. In the sixteenth The Branch at Hoghton Tower century the owner of the hall, Sir Thomas, became the inner courtyard. Entering the house, we first embroiled in the Pilgrimage of Grace and the family encountered the oak parlour and then onto the was eventually driven out of the house. This era marked Buckingham room, the king’s bedchamber, the chapel a particularly sad time for the family and for the hall as and other rooms. Finally we were taken into the his son, another Sir Thomas, found himself involved in banqueting hall, where James I is said to have dubbed a the Rising of the North during the reign of Elizabeth I joint of beef ‘Sir Loin’. It is a beautiful room and very and, although he managed to escape abroad, he was light owing to the 4,000 panes of Flemish glass in the later taken prisoner. He died before he could be north and south windows. The de Hoghton family can returned to England, where he would have faced certain trace its ancestry back to Harvey de Walter, one of the imprisonment or even execution. By the 1700s the hall supporters of William the Conqueror. His descendants was in a very poor state and in the nineteenth century it held many high offices during the Middle Ages and was used as a grain store. The house now belongs to Ian Alexander de Hoghton was created a knight banneret and Lady Deirdre Curteis and it is thanks to their hard by Edward IV in 1482. The house is still owned by the work that the hall has now been restored to its former de Hoghton family and is mainly run by volunteers. glory. The hall does not have a shop as such but were We went on to visit nearby Samlesbury Hall, which is able to buy guidebooks and other items and were a delightful black and white timbered manor house served by the owners themselves. After a superb lunch dating back to the fourteenth century. It is now a at a local garden centre we headed into Ripon and were popular venue for weddings and also houses antiques surprised to find ourselves in the middle of the annual for sale. It has had a chequered career over the centuries, St Wilfred’s Day Parade. We visited the cathedral, having been used as premises for handloom weavers in where we viewed the Markenfield family tombs. In true the seventeenth century, a pub and a school. It has now Ricardian fashion we finished the day with a lovely been restored and has some interesting rooms on view meal on the way home. to the public. Any Ricardian day out has to end with a 56 BRANCH AND GROUP reports meal and, at the end of another successful trip, this was no exception. On both visits we were joined by members of the North Mercia Group and we thank them for their support. In October we held our AGM and discussed our plans for 2014. We have a full programme to look forward to and we welcome any new members who would like to join the branch. In November one of our newer members, Pat Oxley, gave a fascinating talk on costume in the time of Richard III. Pat had done a huge amount of research for the talk and brought along samples of material for us to handle similar to those worn in the Middle Ages. Also in October a number of earnest; however, we enjoyed the house with its many branch members travelled to London for the AGM and Impressionist works of art and splendid Jacobean in December a party of us enjoyed the annual fireplaces and carvings. Fotheringhay lunch and carol service. We had a home meeting in July, watching various At the time of writing this we are looking forward to recorded items and organising the last few dates before our Twelfth Night Dinner, which this year will be held the AGM. One of these was a visit to the Weston Gallery, for the first time at Denton Golf Club. We are also Lakeside, at Nottingham University in August to see the looking forward to improving our website in the New Nottinghamshire’s People exhibition, which included Year. items going back to the medieval guilds and many local Helen Ashburn family records. We held our own AGM in September. We had hoped Notts and Derby Group to have Philippa Langley speak to us during the month but we realised that her book release would mean that Our group report must begin, sadly with the news of the she would be far too busy to make the trip here. As it is, sudden death in November 2013 of one of our founder we have booked Philippa for Saturday 8 March, which members, Brenda Groves. In her quiet way she was part is something to look forward to. of the firm foundation of friendship within the group. Many private (non‐group) visits have also been She was kindness and calm appreciation personified and made, to Leicester for a full day’s conference and for a her loss has overshadowed our thoughts of the year. concert of medieval Ricardian music, to Grantham for a Separate tribute is paid on p. 64. talk by Richard Buckley and to Gainsborough for a talk In September 2012 Jean Townsend gave us an by Caroline Wilkinson, who recreated Richard’s face entertaining and fascinating talk on the Jan Van Eyck’s from the computerised scans of his bone structure. I’m painting The Arnolfini Marriage. There is much in it that looking into seeing if we can get Richard Buckley to isn’t immediately noticed – the tiny religious pictures come and speak to us some time this year. I attended the around that convex mirror, the fruit placed on the Society AGM in October, at which Chris Skidmore’s window sill to show wealth and status – and we all excellent talk about his book, Bosworth: the birth of the loved the little dog. Twenty of us enjoyed a Christmas Tudors, raised a number of new points that I hadn’t meal at the Hutt once again, along with the ‘dreaded’ considered before. quiz. In March 2013 our book swap and bric‐a‐brac sale The visit to the Cheapside Hoard Exhibition in raised over £50 for funds, and group member Lee London went very well. Twelve of us made our separate Timmons gave us an excellent talk on the history of ways to the London Museum to see the exquisite policing, including in the medieval era. Elizabethan jewellery and artefacts, wonderfully We took a coach trip to the Leeds Armouries in April, displayed and illustrated with portraits of the time, and in May about 18 of us made our own way to videos and a replica goldsmith’s workshop. Leicester and the Guildhall Exhibition. By coincidence, Jean Townsend was back to give us a talk in this happened to be on the first day of the display of November, with, as she said, a quick ‘romp’ through six Richard’s facial reconstruction. We found the exhibition centuries of the monarchy, She began with Edward the excellent, although rather cramped. We look forward to Confessor, who, it appeared, signally failed to romp at the new exhibition area with the grave site preserved all, with his wife or anyone, leaving England without a and open. June saw us on our coach trip to Burton recognised heir and leading to William the Conqueror Agnes Hall in Yorkshire. This is an Elizabethan red‐ and a whole lot of other problems. December brought brick mansion with a delightful walled garden, which our traditional Fuddle and another year had gone by in you can see our treasurer Carol enjoying in the picture a flash. We hope our plans for this year work out as here. The weather was a little mixed and, by the time we successfully. moved on to Scarborough, the rain came down in Anne Ayres 57 BRANCH AND GROUP reports

Stafford and District Group us some of the little gems we might otherwise have overlooked: angels, angels everywhere. Then, once It was only after we had chosen Saturday 2 February as Fiona the lock‐picking verger had gained us entry into a mutually convenient date for our inaugural meeting the library, we found laid out for us some of its priceless that we realised that this was the anniversary of the battle medieval treasures: an illuminated Canterbury Tales, a of Mortimer’s Cross. The date seemed auspicious and so jewel‐like Justinian Codex and others. it has turned out to be; our first year being both We rounded off the year with a cosy meeting, sharing productive and very enjoyable. We had decided that we poems and ballads of and about our period. Our wanted to know more about the Woodville family, who chairman’s well prepared agenda ensured that all the clearly played such an important yet still‐controversial business proper to an AGM was conducted in the role in the history of the period. With everyone choosing proper form – informally, over coffee and biscuits. We ‘their Woodville’ to present, and by sharing our books looked back over our first year with a great deal of and raiding the Barton Library (thanks, librarians, for satisfaction and quite a bit of pride. There is only one your help) we had more than enough material for two problem that we can foresee for the coming year: there meetings, one concentrating on the men and the other on are so many things that we want to do and look into, the women. This was a fascinating way of covering a lot from romances to finances, that there are not nearly of material and we will definitely be repeating the group enough meetings in a year and already our ideas are study approach. overflowing into 2015. Watch our website! The Woodvilles weren’t the only subjects of our Penelope Lawton, secretary attention this year: Henry VII and Louis XI were both visited. What it is it about Henry Tudor? His West Surrey Group adventurous life, from exile to unlikely king, could well be the stuff of romance and no doubt the Tudor We held our annual garden party in August at the home propagandists did their best and yet, though we try to of our treasurer and his wife. It was a beautiful day and, be open‐minded, it seems even his biographers find it between us, we produced lots of delicious things to eat. hard to like him. Thomas Penn’s biography The Winter We were delighted to welcome several new members, King was certainly chilling. Louis XI, the brilliant but we missed Ann Tetlow, who enjoyed the day last year politician king who pieced together modern France, was but had passed away in the spring. surely the great Machiavellian of the period, yet he In September we met to discuss the battle of Stoke seemed to us a more admirable character. An and the Lambert Simnel rebellion. We had all been set investigation into our Staffordshire ‘neighbour’ Ralph the task of researching the rebellion, so that we could Rudyard, reputed regicide, also shed some light on the discuss the fruits of this research at the meeting, giving activities and movements of the Stanleys through our opinions for the motives of the rebellion and why Staffordshire in the week before the battle of Bosworth. people supported either Henry VII or Lambert Simnel It wasn’t all study though: we did get ourselves out of and the earl of Lincoln, or indeed, neither side our armchairs and our noses out of books. The Chester Having had a talk earlier in the year by Pete Smee, an Mystery plays were a must for us. Beautifully staged in archaeologist with the Friends of Woking Palace, we the nave of Chester cathedral, where a cast of 300 met up him in October at the site of Old Woking Palace talented local people of all ages, children to in order to see what had been uncovered over the grandparents, singers and actors, musicians, choirs and summer. The palace was quite extensive, with a moat on drummers, mixed the medieval script with modern three sides fed by the River Wey, on the south side. After elements to stunning effect: it was an emotional Margaret Beaufort’s time, it was extended and used by rollercoaster of tragedy, comedy and drama, which left Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, after which it us more than ready for our tea and cakes. passed into the hands of Sir Edward Zouch, who A small group of us met at the Dog and Hedgehog in subsequently demolished a lot of it in order to build Dadlington, where, after admiring the view of the nearby Hole Place. The stones and bricks of the palace Bosworth battlefield site from the pub car park, lunch were removed over the years until very little remained and gossip about all things Ricardian, we took a look to be seen above the ground: one small building, used as around the little church and the graveyard where some a barn by local farmers, and some windowless walls, of the dead were buried, followed by a brief visit to the which may have enclosed a tennis court in Tudor times. battlefield centre. There are three fishponds and the moat is largely In Lichfield, where Dr Johnson took his friend traceable. A water gate, now being excavated, would Boswell to experience ‘true civility’, we were treated to have given access to the River Wey, but in the fifteenth an excellent tour of the cathedral in the care of our to seventeenth centuries there would have been no knowledgeable guide, Pat. Starting at the famous west access from the River Thames as there was no front, she held us fascinated, telling us lesser‐known navigation between the two rivers at that time. It would facts about the cathedral’s evident glories and showing have been necessary to travel overland from Chertsey, 58 BRANCH AND GROUP reports which could have contributed to the palace’s decline. house in the tiny and ancient Herefordshire village. He Two of our members, Jan and Julie, had volunteered wanted to discover the house’s history. Looking at old to take part in the recent excavations, and Julie, helped tithe maps, he discovered what appeared to be the by her son, discovered part of a Tudor wall in her ‘dig’, outline of a large deer park in the area. It was so vast which she showed to the rest of us. The site will now be that he concluded that an important manor house must covered up for the winter but we hope that there will be have been located nearby. Walking the around the park more discoveries next year. he found traces of a ditch, which was used to confine the Our November meeting was an open discussion on deer, and evidence of the boundaries. The shape was our favourite Richard III books, fiction or non‐fiction. also revealed in an aerial photograph. The village has There were far too many choices to list, but in addition ruins of an old church dating from the eleventh century; to the more obvious ones, we came up with The Last the Victorian church, now a private house, was built Plantagenets by T. H. Costain, The Betrayal of Richard III nearby. Originally the manor had been owned by the by V. B. Lamb, Richard III: a study in service by R. Wafre family but it fell into Mortimer hands when Horrocks and Secret History: the truth about Richard III by Roger Mortimer de Chirk married Lucy le Wafre in J. Denning. 1286. Roger de Chirk served Edward I, fighting in the Without doubt, there will be many more books Battle of Falkirk in 1298 and reputedly being responsible written over the coming months, following the for the death of the last Welsh prince of Wales, Llywelyn discovery of Richard’s bones and the debate over the ap Gruffyd, in 1282. The grateful king allowed Roger to reinterment build Chirk Castle and made him guardian of his son, Early in December, we had our Christmas lunch at the future Edward II. In 1321 Roger and his nephew, the Swan in Ash Vale, where we were joined by long‐ Roger Mortimer, first earl of March, rebelled standing members who no longer live in our area. This unsuccessfully against Edward II. Chirk’s lands, was a very happy and convivial end to an exciting year. including the Wafre property, were confiscated and Since the beginning of 2013, Susan Clee, Jan Lucy le Wafre was imprisoned, dying in 1324. Mortimer Frankom, Alison Merker, Rob Pretious and Col. Toby himself died in the Tower, possibly murdered on the Sewell have joined the West Surrey group, and we hope king’s orders. Dr Thoms discovered an eighteenth‐ that they are enjoying their time with us. We now century map showing a large house, possibly the number 27, so will be looking for alternative venues for Wafres’ lost manor, placing it underneath the Victorian meetings, as the three members’ houses that we have church. been using over the past few years for our monthly In December we held the customary bring‐and‐share meetings can no longer accommodate us all. Christmas Tea, with quizzes and a bumper raffle, which Renee Barlow was most enjoyable for all the members. We are delighted to announce that we have two Worcestershire Branch distinguished speakers coming to the branch this year. On 10 May Lynda Pidgeon will be talking about the Sir Thomas More was possibly not an obvious guest for Woodvilles and on 14 June John Ashdown‐Hill will members of the Richard III Society. However, in the speak about his extraordinary and successful search for person of past chairman Ralph Richardson, Sir Thomas Richard III. We will be delighted to welcome guests to managed to elicit some sympathy at the October these talks which will be of great interest to everyone. meeting. He was, he said, somewhat bemused to Full details of these meetings and all our other events discover that there was a Richard III Society; when a are available on the Worcestershire Branch website: child he had seen the king just once. He described his www.richardiiiworcs.co.uk early life, including his residence in Archbishop Morton’s Carol Southworth household, and his time at Oxford, where he met the greatest scholars of his day, Colet, Linacre and Grocyn. Yorkshire Branch Our Sir Thomas described writing his History of Richard III as the Greeks and Romans had, intending to show The branch’s annual commemoration of the battle of characters of great virtue or vice, with imagined Wakefield took place on the anniversary of the battle, 30 appropriate speeches for the characters. He took the December. The weather was not kind to us, being very scene of the smothering of the princes from the transcript cold and wet, but at least we didn’t have snow. A small of Tyrell’s trial, but failed to explain why the book was group of members and friends gathered at the duke of never finished and not published until 1543. York’s statue near Sandal Castle, and the chairman gave At our November meeting Dr Martin Thoms gave a a short address, following the usual placing of an talk entitled ‘Tedstone Wafre and the Mortimer arrangement of white roses (made by our secretary, Connection’. Dr. Thoms’ investigation and eventual Pauline Pogmore) at the feet of the statue. For such a rediscovery of Tedstone’s lost Mortimer manor and deer brief, confused and confusing encounter, Wakefield and park began when he purchased a sixteenth‐century its aftermath at Pontefract involved a disproportionate 59 BRANCH AND GROUP reports casualty list of notables, including, of course. Richard, lot of work toward the discovery and publicising of the duke of York, and also his son Edmund, earl of Rutland, battlefield at Towton, will continue the Towton theme and brother‐in‐law Richard, earl of Salisbury. Our group this year. It will be held on Saturday 26 April at Jacob’s then went across to the chantry chapel on Wakefield Well, Trinity Lane, York. The committee is very pleased Bridge, near where Edmund is said to have been killed to announce that our speaker will be author David by John, Lord Clifford, and left more white roses. We Santiuste of Edinburgh University, and his topic will be were pleased to learn that later that day a requiem mass ‘A Medieval King: Edward IV and the Wars of the would be held in the chapel and our flowers would be Roses’. The lecture starts at 1.30 p.m. and tea will be placed on the altar. available afterwards at £3.50 per person; there will be a Yorkshire Branch hopes to be at Towton Hall on Palm booking form with our next newsletter. The branch’s Sunday, 13 April, as part of the living history event that Study Day will be held at Jacob’s Well on Saturday 21 will be supported by several re‐enactment groups. Our June between 10.00 am and 5.00 pm. Full details of the merchandise and publications will be on sale, including programme will be given in due course on our website, some new items. Many people will remember that last www.richardiiiyorkshire.com, and to branch members year’s event had to be cancelled because of bad weather, in the April newsletter. Please do not pre‐book. As last and we hope that it will be better this year so that it’s not year, the charge for the day will be £19.00 per person a penance for members and friends to attend. and a buffet lunch will be provided at £3.50. Our Arthur Cockerill Spring Lecture, which is named Angela Moreton in honour of a late former branch chairman, who did a Branch and Group contacts * denotes where there has been a recent change in contact details Branches America Mary Retallick, 401 S G St #408, Tacoma, WA. Tel: 98405 253 5898527. E‐mail: [email protected]. Canada Ms Sheilah O’Connor, 156 Drayton Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4C 3M2. Tel: 416 693 1241. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii. Devon & Maggie Heath, 27 Buddle Close, Staddiscombe, Plymouth PL9 9PX. Tel: 01752 4980267. Cornwall * E‐mail: [email protected] . Gloucester Angela Iliff,, 1 Court Road, Horfield, Bristol BS7 0BU. Tel: 017 908 9983. E‐mail ardiliff@gmail.com . Greater Manchester Mrs Helen Ashburn, 36 Clumber Road, Gorton, Manchester M18 7LZ. Tel: 0161 320 6157. E‐mail: [email protected]. Hull & District Terence O’Brien, 2 Hutton Close, Hull HU4 4LD. Tel: 01482 445312. E‐mail [email protected]. Leicestershire Mrs Sally Henshaw, 28 Lyncroft Leys, Scraptoft, Leicester, LE7 9UW. Tel: 0116 243 3785. E‐mail: [email protected]. Lincolnshire Mrs J. T. Townsend, Westborough Lodge Farm, Westborough, Newark, Notts NG23 5HP. Tel: 01400 281289. E‐mail: [email protected]. London & Home Miss E. M. Nokes,. 26 West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW. Tel: 01689 823569. Counties E‐mail: [email protected]. New South Wales Rachel Allerton, 16/2‐5 Bowen Street, Chatswood, New South Wales 2067. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiii‐nsw.org.au. New Zealand Robert Smith, ‘Wattle Downs’, 61 Udy Street, Greytown. E‐mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Website: www.richard3nz.org. Norfolk Mrs Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich NR1 3RR. Tel: 01603 664021. E‐mail: [email protected]. .

60 BRANCH AND GROUP reports

Queensland As New South Wales. Scotland * Juliet Middleton, 49 Ochiltree, Dunblane, Perthshire FK15 ODF. Tel: 01786 825665. E‐mail: [email protected]. South Australia Mrs Sue Walladge, 5 Spencer Street, Cowandilla, South Australia 5033. E‐mail: [email protected]. Thames Valley Diana Lee, 161 Green Lane, Shepperton, Middx TW17 8DY. Tel: 01932 219665. E‐mail: [email protected]. Victoria * Hazel Hajdu, 4 Byron Street, Wattle Park, Victoria 3128. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiii‐vic.org.au. Western Australia * Lee Forward, 33 Noel Street, Helena Valley 6056 Western Australia. E‐mail: [email protected] Website: [email protected]. Worcestershire Mrs Pam Benstead, 15 St Mary’s Close, Kempsey, Worcestershire WR5 3JX. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiworcs.co.uk. Yorkshire Mrs P. H. Pogmore, 169 Albert Road, Sheffield S8 9QX. Tel: 0114 258 6097. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiyorkshire.com.

Groups Bedfordshire/ Jeanette Melbourne, 2 Quince Close, Walnut Tree, Milton Keynes MK7 7BZ: Buckinghamshire * Tel: 07957157273. E‐mail: [email protected]. Bristol (in affiliation with the Gloucester Branch) Keith Stenner, 96 Allerton Crescent, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9PX. Tel: 01275 541512. E‐mail: [email protected]. Continental Rita Diefenhardt‐Schmitt, Ulmenweg 8, D‐65520 Bad Camberg‐Oberselters/Ts: Tel: 0049‐(0)6483‐800 956 E‐mail: hans_georg_schmitt@t‐online.de. Croydon Miss Denise Price, 190 Roundwood Rd, London NW10. Tel: 020 8451 7689. Dorset Babs Creamer, 27 Baker Road, Bear Cross, Bournemouth, BH11 9JD. Tel: 01202 573951. E‐mail: [email protected]. Ireland. David Lee, 22 Coolraine Estate, Mayorstone, Limerick, Republic of Ireland. Tel: (00353) 061 453803 Mobile: (00353) 087 6385445 (use the prefix number if ringing from outside the Irish Republic). E‐mail: [email protected]. North East Mrs J. McLaren, 11 Sefton Avenue, Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE6 5QR. Tel: 0191 265 3665. E‐mail: [email protected]. North Mercia Miss Marion Moulton, 6 Shrewbridge Crescent, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 5TF. Tel: 01270 623664. E‐mail: [email protected]. Nottinghamshire Mrs Anne Ayres, 7 Boots Yard, Huthwaite, Sutton‐in‐Ashfield, Notts NG17 2QW. & Derbyshire E‐mail: [email protected]. Penrith & North Lakes John & Marjorie Smith, 26 Clifford Road, Penrith, Cumbria, CA11 SPP. E‐mail [email protected]. South Wales Hayley James, 40 Caradoc Street Taibach, Port Talbot, SD13 1UE. Tel: 01639 767123. E‐mail: Hayley‐[email protected]. Stafford & District Penny Lawton, 6 Railway Cottages, Leekbrook Junction, Leek, Staffordshire ST13 7AU. Tel: 01538 384158. E‐mail: [email protected] Sussex Liz Robinson, 14 Queen’s Park Rise, Brighton BN2 9ZF. Tel: 01273 609971. E‐mail: [email protected]. West Surrey Rollo Crookshank, Old Willows, 41a Badshot Park, Famham, Surrey GU9 9JU. E‐mail: [email protected].

61 MEMBERSHIP New members UK Anjali Dholakia, Edinburgh Susan Kerslake, Hornchurch, Essex Janine Alsford, Southampton, Maureen Doolan & Family, Pontefract, Ryszard Kowzan, Leicester Hampshire West Yorkshire James Lee Potter, Leigh on Sea, Essex Maureen Anstey, Halesworth, Suffolk Carol Dougherty, Kirby Stephen, Siobhan Lees, Ampthill, Bedfordshire Leslie Armstrong, Gateshead, Tyne & Cumbria Lauren Lewsley, Selby, North Wear Paul Everett, Horsham, West Sussex Yorkshire Adam Aston, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear Juliet Faith, Wells, Somerset Gary Lines, Knaresborough, North John Bacon, Dorchester, Dorset Sarah‐Jane Forrester & Family, Yorkshire Michelle Bailey, Naphill, Shepshed, Leicestershire Angela Linnell, Loughton, Essex Buckinghamshire Gillian Francis, Taunton, Somerset Barry Lock, London, Helen Barber, Southampton Marilyn & Neil Franklin, Raunds, Sharon Lock, Grimsby Diana Barnes, Twickenham, Middlesex Northamptonshire Sheila & Malcolm Lockett, Hinckley, Jane Barratt, Chester James Friedenthal, London Leicestershire Terence & Mrs C Barrett‐Gray, Yoshiko Furuhashi, Sheffield Pat Lockett, Nantwich, Cheshire Westburn, Wiltshire Sharron Gabianu, Telford, Shropshire Elaine Mackie, Upminster, Essex Catherine Bassett, Chester Michael & Joan Gibson, Swadlincote, Richard Mallison, Stratford upon Avon, David & Dorothy Baxter‐Smith, Derbyshire Warwickshire Hagley, Worcestershire Andrew Gould, Fleet, Hampshire Hamish Mc Donald & Family, Joshua Baylis, North Littleton, Kathryn Graves, Preston, Lancashire Newbury, Berkshire Worcestershire Anthony Green, Fordingbridge, Rona Mc Kechnie, Wrexham Hana Benlalam, Banbury, Oxfordshire Hampshire Mary Mc Millan, Milton Keynes, Janet Bennett, Shrewsbury Margaret Grose, Richmond, North Buckinghamshire Laura Bennetts, Shepton Mallet, Yorkshire Valerie Mc Minn, Wolverhampton, Somerset Paul Gutteridge, Manchester West Midlands Colin Benson & Family, Birmingham Sue Hammond, London Mary‐Rose Mingay‐Parsons, Bedford Nikki Bertoya, Thaxted, Essex Joy Harrison, Barmouth, Gwynedd Louise Molineux, Cannock, Carole & Ralph Biggs, Droitwich, Rosemary Hawley Jarman Plumb, Staffordshire Worcestershire Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire Kieran Molloy, Bath Hanna Bjornes, Stirling Margaret Heath, Plymouth, Devon Isabel Morgan, Nr Bristol, Rachel Bocking, Batley, West Yorkshire Karen Hellicar, Usk, Monmouthshire Janine Morris, Warwick Pamela Bourne, Battle, East Sussex Anita & Geoffrey Henderson, Ezra Nathan, London, Susan Brannan, Darlington Berkhampsted, Hertfordshire Mary Newton, Cuddington, Cheshire Mavis Brown, Ilkeston, Derbyshire Lorraine Hershon & Family, Ruth Nicholls, Dolgellau, Gwynedd Edward & Lesley Brown, Harrow, Haltshistle, Northumberland Rita Olive, Sale, Cheshire Middlesex Mary Hewlett, Long Itchington, Geoff Ollerton, Grimsargh Jacqui Brown, Hexham Warwickshire Pamela Ormrod, Lyddington, Rutland Susan Brushwood, Verwood Anne Hill, Lichfield, Staffordshire Michal & Heather Owen, Doncaster, Lyn Bryan, Ross‐on‐Wye, Sylvia Hodgkinson, Sheffield South Yorkshire Herefordshire Julia Holmes, Salisbury, Wiltshire Jean Palmer, Norwich Martin Buckroyd, Lichfield, Lynette Holmes & Family, Sudbury Frank Parket, Burton on Trent, Staffordshire Rodney Holmes, Alfreton, Derbyshire Staffordshire Roger Burke, Hythe, Kent Louise Houghton, Leyland Jane Parlour, Darlington Carolyn Bushell, Kettering, Fiona Houghton, Banwell, North Frederick & Joan Parsons, Bristol Northamptonshire Somerset Sue Pass, Sheffield Mary Butt, Onchan, Isle of Man Stacey Housego, Orpington, Kent Ross Paton, Barton‐upon‐Humber Hannah Carstairs, Worcester Kieran Hughes, Birmingham Christine Pearse, Maidstone, Kent Christopher Castell, Carlisle Richard Hurt, Dronfield, Derbyshire Kathryn Pickerden, Bradford Ian Churchward & Family, Torquay, Victoria Hylands, Gosport, Hampshire Laura Pocock, Warwick Devon Peter Ingram, Chipperfield, William Polson, Reading, Berkshire Jean Clare‐Tighe, Rainham, Kent Hertfordshire Paul Potts, London Annie Coles, Welllingbrough, G Jackman, Hanworth, Middlesex Caroline Preston, Flackwell Heath, Northamptonshire Guilia James, Sutton Buckinghamshire Paula Connelly, Bridlington, East Ian Jameson, Wetherby, North Dorothy Price, Billinge Riding of Yorkshire Yorkshire Sheila Prince, Lincoln Janet Cook, Billericay, Essex Enid Jarvis, Northampton Ian Prince, Burton on the Wolds Patrick Cordingley & Family, Partney, Anthony Jeffery, Dolgellau, Gwynedd Robert Pritchard, Rugeley, Lincolnshire Paul Johnson, Chipping Norton, Staffordshire Simon Currie, Otley, West Yorkshire Oxfordshire Suzanne Redmond, Hull Richard Davis, Lichfield, Staffordshire Kate Johnson‐Ross, Barton‐upon‐ Michael Reeve, Hornchurch, Essex Christine & Terry Davison, Humber Carolyn Reeves, London Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire Nancy Kempshall, Wimborne, Dorset Gordon Rigby, Wigan, Lancashire Rosemarie De Boyer, Crediton, Devon Richard Kendrick, Bungay, Suffolk William Rivers & Family, Kidlington, William Dean, London Michael Kennedy, Birkenhead, Oxfordshire Michael Deere, London Merseyside

62 MEMBERSHIP

Helen Roberts, Sutton‐in‐Ashfield, David Young, Chester Donna Mc Lean, Fairfield, Queensland, Nottinghamshire Suzanne Young, London Australia Val Roberts, Devizes, Wiltshire Charlotte Menzies‐King, Armadale, Susan Roberts, Newport Pagnell, Overseas Victoria, Australia Buckinghamshire Candy Agar, Surrey Hills, Victoria, Cassandra Metzger, Washington, DC, Erica Robinson, Bury St Edmunds, Australia USA Suffolk Ross Black, Randwick, NSW, Australia Mary Petiet, West Barnstaple, MA , Julia Roebuck, Beer, Devon Gudrun Bolz, Hanau, Germany USA Denise Rowe, Towcester, Sophie Bransgrove, Lower Hutt, New Jessica Piecewicz, Waltham, MA, USA Northamptonshire Zealand Darlene Plumtree, San Francisco, CA, George Sadler, Northwood, Middlesex Jill Brohan, Ermont, France USA Helenor Samarai, Aberdeen Lee & Carol Brown, Albuguergue, NM, Moya Reynolds, Turramurra, NSW , Sian Sellars, Louth, Lincolnshire USA Australia Samantha Sellers, Hythe, Kent Chelsea Butcher, Adelaide, South Jane Ross, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Brenda Shorter, Fareham, Hampshire Australia, Australia Barbara Seech, Tecumseh, ON, Canada Jessie Skinner, Westcliff on Sea, Essex Pia Butcher, Bayswater, Victoria, Sheila Smith, Toronto, ON, Canada Madeleine Smith, Leicester Australia Anneliese Sonius, 1090 Vienna, Austria Jacqueline Smith, Combe Martin, Alex Cameron, Greenwith, South Elaine Third, Sawtell, NSW, Australia Devon Australia, Australia Gail Thomas, Raumati Beach, New Audrey Smith, Shirley, Surrey Gisella Carr, Christchurch, New Zealand Rachael Smith‐Rawnsley & Family, Zealand Maggi Xxxx, Tamarama, NSW, London Simone Cavanagh, Perth, Western Australia Lyn Somerville, Penarth Australia, Australia Penelope Spencer, Brewood, Margaret Cavers May, Fort St John, BC, US Branch Staffordshire Canada Babb, Eva, St Louis, MO Jane Starkie, Bishop’s Stortford, Barbara Charra, 91440 Bures‐sur‐ Bissonnette, Erin, Mankato, MN Hertfordshire Yvette, France Culhane, Dianne, Kiawah, SC Michelle Stevens, Yarmouth, Isle of Anne Cholmondeley, Naillat, France Dean, Kristie, Knoxville, TN Wight Maureen Coggin, Ardeo, Co Meath, French, William, Woodstock, CT Amanda Sutcliffe, London Ireland Gregory, Janet, Talent, OR Bella Taylor, Bristol Susan & Andrew Collingbourne, Hales, Nancy, New Orleans, LA Matthew Taylor, Pocklington, East Elliminyt, Victoria, Australia Hanson, Evelyn, Huntersville, NC Riding of Yorkshire Marilyn Collins, Northville, MI, USA Hoffman, Beverly, St Louis, MO Ursula Taylor, Henley on Thames, Lisa Cortez, Crafers, South Australia, Hughes, Myrle H, Macomb Township, Oxfordshire Australia MI Ian Thomas, Milton Keynes Lisa Donaldson, Invermay, Tasmania, Janet Avery, Storrs, CT Maliheh Thomason, Ashbourne Australia Leland, John, O’Fallon, IL Christopher Tinmouth, Barrow‐in‐ Rita Durkin, Nairne, Australia Lewis, G Draper, San Diego, CA Furness, Cumbria Brenda Farrell, Dublin, Ireland Lewis, Margaret, Mount Helen, Joan Tolley, Crediton, Devon Elisabeth Gotsmy, Vienna, Austria Victoria Karen Vernon & Family, Warrington, Shehara Gower, San Francisco, CA, Lewis, Mary S, Prospect, KY Cheshire USA Marchwinski, Maureen, Bethel, CT Adrian Vivian, Plymouth, Devon Veronika Grimm‐Matthews, New Martin, Brenda, Murfeesboro, TN Terry Wale, Perth, Scotland Haven, CT, USA Meads, Mary Sue, Cave Creek, AZ Mary Walker, Epsom, Surrey Jan Gwilym, Croydon, Victoria, Michaud, Arlene, Mansfield Center, CT Maureen Ward, Cheltenham, Australia Mulligan, Timothy & Bonnie, Lanham, Gloucestershire Andy Jeffrey, Melbourne, Victoria, MD Liberty Ward, Evesham, Worcestershire Australia O’Brien, Catherine Mary, Hastings‐on‐ Janet Ward, Honiton, Devon Terry Johnson, Willeton, Western Hudson, NY Andrew Watson, Sutton Coldfield, Australia, Australia Painter, Sean, Nevada City, CA West Midlands Evelyn Julier, Pilar De La Horadada, Prawdzik, Rosemary, Tucson, AZ Suu Wemham, Spalding, Lincolnshire Alicante, Spain Rubini, Lynn, Devon, PA Wendy Wetmore, Kilburn, Derbyshire Richard King, Ashburton, Victoria, Rutledge, Richard, Aurora, CO Nancy Wilks, Cribyn, Ceredigion Australia Spradling, Jane, Eunice, LA Linda & Richard Williams, Guildford, Joseph Klotz, Armidale, NSW, Australia Stone, David, Metairie, LA Surrey Kelly Latchana, Belmont, MI, USA Tetzlaff, Valerie, Burnsville, MN Marion Williams, St Ives, Cornwall Andrew Lawler, Charlotte, NC, USA Walford, Kathryn, Durham, NC Cynthia Willliams, Basingstoke, Colin Lawler, Darien, IL, USA Wells, Lisa, St Petersburg, FL Hampshire Anna Linden‐Fraser, Oakville, ON, Wiley, Barbara, Pittsburgh, PA Janet Wood, London Canada Wolfe, Dolores, Hixson, TN Jan‐Denise Wood, Buckingham Angela Maguire, Anstead, Queensland, Young, Becky & Roger, Silver City, NM Susan Woodcock, York Australia

Recently deceased members

Mrs B. J. Groves, Mansfield. Joined 1985. Margaret McHutchon, Southport. Joined before 1985. Mrs E. Wibberley, Warrington, Cheshire. Joined before 1985.

63 MEMBERSHIP

Obituaries imitating the UK prime minister of the time with a Thatcheresque breathy voice. She very much enjoyed Brenda Groves – an appreciation being part of Ye Kynge’s Syngers and she was also an Brenda Groves, who died suddenly in November 2013, eager participant in scenes from Shakespeare and other was a founder member of our group, one of about six playwrights, organised by our actor member, the later who answered Pam Stokes’ call in a Bulletin of 1986 to Peter Ryan, with some of his fellow players. Besides King form a Nottinghamshire Group – the first meeting was Richard, Eileen’s other great passion was enjoying in Pam’s front room. Brenda had been a stalwart member Shakespeare plays. Despite being badly afflicted by ever since, showing quiet enjoyment of all our activities rheumatoid arthritis in her hands and feet, and with – especially those that travelled in a north east direction responsibility every weekend for her Downs syndrome towards her beloved Scarborough. She had a statuesque daughter, she never let it stop her from attending ‘English Rose’ beauty that needed no cosmetic additions meetings and dressing up for the medieval cabarets. and may well have owed something to an almost Recently, she was delighted to know that some of the Scandinavian heritage way back, which could explain songs and sketches were still being used from time to her love for Yorkshire. Shocked members have sent in time. Eileen was 87 when she died at her retirement their tributes, pointing out Brenda’s unfailing kindness, home on 9 November. how she would take a new member under her wing, her Isolde Martyn undoubted support for Richard and how she never had a bad word to say for anyone, always showing calm Janet Long enjoyment and appreciation for all our activities and The Worcestershire Branch is deeply saddened by the visits – York, Minster Lovell, Oxford, Windsor. Family death in November of Janet Long, one of our founder life, however, was central to her being and she faced the members. She was first secretary then chairman of the challenges of her husband’s illness and her own very Hereford and Worcester Group, as it was then, but her recent health problems with characteristic determination enthusiasm made the group so successful that in 1990 it and quiet courage, still giving constant support in their was granted branch status. Janet got lots of publicity in shared love of cricket and the many happy family visits local papers, and organised trips to all the Ricardian sites, to the Yorkshire coast. She was a dear friend and we will including several to York to join the Yorkshire Branch at all miss her lovely smile and her reliable, reassuring their banquets. Our branch magazine started while she presence. We send our deepest condolences to her was chairman. She was very knowledgeable about husband David and son Stephen in their loss. Richard and had a wicked sense of humour which didn’t Anne Ayres desert her when she became ill. Then she had to miss some meetings, which frustrated her enormously, but the Eileen Larbelestier (1926–2013) branch has gone from strength to strength and we’ve Born within the sound of Bow Bells, Eileen became a now been going for over 25 years, thanks to that first Ricardian in 1955 after reading Historical Whodunits by meeting in 1986 at her house. Hugh Ross Williams, and she was one of the earliest Pam Benstead members of the Sydney Branch around 1981, when the group met in committee members’ houses. She had a tremendous sense of fun and 1983 saw the first comic sketch that we did together at the Commemoration Late news Banquet in the Sydney School of Arts, with Eileen Junoesque and magnificent in a long wine‐red velvet Tewkesbury Battlefield: Further to the item on p. 17 mantle and black hat. Other sketches and songs followed about the sale of The Gastons, the fund has been through the 80s and 90s, including a 45‐minute off‐ launched and cheques should be made out to ‘The schedule entertainment at the Australian and New Tewkesbury Battlefield Society’, with either ‘Fighting Zealand Medieval and Renaissance Conference in Fund’ or ‘Gastons Fund’ written on the back. They Hobart, and a special performance of the ‘Oh no, Thomas should be sent to The Tewkesbury Battlefield Society, More’ song for Professor Tony Pollard. One of her most PO Box 147, Tewkesbury, GL20 9AP. Alternatively, memorable roles was a party political broadcast as donations can be made through the TBS website, Boudicca, sporting a pudding basin with horns, and http://tewkesbury.org.uk. carrying a spear – oh yes, and a yellow wig as well! She also did a political speech as Lady Margaret Beaufort

Answers to Ricardian crossword 7 Across: 1 Picquigny; 4 Swan; 7 Tiptoft; 9 Tangled; 12 Linear; 13 Scales; 14 Sob; 15 Oppressed; 17 Ado; 22 Ely; 24 Salisbury; 25 Rex; 26 Crosby; 27 Thrown; 28 Poleaxe; 30 Grieved; 31 Obit; 32 Worcester. Down: 1 Philippa; 2 Cathedral; 3 Noticed; 5 Ale; 6 Anglia; 8 Forest; 10 Lasso; 11 Derby; 16 Era; 18 Debarment; 19 Victor; 20 Draw near; 21 Grasp; 22 Excel; 23 Yeoman; 24 Subzero; 29 Orb.

64 Society contacts Chairman & Fotheringhay Librarian, Fiction Public and Customer Relations Co‐ordinator Anne Painter Richard Van Allen Phil Stone Yoredale, Trewithick Road, Breage, 125 Coniston Road, Bromley, Kent 181 Rock Avenue, Gillingham, Kent Helston, Cornwall TR13 9PZ BR1 4JA ME7 5PY Tel: 01326 562023 Tel: 020 8402 8149 Tel: 01634 581547 e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Librarian, Non‐Fiction Research Officer Advertising Officer Keith Horry Lynda Pidgeon Howard Choppin 36 Hesketh Lane, Tarleton, Preston, Lancs. 42 Osborne Street, Swindon SN2 1DA 30 Hawkshill, Dellfield, St Albans PR4 6AQ Tel: 01793 497530 AL1 5HU Tel: 01772 815152 e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Ricardian & Bulletin back issues Branch and Group Liaison Officer Librarian, Non‐Fiction Papers Judith Ridley & Research Events Administrator Marie Barnfield 11 Tamarisk Rise, Wokingham, Jacqui Emerson 25 Egerton, High Legh, RG40 1WG 5 Ripon Drive, Wistaston, Crewe, Knutsford, Cheshire WA16 6PT e‐mail: [email protected] Cheshire CW2 6SJ e‐mail: marie.barnfi[email protected] Tel: 01270 664645 Sales Liaison Officer e‐mail: [email protected] Librarian, A‐V & Press Records Sally Empson Geoffrey Wheeler 42 Pewsey Vale, Forest Park, Bracknell Bulletin Contact 195 Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU RG12 9YA Diana Whitty Tel: 020 7724 5842 e‐mail: [email protected] Burge’s Cottage, 8 Harold Terrace, Bosmere Gardens, Emsworth, Hants Membership Officer & Deputy Chair Secretaries PO10 7NU. Wendy Moorhen David and Susan Wells Tel: 01243 430169. 2 Field Hurst, Langley Broom, 23 Ash Rise, Halstead, Essex CO9 1RD e‐mail: [email protected] Langley, Berks SL3 8PQ e‐mail: [email protected] Tel: 01753 546066 Business and Distribution Manager e‐mail: [email protected] Treasurer Stephen York Paul Foss Hawthorn Cottage, Back Lane, Palaeography Course 46 Badminton Gardens, Bristol Holywell, St Ives, Cambridgeshire Heather Falvey BS16 6FG PE27 4TQ 119 Winton Drive, Croxley Green, Tel: 0117 957 0045 Tel: 01480 465120 Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 3QS e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Tel: 01923 248581 e‐mail: [email protected] Visits Officer Editor of The Ricardian Marian Mitchell Anne Sutton Press Officer 20 Constance Close, Witham, Essex 44 Guildhall Street, Bury St Edmunds, Peter Secchi CM8 1XL Suffolk IP33 1QF Tel: 07780 866225 Tel: 01376 501984 e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Library Co‐ordinator Carolyn Hammond Web Content Manager Flat 4, 9 Devonhurst Place, Beth Stone Heathfield Terrace, London W4 4JB e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail:griff[email protected] Calendar We run a calendar of all forthcoming events notified to us for inclusion. If you are aware of any events of Ricardian interest, whether organised by the Society (Visits Committee, Research Committee, Branches/Groups, etc.) or by others, please let theBulletin team have full details in sufficient time for entry. The calendar will also be run on the website. Date Events Originator Date Events Originator 2014 19 July Leicestershire Branch Leicestershire Branch 4–6 April Study Weekend in York Research Study Day (see p. 13) Committee (now full) 17 August Bosworth commemoration Visits Committee 26 April Arthur Cockerill Spring Yorkshire Branch 13 September Portchester Castle and Visits Committee Lecture, York (see p. 50) Romsey 15 May Afternoon guided walk in Visits Committee 4 October Members’ Day and AGM Secretaries London – Inns of Court. Norwich Please note this is on a 8 November Norfolk Branch study day Norfolk Branch Thursday. (see p. 12) 21 June Yorkshire Branch Study Yorkshire Branch 13 December Christmas at Fotheringhay Chairman Day, York (see p. 50) 10–14 July Herefordshire and Visits Committee 2015 Shropshire 2014 Long Weekend 17–19 April Triennial Conference Research Committee (A few places may still be available: please contact Visits Officer to ascertain current position.) rom the Society’s shop This is a small selection of books and merchandise available to members from the Society’s shop. Costs are shown as: Member’s price (plus P&P for UK, EU, Rest of the World) (The full sales catalogue is in the Shop section of our website, www.richardiii.net or may be ob‐ f tained by post from: RIII Sales Catalogue, 5 The Quadrangle Centre, The Drift, Nacton Road, Ipswich IP3 9QR. Contact details for the Sales Liaison Officer are on the inside of this cover. BOOKS Bosworth: birth of Richard III: a source The King’s the Tudors book Grave Chris Skidmore Peter Hammond & Philippa Langley Drawing on eyewitness Keith Dockray & Michael Jones. reports, new sources and Using contemporary The story of the real archaeological evidence, chronicles, letters and life, death and including the recent records, this book remarkable discovery of Richard III’s enables the reader to get discovery of remains, the author behind the mythology Richard III. vividly recreates this for a more realistic battle‐scarred world. £15.00 (£3.50, £6.90, picture of the king. £10.90) £15.00 (£3.50, £8.35, £10.00 (£3.50, £5.45, £14.24) £8.05) The Yorkist Age NEW NEW ed. Hannes Kleineke & Christian Steer Richard III and the Harlaxton Medieval Bosworth Studies Vol XXIII – Campaign proceedings of the 2011 Peter Hammond Harlaxton Symposium covering political and Revised paperback religious history, literary edition, updated to criticism, archaeology, art take account of the history and musicology latest historical of the period. The King Under the Car Park evidence, including the discovery of £30.00 (£7.35, £9.80, Matthew Morris & Richard Buckley Richard III’s remains. £16.60) The story of the search for England’s last Plantagenet king by £10.65 (£5.00, £7.00, two of the archaeo logists from the University of Leicester. £11.00) MERCHANDISE £8.15 (£3.75, £5.70, £7.95)

NEW THE CRESTED IMAGE RANGE Andrew Jamieson’s heraldic depiction of BUST OF Richard III on horseback. RICHARD Available as: III III A3 prints On good quality card and presented in A newly protective packaging; signed by Andrew Jamieson and commissioned the Society Chairman, Phil Stone. £30.00 (£3.50, £4.25, bust of the King, £5.25) based on the A4 prints On good quality card and presented in a card facial protective envelope. £7.00 (£1.00, £3.00, £3.50) reconstruction. Notelets Can be used as greetings cards: on good For more details, quality card with an envelope banded and sold in packs see p. 38 of this of 10. £7.50 per pack (£1.50, £3.80, £5.00) issue. Postcards 50p (50p, 75p, 85p)

MESSENGER/LAPTOP SHOULDER WHITE ROSE PIN BAG White, bonded porcelain Biscuit coloured jute. Measurements are rose 2.5 cm diameter on a 38cm wide by 31cm high, with a gusset 4 cm lapel pin, with width of 8cm. The strap is 75cm. There are protective and retaining three internal compartments with a small cap on point – supplied in pocket fastened with Velcro and two press gift box. £6.00 (£2.00, stud fastenings to a flap front with Richard £3.50, £4.00) III Society and website address above and below the Ricardian boar, all printed in black. £7.50 (£4.00, £7.00, £10.50) ARMS OF ENGLAND LAPEL BADGE WHITE BOAR BADGE An enamelled lapel badge depicting the Arms White boar on black enamel background in a of England as used by Richard III. Each badge gold tresor. Traditional brooch/pin fastening. comes in a presentation box. £6.00 (£3.00, Supplied in black velvet pouch. £6.00 (£2.00, £4.50, £5.00) £3.50, £4.00)