Appendix 1: Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary work and his activities in (Dr. Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail check points)

(Source：Central & Western District Council. 5. Original site of The Government Central School. (The Government Central School is the first 6. Meeting place for “Four Desperados” Dr. Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail) government-run secondary school that provides (Original site for Yang Yao Ji; the four westernised modern education. Sun Yat-sen was a budding revolutionists often gathered in Yang senior secondary graduate of the school). Yao Ji shop to discuss revolution)

4. Original site of Queen’s 7. Original site of the Furen Literary Society/

College Chinese Patriotic Mutual Improvement Association (gathering place for revolutionists) 1. Original site for Diocesan Home and Orphanage/Diocesan Boys' School 9. Original Site of the Daoji Mission (founded by Anglican Church, it is the House/ To Tsai Church (During his first school that Sun Yat-sen studied in medical studies, Sun Yat-sen came Hong Kong) here for gatherings and many fellow church-goers were supporters of the 3. Original Site of the American Congregational revolution) 2. Original site of the Old Reception Mission Preaching House (When Sun Yat-sen studied Centre of the (Kui In Fong). in The Central School, he received Christian Baptism Tongmenghui /United League/ Chinese in this church, and was given his name “Rixin”; this 11. Original Site of Xing Yan Lou Revolutionary Alliance was founded by was the origin of his later known name “Yat-sen”.) Western Restaurant (Meeting place for Sun Yat-sen in 1905. The location was Sun Yat-sen and his peers) used to house revolutionaries that travelled between Hong Kong and ) 8. Original Site of the Alice Memorial Hospital and Hong Kong College of Medicine (Sun 12. Original site of Daily (news Yat-sen transferred from Boji Hospital in agency (The newspaper was launched in Guangzhou to the College for 5 years of medical Hong Kong in 1900 by Chen Shaobai training, and graduated with distinction) under the orders of Sun Yat-sen. It is the first newspaper that published anti-Qing 10. Original Site of the Hong Kong Headquarters commentaries. Besides issuing of Xingzhonghui/Hong Kong Revive China revolutionary publications, the agency Society. The Hong Kong Xingzhonghui was The in (the also served as a point of liaison between founded by Sun Yat-sen as a revolutionary military base where Sun Yat-sen and Xingzhonghui/ and organisation to overthrow the Qing Government. members of the Xingzhonghui/ revolutionists from different cities. The Locations on The headquarters are located here and its Revive China Society planned their base for 1900’s Huizhou Uprising was set anti-Qing activities covered under the business revolutionary work) related to Sun Yat-sen’s at the 3rd floor of the agency) activities name “Qian Heng Hang”.

Appendix 1: Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary work and his activities in Hong Kong (Worksheet)

(1) The personal information of Sun Yat-sen: (Students may refer to Mr. Yat-Sen’s Days as a Medical Student 《中山先生的習醫時代》)

Name: Sun Wen (孫文) (Also named “Sun Yat-sen”, and has taken the pseudonym “Zhong Shan Qiao” (中山樵) when engaging in revolutionary activities)

Ancestral home: Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province (Now _Zhongshan _ County)

Educated at: Guangzhou, ___Hong Kong__, Honolulu

Revolutionary work – leading the anti-Qing revolution  Founded the revolutionary group: Xingzhonghui/Revive China Society (興中會), Tongmenghui/Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (同盟會) Formulated the Revolutionary Principles: “the overthrow of the Manchus, the restoration of China, the adoption of a republican regime, the equalisation of land rights” (「驅除韃 虜，恢復中華，建立民國，平均地權」); and the “Three Principles of the People” (三 民主義).  Launched military uprising: launched multiple military uprisings which ended in failure, until the successful uprising in Wuchang (武昌). This revolution is known historically as the Revolution of_1911_.  Raised funds: Traveling between different countries to promote revolutionary messages to overseas Chinese, and raise funds  Contributed to the abdication of the Qing Emperor: Willingly ceded his position as the provisional president to Yuan Shikai (袁世凱), which led to the abdication of the Qing Emperor.

Appendix 1: Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary work and his activities in Hong Kong (Worksheet)

(2) The life of Sun Yat-sen (Refer to reading material “Dr. Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail check points”, and fill in the check point numbers in the suitable spaces, e.g. (location: 1)

1866 Born in Xiangshan County of Guangdong Province (Now Zhongshan County) 1878 First stopped by Hong Kong on his way to Honolulu (12 years old) 1883 Studied at the Anglican Diocesan Home and Orphanage/ Diocesan (17 years old; Boy’s School (拔萃書室) (location: 1 ) in Hong Kong, later 20 years old ) graduated from the Government Central School of Hong Kong. (location: 5 )。 1887 Studied at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港 (21 years old) 西醫書院) (Founded by Ho Kai) (location: 8 ) and graduated top of the class. During his studies, he often discussed revolution with his peers Yang Heling(楊鶴齡), Chen Shaobai (陳少白) and You Lie (尤列) (location: 6 ). They were given the nickname “The Four Desperados”. 1894 Wrote to Li Hung-chang but his request for meeting was denied. (28 years old ) 1895 Founded the Hong Kong Headquarters of Xingzhonghui/ Hong (29 years old ) Kong Revive China Society (香港興中總會) (revolutionary group) at 13 Staunton Street of Central (location: 10 ), and raised considerable funds for the revolution. Used Hong Kong as a base to plan the Guangzhou uprising. However, the news leaked and the British Government alerted the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi; the uprising was a failure. 1896 The Hong Kong Government, using the reason that Sun Yat-sen’s (30 years old ) revolutionary activities endanger the safety and order of Hong Kong, gave a deportation order for Sun Yat-sen in 1896. 1897 Sun Yat-sen wrote to the British authorities in Hong Kong (31 years old ) requesting permission to stay, but was denied. 1899 SunYat-sen sent Chen Shaobai to Hong Kong to found the first (33 years old ) revolutionary newspaper China Daily (《中國日報》)(location: 12 )。 1923 Had lunch with Sir Reginald , Governor of Hong (57 years old ) Kong; later gave a public speech at the . 1925 Died of sickness at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. (59 years old ) What key role did Hong Kong play in Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities? Appendix 2: Sun Yat-sen’s experiences in Hong Kong (Worksheet)

Sun Yat-sen’s days in

Hong Kong

Events/Experiences

Discussed revolution with his peers

Revolutionary activities activities Revolutionary Advocated /planned enthusiastically and engaged in promoting the revolution (Organised the Xingzhonghui/Revive China Society)

(Military uprising)

(Printed revolutionary publication)

(Raised funds for the revolution)

(Pursued academic studies and learned

Others medicine)

Appendix 3: Hong Kong population census between mid 19th century and early 20th century

(Reading material with worksheet) In 1841, the British carried out a population census for the Population statistics 1841-1911 island of Hong Kong: the island had only several thousand inhabitants including villagers in some 20 villages and 1841 7450 fishermen living on boats by the seaside.

1846 21835

1851 32983 In 1851, Taiping Tianguo / Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (太平天國) on the mainland drove many merchants in 1861 71730 southern China to Hong Kong in evasion of the war. Hong Kong’s population rose from around 30 thousand in 1951 to 1871 119321 over 120 thousand in 1866. Hong Kong took the place of Guangzhou as the major entrepot of coastal China. 1856 115098

1866 124198 Besides the transshipment of cargo, Hong Kong also became a mid-way station for Chinese of southern 1876 139144 China to migrate overseas. Between 1851 and 1900, over 2 million Chinese from Guangdong and Fujian 1881 160402 Provinces migrated overseas from Hong Kong, or 1886 181720 were shipped overseas as labour. At the time, the Chinese and westerners had well-defined areas of 1891 217936 activity; westerners took residence mostly in Central, while the Chinese lived mostly in Sheung Wan. 1896 239419 (Source: Wikipedia)

1901 300660

1906 329038 When Hong Kong initially became an open port, the Hong Kong Island was divided into Central and West districts with Pottinger 1911 456739 Street as the boundary. The western side was the commercial and residential district of the Chinese, and it became the base of activity for the revolutionists at the time. Revolutionists even had (Source：The Census and guesthouses at Lan Kwai Fong and Caine Road to house fugitive Statistics Department) revolutionists. The Governor Frederick Lugard once said, “Most Hong Kong Chinese are like this: they are not only sympathetic towards the revolution, but are passionate about it.” (Source: Sun Wen Theory (« 孫文學說»), Chapter 8 ‘Success through determination’

How has the society changed after Hong Kong became an open port? (Increase in Chinese merchants and in population; Hong Kong became a trading port and a mid-way station for Chinese of southern China to migrate overseas; Chinese mainly lived in Sheung Wan / Island West)

How have these changes helped Sun Yat-sen’s revolution? (The increase in Chinese merchants and in population, and Chinese support and concern for the revolution made it easier to recruit revolutionists and raise funds) (A trading port that featured mixed Chinese and western cultures with developed sea traffic was suitable as a liaison centre for the revolution) Appendix 4: The economic prowess of Hong Kong Chinese from late 19th century to early 20th century (Source：Liu Shu-yong, A Concise (《簡明香港史》))

Hong Kong’s entrepot trade Total number of Total tonnes Financial income of the trade vessels in Hong Kong Hong Kong Government 1898 11,058 13,252,733 tonnes 2,918,159 HKD 1913 21,867 22,939,134 tonnes 8,512,308 HKD

The number of Chinese and foreign merchants among the 20 persons paying the highest rates in Hong Kong

18 16 14 12

10 Foreign 8 Merchants Chinese 6 Merchants 4 2 0 1876 1881

In 1880, the mentioned: the majority of Hong Kong’s landlords are Chinese. The currencies issued by foreign banks are mostly in the hands of the Chinese; 90% of the Government’s taxation income was contributed by the Chinese. The Chinese engage in such a diversity of economic activities that matches the scope of foreign merchants; they are not only trading partners of foreign merchants but are fierce competitors.

1876-1881 Businesses run by Chinese merchants Year Travelling Retailers Agents Money Piece- Flowery Teas Rice Timber Imported Com- merchants changers goods Yarn merchants goods prador

1876 215 287 142 40 78 38 26 95 15 167 77

1881 395 2377 455 208 109 58 51 128 107 191 95 How has the change in the economic status of the What changes were there in the economic Chinese helped the revolutionary activities? status of the Chinese from the late 19th century to the early 20th century? (Chinese merchants had the wealth to fund the (The economic status of the Chinese revolution, which is helpful to raise funds for the became increasingly important. The rising revolution and promote revolutionary activities) Chinese merchants are partners as well as competitors for foreign merchants) Appendix 5: Hong Kong’s Geographical Location

Hong

Kong

South-east

Asia

What location does Hong Kong have with regard to the geography of China and South-east Asia?

(Centre of South-east Asia and neighbouring South China)

Hubei Appendix 5: Sichuan Hong Kong’s Geographical Zhejiang Location Hunan Jiangxi Guizhou Fujian Yunnan Guangxi

Guangdong * Vietnam Hong Kong

Laos

Uprising locations of Hong Kong Tongmenghui/Chinese Revolutionary Alliance and southern headquarters

Uprising locations: 1. Chaozhou (in Guangdong) 2. Huanggang (in Guangdong) 3. Huizhou (in Guangdong) 4. Fangcheng (in Guangxi) 5. Zhen Nanguan (in Guangxi) 6. Shangsi (in Guangxi) 7. Hekou (in Yunnan) 8. to 10. Guangzhou (in Guangdong)

How does Hong Kong’s geographical location benefit the revolutionary activities?

(Hong Kong is geographically connected to China and neighbours Southern China. This facilitated the movement of weapons and revolutionists and allows Hong Kong to serve as a revolution liaison centre and base for planning uprisings)

Appendix 6: Publication industry of Hong Kong in the early 20th century

As Hong Kong’s elite Chinese witness the failings of their nation, they hope to revive the nation through publishing newspapers. Hong Kong Zhongwai xinbao (《香港中外新報》) (founded 1858), the Huazi ribao/Chinese Mail (《香港華字日報》) (founded 1872), and Xunhuan ribao/The Universal Circulating Herald (《循環日報》) (founded 1874). The essays of Wang Tao, editor-in-chief of Xunhuan ribao, set off a trend of political commentaries among newspapers.

In 1899, after Chen Shaobai returned to Hong Kong after a failed uprising in Guangzhou, he leased 24 Stanton Street in Central and opened a newspaper agency, and founded the China Daily (《中國日報》). In 1900, the first newspaper by revolutionists China Daily was born in Hong Kong. The paper is the first revolutionary newspaper of China. It was first published in January 1900 and remained in circulation for 13 years, making a huge contribution to the revolutionary cause. After its founding, the newspaper agency became the propaganda organisation for the Xingzhonghui/Revive China Society, Tongmenghui/Chinese Revolutionary Alliance and early Guomindang (《國民黨》), and is also one of the bases for revolutionists planning to overthrow the .

Before the , numerous newspapers such as Guangdong ribao ( 《廣東日報》), Dong Fang bao (《東方報》), Shijie Gongyi bao (《世界公益報》) and Shi Shi Hua bao (《時事畫報》) helped promote the revolution, but the anti-Qing voices were suppressed by the Qing government. After the launch of the China Daily, the publishers of these newspapers came to Hong Kong to engage in the newspaper business.

With the freedom of speech in Hong Kong, anti-Qing publications flourished in the city, and the revolutionary ideals travelled on the well-connected traffic network of Hong Kong and spread to the mainland and overseas Chinese societies. The message of the revolution spread far and wide and was taken in by the Chinese, urging more Chinese to support the revolution. Hong Kong became a major propagation point for anti-Qing revolutionary ideals.

(Source: Liu Shu-yong, A Concise History of Hong Kong (《簡明香港史》)); (Hong Kong) Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum, Exhibition Guide.)

How has Hong Kong’s publishing industry helped Sun Yat-sen’s advance his revolutionary work?

(Publication industry and freedom of publication facilitated the printing and distribution of publications, the promotion of revolutionary ideals, the recruiting of revolutionists and the raising of funds.)

Appendix 7: Sun Yat-sen’s views about Hong Kong

Sun Wen Theory («孫文學說»), Chapter 8 ‘Success through determination’ (excerpt), published in 1918 by Sun Yat-sen

…I heard in Guangzhou that Hong Kong opened an English medical school providing better

classes than that in Guangzhou. With Hong Kong being a free society and allows us to discuss about revolution, I came to Hong Kong to study. In the few years, whenever I was free, I promoted revolutionary work. I always travelled between Hong Kong and Macau and talked about revolution without reserve. Only my friends Chen Shaobai, You Shaowan, Yang Heling, and Lu Haodong from Shanghai echoed my ideals… For years, I lived with Chen, You and Yang in Hong Kong. We often came together and everything we talked about was questions and thoughts about revolution. We were close…

Speech of Sun Yat-sen on invitation to Hong Kong in 1923 (excerpt) (Source：Sun Yat-sen's Address at the University of Hong Kong "Why I Became a Revolutionist?" http://www.hku.hk/daao/sunyatsen/syspaddress.html )

“… More than thirty years ago I was studying in Hong Kong and spent a great deal of spare time in walking the streets of the Colony. Hong Kong impressed me a great deal, because there was orderly calm and because there was artistic work being done without interruption. I went to my home in Heungshan (Xiangshan) twice a year and immediately noticed the great difference. When I arrived home I had to see my rifle was in order and to prepare for action for the night. Each time it was like this, year after year. I compared Heungshan with

Hong Kong and, although they are only 50 miles apart, the difference of the Governments

impressed me greatly. Afterwards, I saw the outside world and I began to wonder how, it was that foreigners, that Englishmen could do such things as they had done, for example, with the barren rock of Hong Kong, within 70 or 80 years, while China, in 4,000 years, had no places like Hong Kong…”見本港衛生與風俗，無一不好，比諸我敝邑香山，大不 相同。

Field What were the views of Sun Yat-sen?

Politics/ (Freedom and openness of mind) Society/ (Ability to discuss passionately about revolution and promote revolution activities) Culture/ (Orderly, civilised and effective governance) Others

Appendix 8: Factors that contributed to Sun Yat-sen choosing Hong Kong as a base of revolution and the role of Hong Kong during the revolution

Beneficial conditions Sun Yat-sen’s views The role of Hong about Hong Kong Kong during the revolution Politics (As a British “Colony”, (Freedom and openness of Hong Kong was more mind) tolerant of revolution (Comrades of revolution activities than concessions discussed about revolution (Base of revolution, in China) with passion) liaison centre)

Society (Increase in Chinese (Orderly, civilised and population and Chinese effective governance) (Main propaganda merchants) location for revolutionary (Chinese support of the ideals) revolution) (Publication industry and (Location for publishing freedom of publication and distributing helped promote the revolutionary revolution) publications)

Geography (Centre of South-east Asia (Convenient travel among and neighbouring China) Xiangshan, Hong Kong and (Location for planning Macau) uprisings) (Facilitated the movement of weapons and (Source of funds for the revolutionists and could revolution) serve as a revolution

liaison centre)

Economy (Entrepot) (Chinese merchants had the wealth to finance the revolution, which helped raise funds and promote revolutionary work)

Others (Having studied in Hong Kong, Sun had good knowledge of the environment and social conditions of Hong Kong; he also had comrades and friends who could support him and could help promote revolutionary work

Appendix 9: References

Dr. Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail (《孫中山史蹟徑》) Central & Western District Council.

Central and Western District Heritage Trail (Sheung Wan Route) Antiquities and Monuments Office

Fok Kai-cheong, Hong Kong and Modern China (《香港與近代中國》) Commercial Press

Ko Tim-keung, Hong Kong Past and Present in Pictures (《圖片香港今昔》) Joint Publishing HK

Yun Bang-kin, A Brief History of Hong Kong (《香港史略》) Chung Lew Publishing

Liu Shu-yong, A Concise History of Hong Kong 《簡明香港史》( )) Joint Publishing HK

孫中山紀念館《展覽導讀》 香港：孫中山紀念館

Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum, Exhibition Guide (《展覽導讀》) Hong Kong: Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum

RTHK video recording – The History of Hong Kong series “Hong Kong in 1911 revolution” (辛亥革命在香港)