Henry VIII and his Ministers 1509 – 40 Work Booklet – Topic 1 Thomas Wolsey

Name :______Class Teacher: ______OPT: ______1 How do I answer questions in ‘King Henry VIII and his Ministers, 1509-1540’?

Paper 2 – Section B – Question 4a, 4b and either 4c (i) or 4c (ii)

QUESTION WHAT TO WRITE MARK TIM S E

Question 4a: Describe two features of … • You need to describe two features on one 2 x Paragraphs 4 5 aspect of Henry VIII’s reign. P – Point (Identify a min • You need to support your answer with feature) relevant information. AD– Add additional EXAM TIP: Keep your answer brief. This information to your question is only worth four marks feature to help your description

Question 4b: Explain why … • You need to explain the reason why 3 x P.E.E.S. something happened Paragraphs 12 18- • You will be given two information points to P – Point 20 prompt you (you don’t have to use them). E - Evidence min • You must add a third point of your own E – Explanation (to • Link your explanation back to the question. directly answer the How does your explanation show ‘why’ question) your point is significant? S – Significance: EXAM TIP: Focus on explaining ‘why’. You must Explain the give three clear reasons to explain your answer significance of this factor in relation to the question

Intro Question 4c(i) or (ii) How far do you agree? (16 marks) 3 x P.E.E.S. • You will be given a choice of two Paragraphs 24- statements P – Point 16 30 • You must choose a statement and say how E - Evidence min far you agree or disagree with this E – Explanation (to statement. directly answer the • You must give a two-sided argument. question) • You will be given two information points to S – Significance: prompt you (you don’t have to use them). explain how EXAM TIP: Plan your answer. Create an significant this factor ‘Agree’/’Disagree’ table and place your points in is, linking back to the the appropriate column. This will form the basis question as you do. of your argument. Conclusion Here is where you You must add a third point of your own answer the question; do you agree or disagree with the statement? Weigh up your argument.

2 What do you already know about Henry VIII?

Task: 1) Write in what you know about Henry VIII. Then add to your mind map in green pen. 2) Move onto the task on the next page, before coming back to this page to complete the task below:

We use criteria to help us decide whether Henry VIII was a successful King. Here are 5 criteria – the things people in the 1500s saw as evidence of a successful monarch. Next to each criterion, explain whether Henry achieved, outstanding success, occasional success, very little success or no success at all. Briefly explain why: a) Did Henry defend his country from foreign threats?

b) Did Henry unite his country over religion?

c) Did he help his people live peacefully and prosperously?

d) Did he make sure he had a clear successor?

3 e) Did Henry win fame and glory for himself? Was Henry VIII a great and successful King? 1509: Henry married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his dead brother, Arthur. Such a 1510: Thomas Wolsey was appointed to the marriage would normally have been Privy Council (Henry's advisors). prohibited but was allowed by the Pope on the grounds that Catherine and Arthur had 1512 – 14: War with France. Henry had not had sexual intercourse so had not some success but the war was very consummated their marriage. expensive and he was let down by his allies. 1513: War with Scotland. King James IV of 1514 – 18: Henry wanted to renew war Scotland was killed at the Battle of Flodden. with France but could not persuade any Henry was in France at the time. other country to join him.

1515: Thomas Wolsey was appointed 1520: Henry met Francis of France near Chancellor of England and became Henry's Calais at the Field of Cloth of Gold, a great Chief Minister. diplomatic event that seemed to show off 1521: The Pope gave Henry the title Henry's power. 'Defender of the Faith' for writing a 1522 – 25: War with France. Nothing book criticising the Pope and the Catholic was achieved, a great expense. Church against criticisms by Martin Luther, a German Priest. 1525: The Amicable Grant Rising: a 1526 – 9: Henry wanted to end his rebellion in East Anglia caused by high marriage to Catherine so he could marry taxes. Anne Boleyn. All efforts to persuade the 1528: Henry declared war on Emperor Pope to grant an annulment failed. Charles V of Germany, but no war was actually fought. 1529: Wolsey fell from power over his failure to persuade the Pope to grant an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. 1531: Thomas Cromwell became Henry's Wolsey died on his way to stand trial for Chief Minister. He masterminded treason. setting up the Church of England and ending English ties to the Roman Catholic Church. 1532: The clergy (priests, bishops, archbishops in the English Church) accepted 1532: Anne Boleyn became pregnant. For the King and not the Pope as their lawmaker. her child to be heir to the throne. Henry had to divorce Catherine and marry Anne before the birth. 1533: Henry married Anne Boleyn, who was crowned Queen of England. Their daughter 1534: The Act of Supremacy said Henry was Elizabeth was born. the Head of the Church of England. All monks and nuns were required to take an oath 1535: John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and accepting Henry as Head of the Church. The Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord break with the Roman Catholic Church was Chancellor, were executed for refusing to complete. recognise Henry as the Head of the Church of England. 1536: Parliament passed an Act for the Dissolution (destruction) of the lesser 1536: Anne Boleyn was executed for Monasteries. Many monasteries had given treason. Henry married Jane Seymour. help to the poor and the sick. 1536: A widespread rebellion boke out in the north – the Pilgrimage of Grace. The rebels were protesting against the Dissolution of the 1539: Dissolution of larger monasteries. Monasteries. After seeming to make concessions, Henry had the leaders executed. 1540 July: Thomas Cromwell executed. 1540 January: Henry married Anne of Marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled. Henry Cleves. married Catherine Howard.

Task: 1) Use two highlighters to consider whether each of the events show Henry as being successful or unsuccessful:

Successful

Unsuccessful 4

Now go back to Task 2 on the previous page. 2) Choose two events that suggest Henry was a great and successful King, explain your choices. ______3) Choose two events that suggest that challenge the view that Henry was a great and successful King, explain your choices. ______

OVERALL: How successful was Henry VIII?

5 What can you remember from the course so far? Memory Practice Challenge Grid How many points can you get?

1. What was 2. What was 3. What was 4. Name one created, which the first the size of the way that helped the antiseptic? loan given to Medieval communication newly-married governments of medical German tried to ideas? couples in Nazi improve public Germany? health.

5. Name 6. Using 7. What splint 8. What did Henry’s two Article 48, was used to Henry VIII Chief Ministers which decree help stabilise dissolve during his was passed after a femur between 1536 reign. immediately break? and 1540? after the Reichstag Fire?

9. Name one 10. Which 11. By what 12. What was herbal remedy country did percentage did the final stage that was used England go to the Bruning of the Chain of in the middle war with government Evacuation? ages. between 1512 cut and 1514? unemployment benefits?

Germany(1) Medicine(2) Henry VIII (3) Western Front (4) Homework Research Task Who was who in the reign of Henry VIII? Prince Edward ______

Anne of Cleves ______

Catherine Howard ______

Jane Seymour ______

Catherine of Aragon ______

Anne Boleyn ______

Princess Elizabeth ______

Princess Mary ______

John Fisher ______7 Thomas Cromwell ______

Thomas Wolsey ______

Sir Thomas Moore ______

Duke of Norfolk ______

What was the importance of Religion in Tudor Society? The beliefs and features of the Roman Catholic Church. By the time Henry became King in 1509, England had been a Catholic country for nearly a thousand years. Religion played a central part in daily life. Most people went to Church every Sunday and all the important rituals of their lives were linked to the Church, including baptisms, marriage, holy days and harvest festivals. The Church was the centre of community life and supported the people through hardship. Many people were employed by monasteries, which also provided food and other help for the poor and elderly. Religion also gave people hope, not only during this life, but by teaching that leading a good life would lead to eternal salvation. Not surprisingly, people their beliefs were the right ones and all others were wrong. Task The information on the next page relates to 4 key areas of the Roman Catholic Church. Read through the information and add to the correct section of your spider diagram. 2) As the answers are discussed as a class, please make all corrections in green pen. Extension: Summarise in 100 words – why was religion important in Tudor England? ______8 The Roman Catholic Church

The Pope in Rome was Head of The The Bible was only available in Latin Church. and read only by priests.

Catholic priests wore richly decorated Many people, not only the rich, left robes called vestments. This was an money in their wills for church important part of celebrating God. decorations.

Church services were also in Latin, even Roman Catholic churches were filled though people did not understand the with stained glass windows, statues, words. pictures, murals, wood and marble They were used to hearing and carvings and were dominated by huge repeating the rhythms of the words and altars and organs. took comfort from this tradition.

The appearance of the church was There was also a hierarchy of cardinals, almost as important to people as the archbishops and bishops to help the type of service they listened to. Pope govern the Church. Catholic churches were built to show Therefore, in theory, English people the glory and majesty of God and were were expected to be loyal to both their as elaborate and expensive as possible. monarch and the Pope.

Catholics believed that a miracle took place during Mass when the bread and wine given to the people were turned into the body and blood of Jesus through the powers of the priest. Decoration and music Church leadership ______The Roman ______Catholic Church ______

Priests and their robes Church services ______10 Henry VIII’s Decisions 1509-29: What would you do?

Decision 1 1509 - Choosing your Councillors

Your father, King Henry VII, died with a reputation for greed. Some of his councillors are hated for extorting high taxes from people. Should you: a. make a clean start with completely new councillors? b. keep most of your father’s councillors but punish (perhaps even execute) the most unpopular individuals? c. keep all your father’s councillors because you need their experience? I have chosen option a/b/c because

The actual decision was: ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives? Decision 2 1509 – France: War or Peace?

France is England’s oldest enemy. You enjoy jousting tournaments and reading about war. Will you: a. continue your father’s policy of avoiding war as much as possible? Your father’s councillors oppose war with France - they say it is dangerous and expensive. b. invade France with your army immediately? c. plan a war when you have secured the right alliances, perhaps with Spain, so you are not fighting France alone? I have chosen option a/b/c because

The actual decision was: ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives? Decision 3 1516 - What to do about Wolsey?

There is a great deal of gossip and opposition to your chief Minister, Thomas Wolsey. Men say he has become far too powerful and that his power makes you, the king, look weak to your own people and to foreign rulers, especially to the King of France. Should you: a. dismiss Wolsey to show who is truly king? You cannot afford to look weak as it will lead to the danger of invasion or rebellion. b. ignore the talk because Wolsey is very valuable to you? He does all the hard work you do not want to do. Besides which, you know that you are in control whatever people think. I have chosen option a a/b/c because

The actual decision was: ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives? Decision 4 1518 - What Role will you Play in Europe? The two most powerful states in Europe are France and the Holy Roman Empire. They have been at war, but now Wolsey wants you to mediate between them to produce at peace treaty. Should you: a. agree with this plan because it will show off your own power? You will look like the key figure in Europe, so powerful that you can persuade France and the Empire to make peace. b. dismiss the plan because there is nothing glorious in peace? Great kings fight wars and win battles. It would be better to make an alliance with either France or the Empire and to fight the other one and win a glorious war. I have chosen option a/option b because

The actual decision was: ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives? Henry VIII’s Decisions 1509-29: What would you do?

Decision 5 1525 - How will you Deal with the Rebels? You need money for war with France. Wolsey has demanded that people pay a tax which he has called a ‘friendly gift’ of money! This tax is very unpopular. People throughout the country have tried to avoid paying it and people are gathering with weapons in East Anglia to fight the tax collectors. It looks like a rebellion. Will you: a. abandon collection the tax and pardon the leaders of the rebellion? b. send in your soldiers to capture and execute the rebels so you do not look weak? I have chosen option a/option b because

The actual decision was : ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives? Decision 6 1529 - Who will Solve your Marriage Problem? You want the Pope to annul your marriage to Catherine of Aragon so you can marry Anne Boleyn. However, Wolsey has failed to persuade the Pope to end your marriage to Catherine. Wolsey’s enemies, including some powerful noblemen, say he has not been working hard enough to persuade the Pope. Should you: a. dismiss Wolsey? This will show the Pope and everyone else that you are determined to end the marriage. b. keep Wolsey as your Chief Minister? He has been your leading minister for fifteen years and deserves your support for all his hard work. c. demote Wolsey from Chief Minister but keep him as your chief adviser behind the scenes? I have chosen option a/option b because

The actual decision was: ____ THINK: Why wouldn’t you opt for the alternatives?

Explain which decisions were the most difficult/straightforward.

‘Renaissance Prince’

Henry is often described as a ‘Renaissance Prince.’ The Renaissance was the period of history around 1400 to 1550 when new discoveries were being made, and new ideas were spreading rapidly. Therefore, a ‘Renaissance Prince’ was a ruler who was interested in new ideas and had a wide range of talents. – the kind of man with the potential to be a great king. What were Henry’s strengths, weaknesses and aims as King?

Henry VIII gained the throne in 1509, aged 18, and inherited a stable and wealthy kingdom. He had strong views about how he wanted to rule the country, was fit and athletic and had a keen intellect. The Kingdom inherited by Henry VIII -There were no rival contenders to the throne when Henry’s father died. This made the throne secure. Henry was the second son but his eldest brother, Arthur, had died in 1502 and Henry became heir to the throne. -Henry VII had taxed the nobility heavily and the government coffers were full, but this meant that he was unpopular with noblemen who now welcomed a new and less experienced monarch. -England was a Catholic Country, which acknowledged the authority of the Pope. It was the Pope, and not the king, who controlled The Church and The Church was extremely powerful.

Henry the ‘Renaissance Prince’ Henry styled himself as a Renaissance man, pricking up on the revival of culture based on the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome that were sweeping through Europe. Henry had many talents and skills, and also had a keen intellect. He was a strong athlete. He hunted and practiced archery, wrestling and jousting. He was a musician. He sang, played many instruments and composed. He was a good dancer. He spoke French, Spanish and Latin. Henry believed: -He had been appointed by God – this was known as the Divine Right of Kings. -People had a duty to obey him. -The monarchy and the court were at the centre of life in England. -In what he thought and said, it was difficult to convince him otherwise – he was very stubborn. Henry’s personal style of government -Henry used the Royal Council and the Privy Chamber to help him make decisions. -Henry increasingly made use of one personal advisor or chief minister. Up to 1529 this was Cardinal Wolsey. From 1529 to 1540 it was Thomas Cromwell. -Henry delegated (gave) power as routine tasks bored him – increasing the power of his key advisors, such as Wolsey and Cromwell.

Tasks •Using the information from the previous pages, what were Henry’s main talents and skills? ______•What can you learn about Henry’s character from these pages? ______

•Describe the term ‘Renaissance Prince? ______13 ______Henry’s Henry’s Henry’s Aims strengths Weaknesses

He was young Egotistical and To create a England was and different overconfident: government stable – there from his father, he would not where the king was an who was heed advice, decided policy established disliked by leading to costly and his system of noblemen and mistakes. ministers carried government and merchants for it out. little threat of imposing high rebellion or civil taxes wa r.

Aged 18, he had Henry’s wife, He was Henry took part little experience Catherine of handsome and in dangerous of government. Aragon, gave looked like a sports, such as Henry strong king. jousting, which connections to were risky when Spain – a there was no growing male successor European power to the throne To achieve Henry had little Henry’s vision of To win back victory in battles interest in day – kingship, based lands from abroad and to to day on heroic France. Henry become major government and legends, was VIII wanted to forces in was happy to simplistic and emulate Henry European delegate power required him to V, who won land affairs. to others. This spend large in France after allowed his amounts of the Battle of ministers to money on Agincourt in accumulate expensive wars 1415. large amounts and on his of power. court.

Henry had a To enhance his To be an England was rich team of prestige by effective and The Crown experienced attracting great monarch, was not in debt. advisors around men to his governing well, him who helped court, including maintaining law him to rule the scholars and and order, being country. artists. committed to the Church and producing an heir who would reduce the risk of civil war on his death.

Henry Tudor Henry VII was Henry VII The Wars of the (Henry VII) was chosen by rebel invaded England Roses had taken only distantly nobles as the and killed King place between related to the leader of a Richard III at the Yorkists and Royal family in rebellion against the Battle of Lancastrians in the late 15th King Richard III. Bosworth in the 15th Century 1485, winning Century, being (Yorkists). the English won in the end throne. by Lancastrian Henry Tudor.

14 What was it like for the King and his country during Tudor England? Task •Read through the information over the next few pages, use the information to answer the questions on your ‘Bingo card’ – the first pair to complete a line of questions wins! Keep working through the questions to see which pair is the first to get a ‘full house’ •As we go through the answers in class, please ensure that you add any additional information in green pen.

1) Why was appearance 2) Identify two reasons 3) Why did Henry fear important to Kings why success in war that rebellions might against France would be break out? difficult.

4) Identify three mains 5) Give two reasons why 6) Identify two pieces of aims that Henry had as a Henry was keen to go to evidence from the young King. war with France. information to show that Henry could be ruthless.

7) How important was 8) Why was the influence 9) Identify two of Henry’s the king’s role in of the Pope in England a aims that he could not government? ‘grey area’? completely control.

15 Expectations of a King As King, Henry was expected to:

• Defend his people from foreign threats, increase England’s power and lead his army himself. • Show off England’s wealth and power through his own rich appearance. • Make sure people lived peacefully and prosperously, preventing rebellions and law-breaking. • Respect and unite his noble so they supported him and helped him govern the country. • Defend the Church and unite his people in one religion. • Father male children so there were no doubts about who was his heir.

Henry’s appearance and character Henry’s appearance was important if he was to be successful. People expected a king to look impressive, to show off the wealth and power of his country and Henry certainly looked like a great leader. His interests, such as jousting, hunting and sports, were also important because they were activities his nobles thought were important and could share with the King. This would help unite the nobles and the King. Henry could also be ruthless. One of the decisions he had to make was about choosing his father’s councillors. He kept most of them to begin with, but within days of becoming king he ordered the arrest of two of the most unpopular councillors, Empson and Dudley, and then had them put on trial and executed. This showed that Henry could be ruthless to win support and popularity.

Henry’s Aims As a young man, Henry’s main aim was to win glory and power for himself and England by waging successful wars against France. He had read histories of past wars with France and his heroes were great warrior kings such as Edward III and Henry V, who had beaten French armies in famous battles.

Henry also wanted to prevent rebellions breaking out as they had done when his father was king. Having sons to secure the line of succession would be important in this.

Henry’s personal style of monarchy Henry believed in traditional ways of doing things – he was very conservative in his attitudes. He believed that the monarchy was all powerful. Therefore he had a very personal style of government in which he took all the important decisions about how the country was run – decisions such as going to war and whom to appoint to important jobs. He expected to be obeyed because God had chosen him to be king and rule England. However there was nothing new about this, as all previous kings had had the same personal style of governing.

16 Henry’s Henry’s Potential for strengths weaknesses problems Henry’s views on sovereignty and monarchy As monarch, Henry was ‘sovereign’ within England – which meant that no one else shared his power. In theory the Pope, as Head of the Catholic Church, also had power over the archbishops, bishops, monasteries and priests, but this was a ‘grey area’. In practice, Henry expected that he himself would choose the archbishops and bishops and that the Pope would accept his decisions. Henry also expected that, in return for his own support for the Church, the Pope would agree to any requests Henry made.

Henry’s potential strengths and weaknesses as a King. Henry had many strengths – his youth, his appearance and glamour, his enthusiasm for war and sports which appealed to his nobles. He was intelligent and he seemed to provide a fresh, optimistic start after the fears and worries of his father’s reign. At the same time, Henry did not want to change the way kings behaved or governed – his style as king was very much the same as kings in the past who had been successful.

Therefore, Henry did not appear to have any weaknesses when he became king, except that he did not have any experience of being king. His weaknesses would only appear as time went by and they depended on how he responded to things that he could not control –the power of other countries, the willingness of his people to pay taxes to cover the cost of his wars, whether he fathered male heirs, whether the good harvests gave his people enough to eat.

England’s power abroad

In the early 1400s England had ruled half of France, but that empire had been lost by the 1450s. The French town of Calais was now the only part of France that England still possessed – a gateway for trade between England and the continent. France was a much larger and richer country than England and Kings of France were now more interested in winning land and wealth in Italy than in war with England. If Henry wanted to fight a successful and glorious war he would need strong allies to take on mighty France.

17 Henry’s Henry’s Potential for strengths weaknesses problems Knowledge recap: Young Henry

Young Henry and accession to the throne 1) Who was Henry VIII’s father?

2) What was the name of Henry’s older brother?

3) Why was Henry VIII described as a ‘Renaissance Prince?’

4) Give two positive features often reported of the Henry VIII:

5) What did the young Henry VIII do with Empson and Dudley, two of his father’s councillors?

Henry’s character and views 1) Henry has a very personal style of government. What did this mean?

2) Why did Henry expect to be obeyed as King?

3) Henry was conservative. What does this mean?

4) As monarch, Henry was ‘sovereign’ within England. What did this mean?

5) Henry expected to be able to do with regards to Bishops and Archbishops in England? Who would have to agree to this?

Strengths, weaknesses and aims 1) What was Henry’s main foreign policy aim as a young man?

2) Name one of Henry’s main domestic duties as King:

3) What was Henry’s main weakness when he became King?

4) Name two of Henry’s strengths when he became King:

5) In 1509, which was the only part of France still possessed by England? 18 Use this page to complete tasks on the next page

19 What was English society like in 1509? Memorise the diagram on the previous page and then complete the social hierarchy pyramid. Was it possible for Green pen to correct if needed. people to rise through What were the two the social hierarchy? greatest dangers to the health and prosperity of the people?

Can you think of consequences of: - More trade/contact with Europe?

How did the size of the population influence prosperity? - Increased literacy?

(who rented land fro

How was England governed?

Please answer the questions below:

1) Who decided when Parliament should meet?

2) Who was the King expected to listen to advice from?

3) What/who did the Royal Household consist of?

4) Who was on the Council?

5) What was Parliament’s main role?

6) Name two roles expected of the nobles.

7) During his reign, who were Henry’s two Chief Ministers?

8) What did the role of Chief Minister involve? 20

9) What was The Court? Highlight: Specifics/stats People/Places Events Dates

Create a title for Summarise into 3 each paragraph How did Cardinal Wolsey rise to power? bullet points max. 1508 – 1525 Wolsey’s rise to power was remarkable. A butcher’s son, born about 1471 in Ipswich, Wolsey was extraordinarily intelligent.

His uncle, a wealthy merchant, probably paid for Thomas to be educated and to attend Oxford University by the age of 15. He remained at the university and, in 1498, became a priest – a career in the Church was a good way for a young man to get on in life.

Around 1501 Wolsey became chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury and quickly got to know other important men. In 1507 he was appointed a royal chaplain to Henry VII, so now he was at Court. Wolsey soon showed his talents, rapidly and successfully carrying out the diplomatic missions to several countries for the king.

When Henry VIII became King he appointed Wolsey to the Royal Council. In 1513, when Henry led an invasion of France, Wolsey was the brains behind the organisation of the army, it’s equipment and transport.

In 1513 Henry and his army invaded France, despite advice from his father’s councillors that war was expensive and dangerous. Henry was not going to be put off winning glory! However, Henry’s allies backed out of their agreement to attack France and his campaign fizzled out. He did win what was thrillingly called ‘the Battle of the Spurs’, although it was really only a small skirmish and pursuit of French Cavalry. In contrast, Henry’s general, the Earl of Surrey, won a decisive battle against the Scots at Flodden after the Scots invaded the North of England. The King of Scots and many of his nobles were killed. What turned out to be Henry’s greatest victory was won when he was not there.

His success was quickly rewarded. In 1514 he became Bishop of Lincoln and then Archbishop of York, the second most powerful position in the English church.

In 1515, the Pope appointed Wolsey a cardinal, the highest rank in the Catholic Church. There was nothing unusual in this – many English archbishops were made cardinals.

In 1515, Henry appointed Wolsey Lord Chancellor of England, making Wolsey his Chief Minister. For the next fourteen years, Wolsey led England’s administration, keeping a firm grasp on both foreign and domestic policy. 21 22 Create a title for Wolsey: Roles, personality and wealth Summarise into 3 each paragraph bullet points max. For fifteen years, Wolsey juggled the most demanding roles in England. As a cardinal and archbishop he was the leading churchman in England. However, his major role was the king’s chief minister, managing Parliaments, raising taxes, leading diplomatic negotiations, planning military campaigns, drafting new laws and many other tasks. This meant that he did the hard work of government, allowing King Henry to spend his time jousting, hunting and in all his other many enjoyments.

Wolsey was able to juggle all this because he was highly intelligent, with great stamina and energy to work very long hours on the King’s business. He was also deeply loyal to Henry. Among his other strengths were his skills as a negotiator and ability to charm and persuade people to agree with him. At other times he could lose his temper deliberately and use bad language to over awe those who disagreed with him.

Wolsey also enjoyed and took pride in showing off his great wealth. By 1520 he was the King’s wealthiest subject and spent his money lavishly on buildings, jewels, silver plate to decorate his houses, tapestries and clothing. This spending gave his rivals the opportunity to accuse him of extreme greed and trying to rival the king’s magnificence.

However, it is important to remember that Wolsey was the king’s leading advisor, an archbishop and cardinal. In these roles he was expected to live as magnificently as he could. He also needed a huge income to pay all the people who worked for him, including lawyers, administrators who did government business for him and all the different kinds of servants needed to keep his houses running.

What qualities did Wolsey have that explain his rise to power? ______

Why was Wolsey so important to Henry? Use examples. ______

What aspects of Wolsey’s personality and wealth led to criticism by his political rivals? ______23 Describe two features of Wolsey’s rise to power For this question: • Stick to the question – don’t stray and write too much! • Only write about 2 features (they must be different to each other) • Spend a maximum of 6 minutes on this question One feature of Wolsey’s rise to power was becoming a royal chaplain to Henry VII in 1507 (1 mark). This meant that he was now at Court and allowed him to show his talents by rapidly and successfully carrying out diplomatic missions to several countries for the King (2 marks).

A second feature of Wolsey’s rise to power was

What was Wolsey’s greatest achievement?

Over the next few lessons, you are going to evaluate Wolsey’s work as Henry’s Chief Minister up to 1525.

A hypothesis is your first suggested answer to an enquiry question. The hypothesis below will help you stay focused on the question and you will be able to gather evidence to test it:

‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.

This is how a 16-mark essay question will look, and you will be able to answer it after the next few lessons, when you have completed the table given to you. 24 How powerful was England in relation to other European Powers? Annotate around your picture – you will use the annotations to answer a question later. What can you see? What can you infer? Any questions? Green pen additional info.

You will have three different types of exam questions in this unit: - Describe question (4 marks) - Explain question (12 marks) - Essay question (16 marks)

Answer this one (you can use the info on the next page to help you): Describe two features of the meeting at The Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520. (4 marks)

‘One feature of the meeting at The Field of Cloth of Gold was……

‘This was……(develop your point with some specific details)

‘A second feature of the meeting at The Field of Cloth of Gold was…..

‘This was….. (develop your point with some specific details)

25 What happened at The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520? Henry’s chances of glory and success in Europe were poor. However, the painting on the previous page shows Henry in 1520 at the very centre of events, apparently on equal terms with King Francis I of France at the event called the Field of Cloth of Gold. But what happened there?

In 1520, Wolsey arranged four royal meetings for Henry, two with Charles V and two with Francis I. The Field of Cloth of Gold was the most lavish and expensive meetings. Held just outside Calais, it lasted for over two weeks. It got its name from the gold thread woven into the fabric of 300 French tents, the elaborate decorations and the beautiful armour and clothes worn by the participants. When the sunlight fell on this magnificent scene, it must have shimmered like a golden field. Most importantly, it must have made Henry appear to be one of the three great rulers in Europe, holding the fate of nations in his hands.

The two kings went to elaborate lengths to show how much they trusted each other. The site for the meeting was in a shallow valley so that no king was camped higher than the other. King Francis dined with Henry’s wife, Queen Catherine, While Henry dined with Francis’s wife, Queen Claude. There were jousting tournaments, mock combat on foot and fighting in pairs with spears and swords. The two kings apparently never jousted against each other, but they did fight in teams of noblemen. Unfortunately for Henry, he did challenge Francis to a wrestling match; a contest Henry quickly lost.

26 Look at the map of Europe. In four different colours where relevant, for each country can you highlight: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Pg 20 scan

If you were Wolsey, would you advise Henry to: - Launch military campaigns to achieve glory? - Seek alliances as the best way to show that England can be powerful and important?

27

Which advice do you think he gave the King? Tasks 1) Why did you think population size and royal income were important for deciding the power of a country? ______2) In what ways was England much weaker than France and the Holy Roman Empire? ______3) How strong were Henry’s chances of achieving the military glory that he wanted? ______

Judgement: Evaluate the relative strength of England’s position in Europe and start to explain the significance of the Field of ______Cloth of Gold. See the PP for prompts. ______

28 Knowledge recap: Wolsey & Europe

Reasons for Wolsey’s rise. Personality, roles and wealth. 1. Wolsey was the son of a ...... ?

2. Who was Wolsey appointed as Royal Chaplain to in 1507?

3. Name two of the roles that Wolsey was appointed to between 1513 and 1515:

4. Name two of Wolsey’s main day to day tasks in his roles from 1515 onwards.

5. Name two of Wolsey’s qualities or character features:

England’s position in Europe 1. What specific problem did England traditionally have with Scotland?

2. What did the Scots repeatedly do?

3. What was the population of the Holy Roman Empire during Henry’s reign?

4. Which area of land did Francis and Charles repeatedly fight over?

5. Name two areas in which England lagged behind France and the Holy Roman Empire:

6. Who did the name Valois relate to?

29 How successful were Wolsey’s domestic policies? What do we mean by ‘domestic policies?’ ______

Henry VIII was not greatly interested in everyday government, preferring to spend his time on hunting, music, jousting and other enjoyments. He left the hard work of government to Wolsey. Wolsey attempted reforms to make government more efficient, the law fairer or to increase the King’s income. However, none of them was completely successful, largely because Wolsey was trying to do so many things at once and domestic plans always had to take second place to King Henry’s ambitions for war and diplomacy abroad.

ENCLOSURES TASKS The Problem: Most villages had large fields shared by villagers What were as farmland. There were no hedges dividing one person’s land enclosures? from another’s. This land was rented by villagers from the local landowner. Villagers also shared rough common land for grazing their animals. However, landowners were increasingly taking over villagers’ land because they expected to make What problems were more money by keeping sheep on the land and selling the wool they causing? than from the rents paid by villagers. Landowners also ‘enclosed’ the common land with fences for their own use and to keep villagers’ animals from grazing on it. These enclosures gave landowners the chance to try new ideas What actions did but it caused unemployment. Far fewer workers were needed Wolsey take and to look after sheep than to grow crops in the fields. As a result, why? unemployed labourers moved to towns in search of work and increased the number of ‘wandering poor’ who were known as vagrants.

Wolsey’s Actions: Highlight: Wolsey tried to support common people against landowners. In Wolsey’s successes 1517, he began law cases against 260 landowners for enclosing Wolsey’s failures land illegally. This made him enemies among the landowners Annotate who resented his interference. explanations:

Results: Wolsey did not reduce the number of enclosures because landowners were not just being greedy. They were struggling for money themselves and so continued to enclose land, and so unemployment increased. ELTHAM ORDINANCES TASKS The Problem: The Royal Household contained the royal family, What problem was their friends and all the servants who kept the Household fed, Wolsey facing? clothed and entertained. The cost of the Household was very high, as, for example, 500 meals were needed twice a day. In addition, a group of young noblemen in the household were trying to persuade the King to reduce Wolsey’s power. What actions did Wolsey’s Actions: In 1519 and again in 1526, he made a plan Wolsey take and at Eltham palace proposing the changes known as the Eltham why? Ordinances. These changes would have saved money by cutting down the amount of courtiers in the Household and, in turn, this would have stopped his political rivals having direct access to the King. Highlight: Wolsey’s successes Results: No changes were ever made, partly because Wolsey Wolsey’s failures had to spend his time trying to get the King’s marriage Annotate annulled. He may have also decided he could find more explanations: effective ways to reduce the noble’s influence with the King. As 30 a result no money was saved. How successful were Wolsey’s domestic policies? FINANCE TASKS The problem: The king had two kinds of income: Ordinary/ 1. Ordinary income – mostly money from rents paid by extraordinary people who farmed land owned by the King. This income difference? was expected to pay the costs of the King and his family but not for special events such as wars. 2. Extraordinary income – taxes voted by Parliament, usually to pay for wars. These taxes were called tenths and What was the fifteenths because in theory townspeople paid 1/10 of the problem with value of their belongings and country people paid 1/15. finances? However, these taxes had become fixed amounts were not based on accurate assessments of people’s wealth. This was unfair and unpopular – and did not raise enough money for war. What actions did Wolsey take and Wolsey’s actions: Wolsey tried to increase the King’s income why? from rents by passing and Act of Parliament in 1515, which took back lands given away by Henry since 1509. Second, he replaced the fifteenth and tenth tax with a new tax called a subsidy, based on the real wealth of taxpayers. Highlight: Results: The crown did collect more money from the subsidy. Wolsey’s successes However, royal spending continued to be greater than income. Wolsey’s failures Wolsey raised over £800,000 for the King between 1509 and Annotate 1520 but government expenditure was £1,700,000, over twice explanations: as much because of the costs of warfare. This forced the crown to sell more land and so its ordinary income from rents fell event further.

AMICABLE GRANT TASKS The Problem: In 1525 Henry wanted to invade France to take What problem was advantage of King Francis being held prisoner by Emperor Wolsey facing? Charles V. Wolsey tried to raise money for the war but Parliament refused to agree to a new tax because: Wolsey had made people pay a forced loan in 1522 but the money lent to the King had still not been repaid. Parliament had agreed to a tax in 1523 but that money was still being collected, so why was another tax needed? What actions did Wolsey’s Actions: Wolsey decided to collect another tax without Wolsey take and first asking Parliament. Wolsey claimed this would simply be a why? friendly or amicable gift of money, given out of the goodness of people’s hearts and their love for King Henry. This tax is therefore known as the Amicable Grant.

The results: The tax was deeply unpopular. In some areas Highlight: there was high unemployment and rising prices so people could Wolsey’s successes not afford to pay. There was widespread resistance to paying Wolsey’s failures and protests from the Church about paying the tax. In East Annotate Anglia there was a rebellion (known as the Amicable Grant explanations: Rising). Reports said that 400 rebels gathered at Lavenham in Suffolk to march to London in protest. The Duke of Suffolk was sent to end the protests but the rebels outnumbered his forces. Suffolk told Wolsey that his troops sympathised with the rebels and ‘against their neighbours they would not fight’. As a result of so much hostility Wolsey had to abandon the grant and pardon the leaders of the rebellion. In addition, Henry abandoned his planned invasion of France. 31 How successful were Wolsey’s domestic policies?

JUSTICE TASKS The problem: It was difficult for the poor to take legal cases to What problem was court because of the high costs and so they were far more Wolsey addressing? likely to suffer bad treatment or be cheated. There was also a lot of corruption in courts such as the rich intimidating or bribing juries to make decisions in their favour. What actions did Wolsey’s actions: Wolsey wanted everyone to get fair Wolsey take and treatment in the courts. In 1516 he made reforms aiming to why? punish corruption, especially to stop the rich buying the results they wanted in court. For example, the Earl of Northumberland was imprisoned for refusing to obey a court’s decision. Wolsey also acted as a judge himself several times a week in the Court of Star Chamber and set up a court just to deal with cases Highlight: brought by poor people. Wolsey’s successes Wolsey’s failures Results: Some people were helped, but far more poor people Annotate wanted to use the courts than the courts could deal with, so explanations: many were still dissatisfied. Wolsey did not have enough time to deal with this problem because of the time he had to spend dealing with foreign policy. He also gained more enemies among the wealthy who were punished by the courts.

Explain why Wolsey’s domestic reforms were not as successful as he wished. You may wish to use the following in your answer: -Finances -Amicable Grant, 1525 You must also use information of your own. (12 marks)

Wolsey’s domestic reforms in finance were not as successful as he wished because his attempt to increase the King’s ordinary income from rents in a 1515 Act of Parliament was not enough to match expenditure. Wolsey raised over £800,000 for the King between 1509 and 1520, but government expenditure was £1.7 million due to warfare costs. The 1515 Act took back lands given away by Henry since 1509, but the Crown was eventually forced to sell more land due to this high spending, so rent income fell further. This was a significant failure for Wolsey as Henry’s main aim was to gain military glory in wars against France, which was a very expensive aim.

Can you identify: 32 POINT EXPLANATION EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANCE Explain why Wolsey’s domestic reforms were not as successful as he wished. You may wish to use the following in your answer: -Finances Over to you now! -Amicable Grant, 1525 Choose 2 more You must also use information of your own. (12 marks) factors ______

______33 POINT EXPLANATION EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANCE Level Mark Description 1 1-3 Simple or general answer. This answer will lack detail and may simply describe what one or two of Wolsey’s domestic policies were. E.G. Wolsey tried to improve England. He did this by collecting a tax without asking Parliament. This tax was known as The Amicable Gift and was meant to show the love for King Henry VIII.

2 4-6 This answer will begin to show some explanation. It will begin to answer the actual question but will at times be simply describing the policies, not why they failed. eg. Wolsey’s domestic policies failed because people refused to pay The Amicable Grant. The Amicable Grant was meant to be a gift from the people to demonstrate their love of the King. 3 7-9 This answer will be mostly linked to the question and will focus on why Wolsey’s policies failed. It will answer the question but it may be badly organised. E.G. The Amicable Grant was a tax for the King. This policy failed because people in the Church refused to pay it and people protested throughout England. This meant the policy failed.

4 10-12 This answer will explore fully a number of reasons for the failure of Wolsey’s domestic policy. Each point will be well focused and linked to the question. E.G. One reason Wolsey’s domestic policy failed was because of protests. When Wolsey tried to bring in a new tax there were protests from both the Church and people. Therefore, this failed.

* 3 explained points as to why Wolsey’s domestic policies were unsuccessful

Focus on the question of WHY

Specific detail from the time period,

Categorisation of the different factors within the wider context of the time period.

Conclusion formed as to the most important reason why Wolsey’s domestic policies were not as successful as he would have wished. T= Complete the highlighted question in the box below: T1 Why was timing an issue for Wolsey being able to make a success of his domestic policies?

T2 What were the consequences of the Amicable Grant?

T3 What was Wolsey’s biggest success domestically?

T4 How did Wolsey make enemies with his domestic policies?

34 Knowledge recap: Wolsey’s domestic policies

Wolsey’s domestic policies: Enclosures 1. What were enclosures?

2. What had it been like before enclosures?

3. What problem did enclosures cause?

4. What did Wolsey do to deal with enclosures?

5. Why did Wolsey’s actions fail?

Wolsey’s domestic policies: Finance 1. What do we mean by ‘ordinary income’ for the King?

2. What was ‘extraordinary income?’

3. Name one of Wolsey’s actions to increase the King’s income:

4. How much money did Wolsey raise for the King between 1509 and 1520?

5. How much was government expenditure in this same period?

Wolsey’s domestic policies: Justice 1. Why was it difficult for the poor to take legal cases to court?

2. What was Wolsey’s main aim for court reform?

3. Who was imprisoned for failing to obey a court’s decision?

4. Which Court did Wolsey act as a judge in several times a week?

5. Name one failure of Wolsey’s court reforms:

Wolsey’s domestic policies: Eltham Ordinances 1. How many meals were needed in the Royal Household twice a day?

2. What were a group of young noblemen in the Royal Household trying to do?

3. What did Wolsey’s Eltham Ordinances propose to do?

4. Name one benefit of the proposals:

5. Why did Wolsey’s proposals fail?

Wolsey’s domestic policies: Amicable Grant 1. Why did Henry want money from Parliament in 1525?

2. Give one specific reason why Parliament refused:

3. What was Wolsey’s solution in 1525? Be specific with your wording.

4. How many rebels gathered in response to Wolsey’s plan?

5. What were Wolsey and Henry forced to do at the end of the crisis? 35 Complete the 5 domestic policy rows in the table on the next page: 36 ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? Create questions to Wolsey’s aims in foreign policy were not exactly the same match the text: as Henry’s. Henry preferred war. In contrast, Wolsey knew that war was both risky and expensive so unless there was a very high chance of success in war, he preferred peace. The two men agreed, however, that England’s ultimate aim was to be seen as equal to the two most powerful states – France and the Holy Roman Empire. To achieve this, England would have to ‘punch above its weight’ both in diplomacy and war. Wolsey’s problem was convincing Henry that he could win just as much glory and recognition as a powerful ruler through diplomacy as he could by fighting battles. Some historians also say that Wolsey had another aim, to be elected as Pope. Popes are chose by the College of Cardinals in Rome, and since Wolsey was a Cardinal, he was eligible. However, it was 300 years since an Englishman had been Pope and Wolsey knew that the Cardinals in Italy had the most votes and were likely to be chosen as Pope. In order to ever become Pope, Wolsey would need the support of the French. This tied in with the fact that Wolsey had good relations with the French.

Can you see any potential problems emerging from Henry and Wolsey’s differing foreign policy aims?

Henry’s rivals The rivalry in Europe was not just over the power of the countries – for Henry it was much more personal than that. He was very aware of King Francis (France) and Emperor Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) as personal rivals. He did not want to play ‘third fiddle’ to Francis and Charles when he was slightly older than them and had become King before they had. Henry had wanted to be seen as their superior. However, England was outmatched in comparison to France and the Holy Roman Empire in size, population, wealth and army size.

Over the next few pages, you will be judging the success of Wolsey’s foreign policies. They will be split into 3 factors: - The Treaty of London, 1518 - The Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520 - Foreign policies, 1521-25

Before answering the questions at the side of each of these factors, complete the questions on the next page. You will find 37 the answers in the text for each factor. Complete these questions, using the information on the next three pages.

The Treaty of London, The Field of Cloth of Foreign policies, 1518 Gold, 1520 1521-25

When was the first time Henry How did Wolsey try to uphold What did 1521 treat between invaded France? Why did Henry Henry’s reputation as the Henry and Charles result in? Did think it had been successful? Was peacemaker of Europe? What did Henry and Wolsey have different it? Henry have to sacrifice to achieve aims? this?

What was Francis I’s aim? Henry’s How did Charles and Henry differ attitude to it? in their aims for their alliance? Did they achieve anything? What did the Field of Cloth of Gold symbolise? Did its success last long?

Could Henry stop Francis Did Henry’s army have initial achieving his aims? Why? Was success in France? Were they Francis successful? ultimately successful?

Why was the Field of Cloth of Gold a great moment for Henry and Wolsey? Could they control Why did events in 1518 change Charles and Francis? Why was the Battle of Pavia good the situation? How did Wolsey news for Henry? Why was he not exploit the situation? What was able to capitalise on it? the outcome?

Why did the Amicable Grant end Why could England not stay on the Henry’s hopes of invading France? What was the Treaty of London? sidelines in a war between Charles Was it received positively? (HRE) and Francis (France)? Whose side did they choose?

What was the outcome of the failed war against France?

Why was the Treaty of London important for Henry? ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? STEP 1: Highlight Factor 1: The Treaty of London, 1518 SPED in the text

Henry had already invaded France in 1513. EVIDENCE: DESCRIBE the main This had been a very expensive expedition, features of the Treaty of London. which had achieved nothing, but Henry felt Eg. It was a treaty of ‘universal peace, successful because he had won the skirmish meaning….. called ‘the Battle of the Spurs’. His desire for war increased further when Francis I became King of France, but Henry could not find allies to fight France.

Francis I had a very different aim – to invade and take land in northern Italy. When the Pope appealed to Henry for help against EXPLAIN (with evidence) how and Francis, Henry declared pompously and why the treaty was signed optimistically: ‘If I choose, Francis will cross the Alps (into Italy) and if I choose he will not’.

Henry completely exaggerated his own power. He did not have the military strength or wealth to stop Francis. Wolsey worked hard to win allies to fight France but failed. Nobody wanted to risk losing a war against France. By JUDGE the SIGNIFICANCE/success of 1515, Francis had successfully invaded Italy, the treaty won a major battle and taken land – everything Henry had hoped to do, but had • Wolsey’s successes (explain not. Henry and England were helpless on the why): sidelines while his rival, Francis, won all the glory.

Then, in 1518, the situation changed – thanks to the Turks! A Muslim army from Turkey attacked Italy and the Pope appealed to the Christian rulers of Europe for help. Wolsey pounced on the idea and hijacked it. He called • Wolsey’s failures (explain why): a large meeting in London, inviting all the rulers of Europe to send ambassadors. They did – and they agreed a treaty of ‘universal peace’ called the Treaty of London as a prelude to helping the Pope. Part of this bigger Treaty was a peace agreement between England and France, which also arranged the marriage of Henry’s baby daughter, Mary, to the son of Francis I. • Did Wolsey meet his diplomatic The Treaty of London said that all the aims? How? countries of Europe would live at peace with each other. If anyone broke the peace the other countries would punish the treaty- breaker. At the time the Treaty was called a moral and diplomatic triumph. • Did Henry meet his military aims? Most importantly for Henry it had taken place in London and he had been at the centre of events. Henry looked like the man who had united the whole of Europe in peace. Wolsey had done the work, but the glory was Henry’s. 39 ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? STEP 1: Highlight Factor 2: The Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520 SPED in the text Between 1518 and 1520 Wolsey tried to EVIDENCE: DESCRIBE the main uphold Henry’s reputation as the features of the Field of Cloth of Gold peacemaker of Europe, created by the (use your previous work too) Treaty of London. To do this he organised Eg. It took place in a valley so… two great conferences between Henry and Charles V, and two more between Henry and Francis – one of which was the Field of Cloth of Gold. Henry did his part, even turning down an invitation from Charles to ally together in a war against France. EXPLAIN (with evidence) why the Field of Cloth of Gold was arranged. Which aims in foreign policy did it The Field of Cloth of Gold symbolised meet? Wolsey’s success in keeping Henry at the centre of events. He made Henry look like one of the three great rulers of Europe – a great achievement. However, decisions made elsewhere ended this success as a major war was about to begin between France and the Holy Roman Empire. JUDGE the SIGNIFICANCE/success of the meeting The Field of Cloth of Gold had been a great moment for Henry and Wolsey. They had • Wolsey’s successes (explain why): looked like men who were controlling events in Europe. Wolsey had done as much as anyone could have done to make Henry appear a great king. However, once Francis and Charles decided to go to war against each other there was nothing Henry and Wolsey could do to stop them. • Wolsey’s failures (explain why): Henry and Wolsey faced a choice – should they stay out of the war and sit on the sidelines, or join the war by allying with either Charles V or Francis I? Staying on the sidelines was impossible. It made England – and Henry – look powerless. They chose Charles as their ally because it was natural to go to war against France, England’s traditional enemy. • Did Wolsey meet his diplomatic aims? How?

• Did Henry meet his military aims?

40 ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? STEP 1: Highlight Factor 3: Foreign policies, 1521-25 SPED in the text In 1521 Henry made a treaty with Charles and, the EVIDENCE: DESCRIBE the main next year, England declared war on France. Henry features of the foreign policy of must have hoped that, with Charles as his ally, he was Henry and Wolsey, 1521-25 about to win the military glory he had wanted all Eg. In 1521, Henry signed a treaty with along. However, Wolsey still hoped to avoid the risk Charles and declared war on France… and expense of war and continued peace negotiations with France.

This disagreement about foreign policy between Henry and Wolsey was bad enough, but what led to the failures of the next few years was the failure of EXPLAIN (with evidence) the Henry and Charles to support each other. Charles was reasons/aims behind foreign policy in this period chiefly interested in defeating the French army in northern Italy – he was not interested in invading France. In contrast, Henry was only interested in invading France. The result was that the alliance between Henry and Charles never achieved anything.

In 1523 and English army led by the Duke of Suffolk JUDGE the SIGNIFICANCE/success of invaded France. As there was a rebellion taking place foreign policy, 1521-25 in France the English got within 50 miles of Paris, but the expected support from Charles’s army did not • Wolsey’s successes (explain arrive. Henry decided against joining his army and why): the English turned and went home. The brief promise of success had turned into another expensive failure.

Then came the Battle of Pavia in northern Italy in 1525. Charles’s army destroyed the French and captured King Francis. When the news arrived in London, Henry rejoiced and made plans to invade and • Wolsey’s failures (explain why): conquer France. He expected that he and Charles would divide France between them – but Charles did not want France. He wanted to control northern Italy and had already got what he wanted. Besides, Charles did not think that England had given him any real help in four years of war, so why should he now help England?

Henry’s hope of invading France finally ended when • Did Wolsey meet his diplomatic the Amicable Grant Rising broke out in England and aims? How? he could not raise money for war. His hopes of glory were over. Instead, Wolsey negotiated a peace treaty with France and abandoned the alliance with Charles – a decision that would come back to haunt Henry and Wolsey a few short years later.

• Did Henry meet his military aims?

41 Knowledge recap: Foreign policies

Foreign policy: Wolsey’s aims 1. Why did Wolsey prefer peace to war?

2. What foreign policy aim did both Wolsey and Henry agree on, in relation to England’s status?

3. What did Wolsey try to convince Henry that he could achieve glory and recognition through, as opposed to war?

4. Some historians have suggested that Wolsey had a more personal foreign policy aim? What was it his ambition to become?

5. Which country did Wolsey favour for a potential alliance?

Foreign policy: Treaty of London 1518 1. Although Henry achieved little in the 1513 invasion of France, which minor battle did he win?

2. Who did the Pope appeal to when the Turks attacked Italy?

3. What did all the major European ambassadors agree to in the Treaty of London?

4. As part of the treaty, who was arranged to be married?

5. What did the Treaty of a London suggest about Henry?

Foreign policy: Field of Cloth of Gold 1520 1. Who did Henry meet at the Field of Cloth of Gold, and where was it?

2. What did the meeting suggest about Henry?

3. Name two features of the Field of Cloth of Gold meeting:

4. What event meant that the Field of Cloth of Gold success was short-lived for Henry?

5. In response to this event (Q4 answer), what did Henry and Wolsey decide to do?

Foreign policies 1521-25 1. In 1522, England declared war on ______, alongside ______.

2. How did the aims of Henry and Charles differ?

3. How close did the Duke of Suffolk’s army get to Paris in 1523?

4. At which battle in 1525 did Charles defeat and capture Francis?

5. Charles did not help Henry conquer France because ______, and ______Rising meant Henry could not raise money for war.

How successful was Wolsey’s foreign policy? 1. State a success of Wolsey’s foreign policy, 1518-25:

2. State another:

3. With which country did Wolsey agree a peace treaty in 1527?

4. State a success of Wolsey’s foreign policy, 1518-25:

5. State another: 42

Now complete the table you have already started on pg 37: ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? (16 marks) You are now going to write your essay. You’ve planned your answer, as you should in the exam, so start with an: OPENING JUDGEMENT in 1-2 sentences. What are you arguing? Overall, do you agree with the question?

SUPPORTING ARGUMENT (AGREE with question statement) Now argue in support of the statement in the question, no matter what your judgement is. Create a PEES argument to use evidence to explain your point. Judge the significance of this factor by linking directly back to the question (ie. Whether it was a success) ‘The Field of Cloth of Gold was a great success because……evidence….explanation……significance, linking back to the question.’

Examples OPENING JUDGEMENT ‘The Field of Cloth of Gold was Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 as it was a great moment which made Wolsey and Henry look like men controlling events in Europe. Other factors to weigh this against are the Treaty of London and domestic policies.

SUPPORTING ARGUMENT example ‘The Field of Cloth of Gold was a great success because Wolsey was able to uphold Henry’s position as the peacemaker of Europe, created by the Treaty of London. Henry met Francis on equal terms, symbolised by the meeting being held in a valley. With the Field of Cloth of Gold meeting with Francis, Wolsey was able to keep Henry at the centre of events and make Henry look like one of the three great rulers of Europe, which was a significant achievement considering England’s smaller population, military and weaker finances.’

Can you identify:

POINT EXPLANATION EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANCE

Now, can you produce one more argument of your own on the next page to agree with the statement, before moving onto the counter-argument and judgement? 43 ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? (16 marks) One more PEES to agree with the question statement: ______COUNTER ARGUMENT Now argue against the statement in the question with 2 PEES factors, so that your answer is balanced. ‘However, the Field of Cloth of Gold was not a complete success because______44

Highlight: POINT EXPLANATION EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANCE ‘Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 and 1525 was the Field of Cloth of Gold.’ How far do you agree? (16 marks) COUNTER ARGUMENT The Treaty of London was a greater success than the Field of Cloth of Gold in some ways because ______Highlight: POINT EXPLANATION EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANCE OVERALL JUDGEMENT Be brave with your judgement, don’t sit on the fence. Think of the argument/counter- argument as a set of scales: which side carries more weight? Don’t just repeat yourself; which are the heaviest pieces of evidence on both sides?

- Start with YOUR JUDGEMENT – try to include words from the question into this sentence: ‘To a large extent, I agree that the Field of Cloth of Gold was Wolsey’s greatest success between 1515 ad 1525 because….’ - Show that you are aware that there is evidence to COUNTER this and give the best example: ‘Despite its obvious overall success, the Field of Cloth of Gold failed to have an impact on domestic policy, which Wolsey’s legal reforms did…. - Give your final opinion with reason(s) why: ‘Overall however, the Field of Cloth of Gold was a greater success because…’ ______45 ______Why did Wolsey fall from power? This is the final section of this booklet. The central question is ‘Why did Wolsey fall from power?’ but there are other questions which need to be answered, as shown by the diagram below:

Role of the Boleyn faction Wolsey’s Foreign policy background and failures personality

Why did Wolsey fall from power?

Wolsey’s failure to The trigger: have Henry’s Wolsey’s letter marriage annulled

This factor raises two major questions: 2) Why was Henry unable to get an 1) Why did Henry annulment by 1529? want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

We will start with these two questions, before looking at how the failure to get an annulment for Henry contributed to the fall of Wolsey in 1529-30.

46 Why did Henry want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon? FACTOR 1 The succession: the need for an heir

Henry and Catherine: the background Who was Catherine married to Was Catherine always due to marry before Henry VIII? Henry? Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of the King and Queen of Spain. In 1501, aged 16, she married Arthur, the 15 year old eldest son Why did Henry VIII marry of Henry VII. Their marriage sealed an alliance Catherine? between England and Spain. Six months after the wedding Arthur fell ill and died. Catherine remained in England and in 1509 she married Arthur’s brother, Henry VIII, shortly after he became king. This marriage maintained the Spanish alliance. Why did Henry need permission Why did Henry need special (dispensation) to marry Catherine? dispensation to marry Catherine? Before Henry married Catherine, he had to apply for a dispensation (permission) for the marriage from the Pope, Julius II. This was because the Church forbade a man to marry his brother's wife. However, Catherine testified that she had not had intercourse with Arthur Why was Henry able to get before his death, so the dispensation was special dispensation from the granted on the grounds that Catherine and Pope? Arthur had not consummated their marriage.

Catherine of Aragon Can you see any problems that could emerge throughout Henry and Catherine’s marriage?

Factor 1 is continued on the next page. Why did Henry want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

FACTOR 1 The succession: the need for an heir STEP 1: Highlight At first the marriage worked well. Catherine SPED in the text enjoyed life at Court and Henry publically showed his devotion to her. Catherine EVIDENCE: DESCRIBE the main conceived at least six times before 1518, features of Henry’s marriage to but only once child survived – Mary, born in Catherine of Aragon (use previous 1516. This obviously left Henry without a page also) male heir. As they grew older, Catherine’s age began to count against her having a son. Henry stopped sleeping with Catherine in 1524, when she was 39 years old. The failure to produce a son was interpreted, however unfairly, as Catherine’s fault – she had failed to do her duty to the King by not having a healthy son.

EXPLAIN why Henry needed to Her daughter, Mary, had been prepared for a have a son role as a future wife of a European prince to create an alliance, rather than as a monarch in her own right. The idea that a woman should inherit the throne of England was regarded as unthinkable. The only previous queen had been Matilda, whose accession in 1135 had led to the seizure of the crown by her cousin Stephen and civil unrest. For those in England who still remembered the Wars of the Roses, and for the second Tudor monarch, who was still surrounded by Yorkists who could claim they had more EXPLAIN why Henry decided he right to the throne, through royal blood back needed to have an annulment of to Edward III, the prospect of civil war was his marriage to Catherine to horrific. produce a legitimate male heir

Henry had a son, the Duke of Richmond, who had been born to his mistress, Bessie Blount, in 1519. However, making him Henry’s heir would be unpopular with the nobility and might cause action by someone with a legitimate claim to the throne.

Another option was to marry Mary off to Francis I or his second son in 1527, so that she could produce an heir who would inherit Was this a significant reason for the English throne. However, rumours wanting an annulment? Think began to spread that Mary may not be about: legitimate. The threat to the Tudor throne: So, getting rid of Catherine and starting again was Henry’s decision.

The rumours about Mary:

48 Why did Henry want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

FACTOR 2: Invalid Marriage to Catherine STEP 1: Highlight Henry became convinced that the marriage SPED in the text was against Christian law, and that the Pope EVIDENCE: DESCRIBE the main should not have granted a dispensation features of Henry’s argument that (permission) for the marriage. Henry saw his marriage to Catherine of the deaths of their two baby sons as a Aragon was invalid. punishment from God because he had married his brother’s wife. He was also influenced by a passage in the Bible which says: ‘And if a man takes his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness (dishonoured his brother); they shall be childless.’ EXPLAIN why Henry believed (or (Leviticus 20:21) claimed) his marriage to Catherine One reason why Henry VIII’s approach has was invalid. been questioned is that technically, he was not childless – he had a living daughter. However, in monarchical terms this was as good as being childless. This confirmed Henry’s fear that he was being punished for his marriage to Catherine. If God approved of the marriage, then they would have had healthy sons. It appears that Henry believed the only way to cleanse his soul and put things right was to end his marriage to Catherine. In 1527 Henry instructed Wolsey to approach Pope Clement VII to annul the marriage, on the grounds that the dispensation granted in 1509 was invalid. Was this a significant reason for wanting an annulment? Extension: YES: Henry believed… It was not a straightforward case though, as the Old Testament offered two interpretations on a man marrying his brother's wife, from Leviticus and Deuteronomy (the third and fifth books of the Law of Moses). Deuteronomy said: YES: Henry was childless in terms ‘If brothers dwell together and one of them dies of… and has no son, the wife of the dead shall not be married outside the family to a stranger; her husband’s brother shall go in to her, and take her as his wife.’

Deuteronomy 24:5 NO: Henry was not childless as…

So, in this case, Henry’s case for an annulment would be weakened, as it was his duty to marry Catherine. Henry claimed that as Leviticus was the older of the two NO: The Book of Deuteronomy said versions, it was binding for Christians. We that… might be cynical about whether Henry actually believed his marriage was invalid, but in the 16th Century, people tended to 49 look to religion and superstition for explanations rather than science. Why did Henry want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon? FACTOR 3: Attraction to Anne Boleyn STEP 1: Highlight By the mid-1520s Henry had fallen in love SPED in the text with Anne Boleyn. Anne had spent her DESCRIBE the main features of teenage years in the Netherlands and at the Henry’s relationship with Anne Court of Francis I of France, where she was Boleyn. maid of honour to Queen Claude. It is possible that Henry first saw Anne at the Field of Cloth of Gold when he dined with the French queen. In 1522 she returned to England and became maid of honour to Catherine of Aragon. She attracted much attention at Henry VIII’s Court and in 1523 was secretly engaged to be married to Henry EXPLAIN why Henry was Percy, son of the Early of Northumberland. attracted to Anne Boleyn as an However, by 1526 she had caught the eye of alternative to Catherine. Henry himself, who ordered Wolsey to prevent ANNE’S AGE: her marriage to Percy.

Henry had had a number of mistresses during his marriage to Catherine. One of these was LOOKS/PERSONALITY: Mary Boleyn, Anne’s sister. Once Henry fell for Anne, his interest in Mary ended. Unlike her sister, however, Anne Boleyn refused to become Henry’s mistress despite Henry’s pleading in letters such as this from 1527: LESSONS LEARNT FROM SISTER: ‘Henceforth, my heart shall be dedicate to you alone, greatly desirous that so my body could be as well, as God can bring it to pass if it pleaseth Him, whom I entreat once each day for the accomplishment thereof.’ Was Henry’s attraction to Anne Henry had found the woman whom he wanted Boleyn a significant reason for to be queen, whom he believed would be sure wanting an annulment? to have sons. All that was now needed was for Wolsey to make sure the Pope annulled YES: Letters/gifts Henry’s marriage to Catherine. Both Henry and Wolsey must have had great confidence that this would happen, as Popes usually agreed to such requests form kings. Why YES: Anne could provide a male should this case be any different? heir

Extension: G.W. Bernard has argued that Henry was reluctant to consummate the relationship because: It was Henry himself who came to the view that his first marriage was invalid, for nothing NO: Having an heir was more makes a man to question his marriage more important than love for Anne… than falling in love with another woman….In seeking an annulment Henry was staking claim to the high moral ground. A visibly pregnant Anne would destroy his case. It would also affect public opinion in England which was suspicious of his motives. 50 Quoted in Bernard, G.W., The King’s Reformation, 2005 Why was Henry unable to get an annulment in the late 1520s? Henry’s quest to have his marriage annulled is Why did Henry need the sometimes called ‘the King’s Great Matter’ because it permission of the Pope dominated Henry’s actions and thoughts for several to get an annulment? years and was of overwhelming importance to him. It was necessary to get a legal annulment by the Pope to allow Henry to have a legitimate son with Anne Boleyn and end fears of a rebellion wars over who would be the next king. It was also important for Henry’s children to be legitimate so that they could be married to foreign princes or princesses to form alliances. Why was Henry Henry’s wish for an annulment did not mean that confident of getting his Wolsey’s fall was inevitable. If Wolsey had been marriage annulled? successful in getting the annulment, his power would have been greater than ever and, at first, in 1527 Henry was confident that Wolsey would succeed. Popes had often annulled marriages before, including that of Henry’s sister Margaret and also King Francis’s marriage.

The Pope’s Refusal For two years Henry and Wolsey remained confident. When Cardinal Campeggio arrived in England in 1529 to head an enquiry into the marriage, it looked as if a decision was close and would give Henry what he wanted. Why, then, did Pope Clement refuse to annul Henry’s marriage? Catherine's Plea Charles V was no longer Henry’s ally against France and he did not see why he should help In June 1529 Catherine of Aragon Henry. Henry and Wolsey had agreed a treaty appeared before the Blackfriars with France in 1527, declaring war against Court hearing into the legality of Charles the next year. her marriage. Henry VIII was there, Since 1527 Emperor Charles V had controlled and so were many members of the Rome and the Pope, who was a virtual prisoner Church and the Court. Catherine’s of Charles. Charles did not want his aunt dramatic please won much Catherine's marriage to be annulled, as it would sympathy, and included these embarrass Catherine and make him look weak. words directly to Henry:

Alas! Sir, wherein have I offended you, or what occasion of displeasure have I deserved? I Why did Pope have been to you a true, humble Clement refuse and obedient wife, ever to annul Henry’s comfortable to your will and marriage? pleasure, and that never said or did anything to the contrary thereof, being always well pleased and contented with all things wherein you had any delight or dalliance, Pope Clement Catherine told Cardinal whether it were in little or was reluctant to Campeggio in public at much....This twenty years or more I say that Pope the Blackfriars Court have been your true wife and by Julius had been hearing that her marriage me ye have had divers children, wrong to allow was legal. Her behaviour although it hath pleased God to call the marriage to and dignity won much them out of this world, which hath go ahead in 1509 sympathy. been no default in me.

The tasks on the next page will allow you to summarise the reasons why Henry couldn’t get an annulment. Why was Henry unable to get an annulment in the late 1520s?

FACTOR 1: CHARLES V’S OPPOSITION

P: Henry was unable to get an annulment in the late 1520s because Charles…

EXP with EV: Charles opposed the annulment because Catherine…

…so Charles didn’t want to appear…

Charles was also angry that Henry and Francis had…

SIG: Charles V’s opposition was significant because he had taken control of Rome in 1527, so the Pope…

FACTOR 2: CATHERINE’S PLEA

P: Henry was unable to get an annulment in the late 1520s because Catherine…

EXP: Catherine made her speech at the Blackfriars Court in London in the presence of Wolsey, Cardinal Campeggio Henry in order to…

EV: Catherine publicly said that she had been a loyal wife to Henry and that she had not consummated…

SIG: Catherine’s emotional plea at the Blackfriars Court was significant as she was a very popular Queen and her speech…

FACTOR 3: CLEMENT RELUCTANT TO CONTRADICT JULIUS

P: Henry was unable to get an annulment in the late 1520s because Pope Clement…

EXP: This was because Clement did not want to undermine the decision of the previous Pope as this would…

EV: Pope Julius had previously given special…

SIG: This reluctance was significant as the Pope would need to grant…

52 Knowledge recap: The annulment Catherine of Aragon and the importance of succession 1. Which child was born to Henry and Catherine?

2. How many times did Catherine miscarry or suffer infant mortality?

3. Which family was a threat to the Tudors if Henry couldn’t produce a son?

4. Who had been the only previous Queen of England?

5. Who did she lose her throne to and when? (Year or century ok)

Why Henry wanted the annulment 1. Which book in the Bible suggested that Henry and Catherine’s marriage was invalid?

2. Who had Catherine previously been married to?

3. What did the Book of Deuteronomy suggest it was Henry’s responsibility to do?

4. In refusing Henry’s advances, who had Anne Boleyn learnt from?

5. What did Henry frequently send to Anne as a sign of his affection?

Why would the Pope not allow the annulment? 1. Which relation of Henry had previously had a marriage annulled by the Pope?

2. Which Cardinal arrived in England in 1529 to head an enquiry into Henry’s annulment case?

3. Who had Pope Clement been under the control of since 1527?

4. Which previous Pope was Clement reluctant to say had been wrong to allow Henry’s marriage to Catherine?

5. What did the Pope decide in 1529, with regards to the annulment case? 53 Why did Wolsey fall from power? Let’s go back to our big question for this final section of the booklet: Why did Wolsey fall from power. Look at the diagram below, showing where we’re now up to:

Why was Wolsey unable to get an annulment for Henry? Effect of failed annulment on Wolsey’s fall: FACTOR 1 As a result of Charles V’s attitude, his control of the Pope, Catherine’s plea and the Pope’s reluctance, Wolsey was powerless to make the Pope change his mind. In July 1529 the Pope recalled the case to Rome, ending the possibility of the marriage being annulled at the Blackfriars Court in London. This decision considerably increased the chances of Wolsey losing power. He had failed to win Henry the annulment he so much desired. Why did Henry blame Wolsey? It had been Wolsey’s idea to involve the Papacy in the annulment process as he feared that future heirs of Henry and Anne would be illegitimate if the Pope didn’t grant the annulment. Henry was extremely disappointed and angry. This in turn meant that Wolsey’s enemies at Court had the chance to persuade Henry to get rid of Wolsey. However, this still Why did the failed annulment did not mean that Wolsey’s fall was inevitable. leave Wolsey open to attack? The next factor in Wolsey’s fall is on the next page. Factor 2: Foreign Policy Failures Explain why Charles V refused to support Henry’s wish for an annulment: We previously said that Charles ‘did not see CATHERINE: why he should help Henry’. This may partly have been because Catherine of Aragon was Charles’s aunt and he did not want to see his aunt humiliated, which could have also REPUTATION: damaged his own reputation. However, Charles’s anger at English foreign policy probably played a bigger part in his decision to oppose the annulment. There were two reasons for this: FAILED ALLIANCE: • In 1521 Henry and Charles had signed a treaty, promising to go to war together against France. Henry did eventually invade France in 1523, but by then it was too late. Charles felt that Henry had failed to help him against France. Therefore, When England wanted to invade France again in 1525, Charles refused to help. TREATY OF WESTMINSTER: • After 1525 Charles’s Empire dominated Europe. In 1527 Wolsey arranged a peace treaty (Treaty of Westminster) between England and France and then England declared war on the Holy Roman Empire in 1528. Therefore, England had become Charles’s enemy, when Wolsey needed Charles’s support to get Henry’s marriage annulled. This is summarised in the diagram below:

3. England had 2. Henry and 4. Charles did not supported 1. Charles Wolsey needed not help Henry Charles’s war took control of Charles’s support and Wolsey as with France and SO Rome and the to persuade the BUT they had not later went to war Pope in 1527 Pope to annul the helped him with Charles’s marriage against France Empire

As Wolsey had been the leading figure in English foreign policy since 1525, he took the blame for the past failure to support Charles Can you explain the significance of now rebounding and preventing Henry getting foreign policy failures in Wolsey’s fall? the annulment. Use a phrase from the boxes below to help your explanation:

made it created the inevitable possibility of

need not was a major have led to factor in Wolsey’s fall at all

The next factor in Wolsey’s fall is on the next page. Factor 3: Wolsey’s Highlight reasons for Wolsey’s fall which background and personality were due to his personality in one colour and his background in another. Hardly anyone supported Wolsey once he was blamed for the failure to get the Summarise why Wolsey’s personality annulment. This can be explained by and background made him unpopular: Wolsey’s personality and background and how he appeared to enjoy monopolising power at others’ expense. Wolsey certainly enjoyed showing off his wealth. A description by George Cavendish, one of his servants, recounts how Wolsey travelled: With two great crosses of silver carried before him, with his sergeant-at-arms carrying a silver mace and with his ushers shouting out ‘My lords and masters, make way for the Lord’s Grace.’

Kings and nobles were expected to show Explain why nobles resented Wolsey’s off their wealth, but it was easy to criticise position as Chief Minister. a butcher’s son who seemed to enjoy showing how powerful he was compared to dukes and earls. However clever he was, Wolsey was the son of a butcher and his rise to be Henry's Chief Minister and a cardinal was unusual in a period when kings were expected to take advice from noblemen. Therefore, some nobles resented Wolsey and felt that they had been pushed aside by him. However, they had been able to do little while Wolsey was successful and the King had confidence in him.

Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Highlight evidence of Wolsey’s enemies using the failed annulment against him. Wolsey’s failure to win the King the annulment changed that situation. Now Can you explain the significance of Wolsey was vulnerable to enemies who Wolsey’s personality and background in could blacken his reputation with the King. Wolsey’s fall? Use a phrase from the In the summer of 1529 Henry was given a boxes below to help your explanation: book containing over thirty accusations against Wolsey. At the head of the accusers were the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the two most powerful noblemen in the country. Despite this, Henry did not dismiss Wolsey or accuse him of treason, and he held onto power until the autumn of 1529. His background and personality had made him enemies, and the enemies were trying to bring him down, but this again did not make his fall inevitable.

made it created the inevitable possibility of

need not was a major have led to factor in Wolsey’s fall at all Factor 4: The Boleyn Faction What was a faction and who were the key members of the A faction was a group of nobles who worked Boleyn Faction? together to influence the King or competed with other factions to influence the King and increase their own power. A faction often formed around one powerful individual and often wanted to see the King follow a particular policy such as war against France. The Boleyn faction developed around Anne Boleyn in the late 1520s and, in 1529, it played a large part in Wolsey’s fall. The Why did the Boleyn Faction key members of this faction were: have so much influence over Anne Henry? Boleyn George Boleyn, Sir Thomas Boleyn, Anne’s brother Anne’s father Knighted and Made Earl of made Viscount Wiltshire in 1529 Rochford in 1529 Thomas Howard, Anne’s uncle Why did the Boleyn Faction Duke of Norfolk oppose Wolsey?

Anne was at the centre of the Boleyn faction because, as Cardinal Campeggio noted early in 1529, Henry’s love for Anne was:

Something amazing, and in fact he sees nothing and Why did Anne herself want thinks nothing but Anne. He cannot stay away from Wolsey to be removed? her for an hour. Henry’s love meant that Anne was the person with by far the greatest influence on King Henry. She was supported by the great power and experience of her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk. It was no accident that there was a Boleyn faction at Why did the nobles and Anne Henry’s Court. Both sisters, Mary and Anne, were place at Court by their family to develop stronger fear Wolsey’s return? links with the King and, hopefully, increase the family’s influence, wealth and honours. While Mary was Henry’s mistress her father was made a Knight of the Garter and then Viscount Rochford in 1525. Anne’s influence led to further honours in 1529.

Anne Boleyn and Wolsey Can you explain the Cardinal Campeggio closed the divorce proceedings significance of the Boleyn at the Conference in London in July 1529. By then Anne clearly blamed Wolsey for the failure to get the Faction in Wolsey’s fall? Use a annulment. To Anne, Wolsey was an obstacle to her phrase from the boxes below marrying Henry. It is also possible that Anne to help your explanation: blamed Wolsey for ending her relationship with Henry Percy years previously. Anne’s influence over Henry VIII was probably crucial in the first stage of Wolsey’s fall in October 1529 when he was dismissed as Chancellor, ceased to be the King’s Chief Minister and was convicted of praemunire (a form of treason). Norfolk and Suffolk replaced him as Henry’s chief councillors. Even so, Wolsey still hoped to return to power and for several months Wolsey’s fate hung in the balance as in February 1530, he was pardoned for his crime of praemunire. At times it appeared that Henry might recall Wolsey, and the Boleyns feared that if he returned to power he would take his revenge on created the made it inevitable them. Therefore they, and particularly Anne, possibility of continued to tell Henry that Wolsey should be put on trial, perhaps for treason. Everything depended on how Henry felt about Wolsey. need not have was a major led to Wolsey’s factor in fall at all Factor 5: The trigger: Why was Henry’s attitude to Wolsey Wolsey’s letters such an important influence on his fate? When discussing any event in the sixteenth century it is vital to remember that the King or Queen took all the major decisions, about going to war or whom his Highlight text which shows that Wolsey or her chief advisers were. No one else had lost Henry’s favour and text which could take these decisions, even if many people tried to influence them. Henry suggests Wolsey may have returned. VIII, however, was never good at taking major decisions – he often hesitated, What led to Wolsey being accused of unable to make his mind up. treason? Henry’s attitude to Wolsey is a good example of his indecisiveness. Although he dismissed Wolsey from key posts such as Chancellor in October 1529 and at times was deeply angry with him, at other times he sent him messages to be of good cheer, implying Wolsey might well return as Chief Minister. He even said on one occasion that in ‘managing business Why did this evidence have such a Wolsey was a better man than any of powerful impact on Henry? them’, meaning his new advisers. Wolsey was pardoned of his crime of praemunire in February 1530 and was allowed to live in York as Archbishop. The chance of Wolsey’s return must have alarmed the Boleyns greatly.

In the end, Wolsey’s enemies found the evidence they needed to push Henry into making the decision they wanted. In October 1530, they reported to Henry that Can you explain the significance of Wolsey had been writing letters to the Emperor Charles, to the King of France Wolsey’s letters in his fall? Use a and to the Pope, supposedly to win their phrase from the boxes below to help support for ending the relationship your explanation: between Henry and Anne. The King of France also said that he had received letters from Wolsey. We do not know if Wolsey really wrote these letters, but the evidence given to Henry convinced him that Wolsey had betrayed him. It seemed that Wolsey had put his loyalty to the Pope and to Queen Catherine before his loyalty to Henry – and there was nothing Henry hated more than disloyalty. These changes led directly to Henry ordering Wolsey’s arrest and trial for treason. Wolsey now lost all hope of returning to power, saying: I see how the matter against me is framed, but if I had served my God as diligently as I have done the King he would not have given me over in my grey hairs.

However, Wolsey cheated the enemies created the made it inevitable who hoped to see him humiliated at his possibility of trial. He died on his way south, at Leicester. need not have was a major led to Wolsey’s factor in fall at all Knowledge recap: Wolsey’s fall from power

How did the annulment lead to Wolsey’s fall from power? 1. Which two nobles took advantage of Wolsey’s failure to get the annulment?

2. What did they present Henry with in the summer of 1529?

3. When was Wolsey dismissed as Chief Minister and Chancellor? Month/year:

4. Why did Henry blame Wolsey for the failed annulment?

5.Why did the failed annulment leave Wolsey vulnerable?

How did the Boleyn faction and Wolsey’s enemies bring about his fall from power? 1. What was the Boleyn faction?

2. Can you name one member of the faction (other than Anne)?

3. Why did this faction have such an important influence over Henry?

4. Why did Anne dislike Wolsey?

5. What happened in October 1529?

How did Wolsey’s personality and Henry’s mindset contribute his fall from power? 1. After Henry had dismissed Wolsey from key posts in 1529, what did the King continue to do with Wolsey?

2. Why was Wolsey arrested for treason in 1530?

3. What job did Wolsey’s father perform?

4. Why did the nobles dislike Wolsey?

5. Name one flaw in Wolsey’s character:

How did foreign policy failures contribute to Wolsey’s fall from power? 1. What relation was Catherine of Aragon to Charles V?

2. When Charles and Henry had signed a peace treaty in 1521, which country did they agree to go to war against?

3. Who did Wolsey arrange a peace treaty with in 1527?

4. Which country did England declare war on in 1528?

59 5. Why did Henry and Wolsey need Charles V’s support for the annulment? Why did Wolsey fall from power?

Role of the Boleyn faction Wolsey’s Foreign policy background and failures personality

Why did Wolsey fall from power?

Wolsey’s failure to The trigger: have Henry’s Wolsey’s letter marriage annulled

2) Why was Henry unable to get an annulment by 1529?

1) Why did Henry want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

Complete the summary table on the next page before producing a judgement for the question ‘Why did Wolsey fall from power?’ below:

The main reason for Wolsey’s fall from power was ______Although______was also a significant factor because ______Overall, however, this was less significant than ______because______60 ______Why did Wolsey fall from power? P: The failed P: Foreign P: Personality P: The Boleyn P: Letters annulment led policy failures & background Faction led to abroad led to to Wolsey’s led to Wolsey’s led to Wolsey’s Wolsey’s fall Wolsey’s fall fall because… fall because… fall because… because… because…

EXP: EXP: EXP: EXP: EXP:

EV: EV: EV: EV: EV:

SIG: How SIG: How SIG: How SIG: How SIG: How significant was significant was significant was significant was significant was this factor? this factor? this factor? this factor? this factor?

61