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Planning, Optimization and Operation of Access and Ethernet Optical Networks for the Provisioning of High-Speed Symmetrical Services

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Planning, Optimization and Operation of Access and Ethernet Optical Networks for the Provisioning of High-Speed Symmetrical Services PLANIFICACION,´ OPTIMIZACION´ Y OPERACION´ DE REDES OPTICAS´ DE ACCESO Y ETHERNET PARA LA PROVISION´ DE SERVICIOS SIMETRICOS´ DE ALTA VELOCIDAD PLANNING, OPTIMIZATION AND OPERATION OF ACCESS AND ETHERNET OPTICAL NETWORKS FOR THE PROVISIONING OF HIGH-SPEED SYMMETRICAL SERVICES Autor: Rafael Sanchez´ Fuentes Director: Prof. Dr. David Larrabeiti Lopez´ Codirector: Prof. Dr. Jose´ Alberto Hernandez´ Gutierrez´ Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, el d´ıa de de . Firma del tribunal calificador: Firma: Presidente: Vocal: Secretario: Calificacion:´ Leganes,´ de de . ii A mis padres. A Yolanda. A Sara y Sof´ıa. iv You never lose a dream, it just incubates as a hobby. Larry Page’s University of Michigan Commencement Address, 2009. Agradecimientos Quisiera agradecer en estas l´ıneas a todos los que me han animado y apoyado durante la realizacion´ esta tesis, tanto companeros˜ de trabajo como de Universidad, y muy espe- cialmente a mis dos profesores de doctorado, Jose´ Alberto Hernandez´ y David Larrabeiti, que han aportado su gran experiencia, consejo y vision´ y que sin su orientacion´ habr´ıa sido imposible la finalizacion´ de esta tesis. vi Abstract Today more than ever before, service providers are under enormous pressure to reduce operational costs while increasing business effectiveness. This often means optimizing cur- rent infrastructure investments and implementing novel networking technologies. Customer demand is quickly evolving away from traditional one-way content consump- tion to a much more participative social network model that demands high capacity bidirec- tional information flows. Ethernet-based networking technology has become ubiquitous in both the enterprise and home broadband arenas. The combination of simplicity and rigorous specification has per- mitted a degree of integration and commoditization that other networking technologies could not achieve. On the other hand, optical fiber has become the technology of choice in the medium and long term in the access and metro networks, thanks to its speed, reach and future-proof. While it seems clear that fiber is the right technology to support emerging ser- vices in the access network, there are a large variety of technologies available in the industry. This thesis reviews the main technologies available today for access and metro networks, and proposes contributions about network planning and optimization. Firstly, main innovations added to Ethernet are analyzed, namely improvements related to scalability, OAM functionality and forwarding capabilities, in order to permit Ethernet to assume a much larger role in metro networks. After that, some of the Ethernet enhancements previously discussed are applied to access networks. Specifically, physical and link-layer information are combined in order to effectively set management procedures for passive optical networks (PON). We propose an Integrated Troubleshooting Box (ITB) and show its applicability in a number of realistic troubleshooting scenarios, including failure situations involving either the feeder fibre or one of its branches. Secondly, this thesis explores fiber access protocols available in the industry to support high-speed symmetrical services. It compares four Next-Generation PON protocols from a performance and economical perspective in a real scenario, and analyzes under which con- ditions 1 Gb/s symmetrical services can operate by selecting the right parameters of quality of service, oversubscription and split ratio. Finally, a novel access network planning method is proposed to provide 1Gb/s symmetrical services in a mixed environment of business and residential services. In this case, a converged cost-optimized access network is implemented, using Integer Linear Programming, which guarantees respective service level specifications in a real scenario. vii viii Resumen Hoy mas´ que nunca, los operadores estan´ bajo una fuerte presion´ para reducir gastos op- eracionales a la vez que deben incrementar sus ingresos. Esto implica optimizar la inversion´ en infraestructuras y emplear tecnolog´ıas de red con proyeccion´ de futuro. La demanda de clientes esta´ evolucionando, y ya no se demanda tanta descarga fija de contenido sino un entorno mas´ participativo y social que frecuentemente implica una capacidad bidireccional, cada vez mas´ de alta capacidad. Ethernet se ha convertido en una tecnolog´ıa cada vez mas´ presente en redes de acceso y metro. La combinacion´ de simplicidad y especificaciones estables ha permitido un grado de integracion´ y presencia que no han alcanzado otras tecnolog´ıas de red. Por otro lado, la fibra optica´ se ha convertido en el medio de transmision´ preferente en el corto y largo plazo, gracias a su velocidad, alcance y escalabilidad en el futuro. Aunque parece claro que unir fibra optica´ y Ethernet es una correcta combinacion,´ existen una gran variedad de opciones y protocolos existentes. La presente tesis revisa las principales tecnolog´ıas disponibles hoy en redes de acceso y metro, y propone contribuciones sobre planificacion,´ operacion´ de red y despliegue. En primer lugar, se analizan recientes innovaciones anadidas˜ a Ethernet, principalmente sobre escalabilidad, funcionalidad OAM y nuevas opciones de plano de control, que per- miten a Ethernet asumir una mayor importancia en redes metro de operador. Posteriormente, se aplican algunas de las recientes innovaciones de Ethernet a las redes de acceso por fibra. En concreto, se combinan funciones de capa f´ısica y enlace para desarrollar mecanismos de monitorizacion´ eficientes en las redes de acceso opticas´ pasivas (PON). Se propone un dis- positivo denominado Integrated Troubleshooting Box (ITB) y sus aplicaciones en entornos de monitorizacion,´ incluyendo fallos en la fibra principal del arbol´ PON o´ alguna de las ramas. En segundo lugar, esta tesis explora los protocolos de acceso por fibra disponibles en la industria para soportar servicios simetricos´ de alta velocidad. Se comparan cuatro protocolos PON de ultima´ generacion´ desde una perspectiva economica´ y de prestaciones en escenarios reales, y se analizan bajo que´ condiciones se ofrecen servicios simetricos´ de 1 Gb/s seleccio- nando los parametros´ adecuados de calidad de servicio, sobresuscripcion´ y grado de split de la PON. Finalmente, se propone un metodo´ de planificacion´ de la red de acceso para ofrecer servicios simetricos´ de 1 Gb/s en un entorno mixto de servicios residenciales y de empresa. En este caso, se propone una red de acceso optica´ optimizada en coste, usando programacion´ lineal de enteros (ILP), que garantiza distintos niveles de calidad de servicio en un escenario de despliegue real. ix x Contents 1 Introduction and Objectives 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Historical evolution of the technologies studied in this thesis . 2 1.2.1 Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet . 2 1.2.2 Fiber and Optical Access . 5 1.3 Motivation, objectives and thesis structure . 7 2 State of the Art 11 2.1 Carrier Ethernet technologies . 11 2.1.1 Challenges to Ethernet . 12 2.1.2 IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN (VLAN) . 12 2.1.3 IEEE 802.1ad Provider Bridges (Q-in-Q) . 13 2.1.4 IEEE 802.1ah Provider Backbone Bridges (PBB) . 15 2.1.5 Adding Traffic Engineering to Ethernet . 17 2.1.6 Adding Shortest Path Bridging to Ethernet . 19 2.1.7 Adding OAM to Ethernet . 20 2.2 Next-Generation PON technologies . 22 2.2.1 Ethernet Point-to-point (EP2P) . 23 2.2.2 Time Division Multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) . 23 2.2.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (WDM-PON) . 24 2.2.4 Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (TWDM-PON) . 26 2.2.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) . 27 2.2.6 Optical Code-Division Multiplexing (OCDM) . 28 2.3 Contributions of this thesis and progress beyond the State of the Art . 29 3 A Comparative Analysis of Carrier-Grade Ethernet Architectures for Metro Networks 31 3.1 Ethernet services . 32 3.2 Ethernet with PBB . 33 3.3 Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) . 34 3.4 OpenFlow-based SDN for Metro Ethernet . 35 3.5 Four flavours for carrying Metro Ethernet services . 37 3.5.1 H-VPLS-based solution . 37 3.5.2 Shortest Path Bridging MAC-based solution . 39 3.5.3 The hybrid solution: combining H-VPLS and PBB . 40 xi xii CONTENTS 3.5.4 OpenFlow-based SDN solution . 42 3.6 Comparison . 43 3.7 Summary and conclusions . 45 4 Proposal for Efficient Troubleshooting of PON networks using Carrier-grade Ethernet and WDM-PON 47 4.1 Thoubleshooting WDM-PON networks at optical layer . 48 4.1.1 OTDR background . 48 4.1.2 Lab field trials . 49 4.2 Carrier-grade Ethernet OAM . 52 4.2.1 Fault management . 52 4.2.2 Performance monitoring . 53 4.3 The Integrated Troubleshooting Box . 53 4.3.1 Use case no. 1: A failure in the feeder fiber . 55 4.3.2 Use case no. 2: Single failure in a fiber branch . 55 4.3.3 Use case no. 3: Single failure after the ONT . 56 4.4 Summary and conclusions . 56 5 Capacity Planning of NG-PON with Different Service Levels 59 5.1 Quick overview of TDM-PON technologies . 60 5.2 Capacity planning with oversubscription . 60 5.2.1 All users with the same profile . 60 5.2.2 Numerical example and design criteria . 62 5.3 Analysis with two profiles: basic and premium users . 64 5.4 Summary and conclusions . 66 6 Cost Assessment of NG-PON Technologies to Provision 1 Gb/s Symmetrical Ser- vices 67 6.1 Architectures to provide 1 Gbit/s symmetrical services to residential users . 68 6.2 Capacity planning . 69 6.2.1 GPON, XG-PON and TWDM-PON with oversubscription . 69 6.2.2 Numerical example and analytical results . 70 6.3 Economic study for an urban area . 72 6.4 Summary and conclusions . 74 7 Network Planning of NG-PON to Provide 1 Gb/s Symmetrical Services 75 7.1 Architectures to provide 1 Gbit/s symmetrical services to residential and business users .
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