DOCSLIB.ORG

Pathogenic Amoebae Be Able to Identify and Describe the Pathogenic Amoebae in Terms of Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathology, Symptoms, Transmission and Diagnosis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pathogenic Amoebae Be Able to Identify and Describe the Pathogenic Amoebae in Terms of Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathology, Symptoms, Transmission and Diagnosis 16/07/64 Objectives • be able to identify and describe the Pathogenic Amoebae pathogenic amoebae in terms of morphology, life cycle, pathology, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis Human Pathogen II Assoc. Prof. Dr. Anchalee Wannasan 1 Entamoeba histolytica • 2 stages in the life cycle • Disease: amoebiasis • Distribution: worldwide - second leading cause of death after malaria - developing countries: poor sanitation areas - developed countries : immigrants or travelers from endemic areas • Transmission: Cyst (dormant form) Trophozoite (active form) - fecal-oral route - venereal transmission (homosexuals) • Infective satge: mature cyst with 4 nuclei 1 16/07/64 Cyst ~10-20 µm • round or oval shape • thin and tough cyst wall • contains 1, 2 or 4 nuclei www.medical-labs.net • centric karyosome • peripheral chromatin karyosome • chromatoid bar with rounded ends (Cigar-like) Chromatoid body Peripheral chromatin www.medical-labs.net 5 7 2 16/07/64 Trophozoite ~15-60 µm • irregular shape • a round nucleus • small, centric karyosome • peripheral chromatin scattered evenly throughout the inner nuclear membrane • fine granular endoplasm (food vacuoles + RBC) 10 Rapid movement by finger-like pseudopodia 12 3 16/07/64 Pathology and symptoms 1. Intestinal amoebiasis (Invasive amoebiasis) • Amoebiasis is a disease caused by E. histolytica. incubation period is variable, (mostly 1-4 w) • Forms of amoebiasis characterized by 4 markers: 1) Intestinal amoebiasis o amoebic dysentery (mucus and bloody diarrhea) - 90% is asymptomatic cyst passers (E. dispar ?) o trophozoites with ingested RBC (feces, rectum biopsy) - 10% is symptomatic (Invasive amoebiasis) o amoebic colitis (endoscopy) 2) Extraintestinal amoebiasis o positive serological test for specific Ab Ameboma Other clinical manifestations o increasing diarrhea progressing to mucous-bloody o lower abdominal pain, tenesmus o weight loss, fever o similar to other colonic diseases o WBC are rarely seen in stools o progressive involvement - Fulminant necrotitizing colitis, toxic megacolon - Acute rectocolitis - Amoebic appendititis https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i36/8234.htm - Amoeboma (immune response to trophozoites) • Granulation tissue and fibrotic thickening caused by 15 host immune response to trophozoites, Fig A, B) 16 4 16/07/64 Amebic colitis Intestinal amebic ulcers https://cmr.asm.org/content/13/2/318/figures-only https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-55200-0_23 1) Nodular lesion (0.1- to 0.5-cm in diameter) http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/med_biologia/classes_stud/en/med/prophylactic%20medicine/ptn/medical%20biology/1%20course/theme%2008.htm o rounded and small ulcer with slightly elevated rims • Severe dysentery with multiple ulcers in the large o necrotic center - appears dimpled or hemorrhagic bowel, and a bloody diarrhea - filled with yellowish mucous 17 18 2) Irregular lesion (1- 5 cm in length) o shallow but broad Flask-shape amoebic ulcer with elevated rims o filled with fibrin and yellow exudates 4.bp.blogspot.com https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-29990/v1 Irregular cecum 19 20 lesions 5 16/07/64 2. Extraintestinal amoebiasis Pathogenesis • Hematogenously spread to liver and other • glandular hyperplasia organs (lung, pericardium, brain, skin, and • stromal edema genitourinary tract, etc.) • atrophy of villi & epithelium • Liver is the most common involvement site • infiltration of neutrophils • 3–9 % of all intestinal amebiasis cases develop • deep into submucosa to amoebic liver abscess (ALA) • 2nd bacterial infection 21 (flask-shape amoebic ulcer) Amoebic liver abcess (ALA) Amoebic liver abcess .capillary obstruction in portal system (necrosis) d_Pathogenesis/figures?lo=1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221929027_Amoebiasis_in_the_Tropics_Epidemiology_an . pin head-like lesion, then enlarged and became abscess acute - right upper quadrant abdominal pain - fever - liver tenderness and hepatomegaly chronic - weight loss, vague abdominal symptoms https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess Rupture of abscesses into the abdomen or chest may https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/250192/view/liver-abscess lead to death. 6 16/07/64 Diagnosis • Extraintestinal amebiasis Intestinal amebiasis • stool exam may not be helpful • Microscopic examination (stool or rectal smear) • aspirates from abscess may not find amoebae - dysenteric stool : trophozoites • biopsy from liver abscess rims (recommended) - nondysenteric stool : cysts • - differential diagnosis from E. dispar imaging procedure (ultrasound/ CT / MRI) using isozyme analysis, serological methods, PCR • serological methods (ELISA) • Biopsy from colonoscopy / sigmoidoscopy - discriminate ALA from pyogenic liver abscess - negative in Entamoeba dispar infected patient • PCR 25 26 Treatment drugs of choice : Metronidazole - effective to both intestinal and tissue amoebiasis Nitroimidazole derivatives such as secnidazole, http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2013/01/amoebic-liver-abscess.html nimorazole and tinidazole ALA - Percutaneous drainage or surgical aspiration Charateristics of pus from ALA: E. dispar infection does not require the treatment anchovy paste-liked color without smell 28 7 16/07/64 Pathogenic free-living amebae Common features (pathogenic FLA) Naegleria fowleri o Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) • facultative free-living parasites Acanthamoeba spp. • generally found in the o Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) environment o Acanthamoebic keratitis (AK) • mortality rate approach 100% Balamuthia mandrillaris o GAE • no specific therapeutic agents Sappinia pedata o GAE 29 30 Naegleria fowleri Morphology Cyst ~ 8-20 µm • known as the brain-eating amoeba • Distribution : worldwide (water and soil resources) • Disease : primary amebic meningoencephalitis most cases were immunocompetent host • Most clinical isolates are thermophilic (> 45°C). https://www.si.mahidol.ac.th/th/department/parasitology/articledetail.asp?ac_id=7&pageno=1 • 3 stages in LC: cyst , trophozoite • round with double cyst walls and flagellate (Amoeboflagellate) • big karyosome surrounded by halo • never found cyst stage in host tissue 31 8 16/07/64 Trophozoite Flagellate Life cycle ~ 10-35 µm ~ 10-16 µm reversible (Lobopodia) (flagellum) • Enflagellation test: In distilled water or nutrients depriving condition, trophozoite transforms into flagellate (2 flagella) 33 34 Risk activities: • Diving or swimming in fresh water resources • Performing ‘neti’ (nasal rinse) https://www.insider.com/neti-pot-tap-water-is-it-dangerous-brain-eating-amoeba-2018-12 • a ritual cleansing that includes nasal passages 36 9 16/07/64 Clinical manifestation Diagnosis Incubation period: 3-7 days immunocompetent host (mainly children & young adult) history of water exposure (exp. swimming) acute common cold-like symptoms: CSF sedimentation : found only trophozoite fever, rhinitis, stiff neck, sore throat and severe headache o culture on non-nutrient agar with gram (-ve) bacteria similar to that of acute bacterial and viral meningitis o enflagellation test, PCR Rapidly progression with high fever, vomiting, seizure, • brain tissues: found only trophozoite edema of lung and brain, respiratory failure, coma o staining o IFA, Immunohistochemistry Death within 10 days o PCR 37 Treatment Prevention no specific therapeutic agents Chlorine in swimming pool 1-2 ppm Combination of available drugs which can cross blood- Avoid swimming in fresh natural resources brain barrier Wear the nose clip during swimming Miltefosine or combination anti-microbial therapy: Blow the nose using sterile reagent amphotericin B, Azithromycin, rifampin, and azole drugs Intensive supportive care is required Only a few from hundred cases survive 39 40 10 16/07/64 Morphology Acanthamoeba A) Cyst ~ 5-25 µm • Free-living protozoan (facultative) parasites - uninucleated - worldwide distribution : soil, air, dust, fresh and sea water, - thick-wall polygonal , stellate, Jacucci tubs, dental irrigation unit, contact lens, etc. oval or spherical endocyst - usually concentrate at the bottom of the lake with ostioles - wrinkle ectocyst • Pathogenic to man (thermophilic) ~ 10-45 µm B) Trophozoite • Exp. A. castellani, A. culbersoni, A. diviornensis, A. hatchetti, A. healyi, A. polyphaga, A. rhysodes, etc. - uninucleated - irregular shape - acanthopodia(thorn-liked) 41 www2.le.ac.uk www.med-chem.com ww.labor-spiez.ch Trophozoite, 10-45 µm Cyst, 5-25 µm 43 11 16/07/64 Disease 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) Symptoms - common in immunocompromised hosts - primary infection at the skin ulcer or lung, then . subacute (IP 8-30 days) with no specific symptoms spread hematogenously to brain . resemble viral, bacterial or tuberculosis meningitis - no evidence of infection via olfactory nerves 2. Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) . mental status changes (86%), seizures (66%) - mostly in healthy persons (contact lens wearers) hemiparesis (53%), fever (53%), stiff neck 3. Cutaneous infection headache (53%), meningismus (40%), etc. - subacute granulomatous dermatitis - immunocompromised hosts 45 46 GAE GAE DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1080 P. Singh, R. Kochhar, R.K. Vashishta, N. Khandelwal, S. Prabhakar, S. Mohindra and P. Singhi American Journal of Neuroradiology June 2006, 27 (6) 1217-1221; http://www.med-chem.com/para-site.php?url=org/acantham •The terms “ granulomatous” indicates hemorrhagic necrotizing GAE: spread hematogenously, possible distribute in frontal lobe,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Intestinal Protozoa
    The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa
    Protist, Vol. 162, 545–570, October 2011 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 July 2011 PROTIST NEWS A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa) Introduction together constitute the amoebozoan subphy- lum Lobosa, which never have cilia or flagella, Molecular evidence and an associated reevaluation whereas Variosea (as here revised) together with of morphology have recently considerably revised Mycetozoa and Archamoebea are now grouped our views on relationships among the higher-level as the subphylum Conosa, whose constituent groups of amoebae. First of all, establishing the lineages either have cilia or flagella or have lost phylum Amoebozoa grouped all lobose amoe- them secondarily (Cavalier-Smith 1998, 2009). boid protists, whether naked or testate, aerobic Figure 1 is a schematic tree showing amoebozoan or anaerobic, with the Mycetozoa and Archamoe- relationships deduced from both morphology and bea (Cavalier-Smith 1998), and separated them DNA sequences. from both the heterolobosean amoebae (Page and The first attempt to construct a congruent molec- Blanton 1985), now belonging in the phylum Per- ular and morphological system of Amoebozoa by colozoa - Cavalier-Smith and Nikolaev (2008), and Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) was limited by the the filose amoebae that belong in other phyla lack of molecular data for many amoeboid taxa, (notably Cercozoa: Bass et al. 2009a; Howe et al. which were therefore classified solely on morpho- 2011). logical evidence. Smirnov et al. (2005) suggested The phylum Amoebozoa consists of naked and another system for naked lobose amoebae only; testate lobose amoebae (e.g. Amoeba, Vannella, this left taxa with no molecular data incertae sedis, Hartmannella, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia), which limited its utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Entamoeba Histolytica?
    Amebas Friend and foe Facultative Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica? Confusing History 1875 Lösch correlated dysentery with amebic trophozoites 1925 Brumpt proposed two species: E. dysenteriae and E. dispar 1970's biochemical differences noted between invasive and non-invasive isolates 80's/90's several antigenic and DNA differences demonstrated • rRNA 2.2% sequence difference 1993 Diamond and Clark proposed a new species (E. dispar) to describe non-invasive strains 1997 WHO accepted two species 1 Family Entamoebidae Family includes parasites • Entamoeba histolytica and commensals • Entamoeba dispar • Entamoeba coli Species are differentiated • Entamoeba hartmanni based on size, nuclear • Endolimax nana substructures • Iodamoeba bütschlii Entamoeba histolytica one of the most potent killers in nature Entamoeba histolytica • worldwide distribution (cosmopolitan) • higher prevalence in tropical or developing countries (20%) • 1-6% in temperate countries • Possible animal reservoirs • Amebiasis - Amebic dysentery • aka: Montezuma’s revenge Taxonomy • One parasitic species? • E. histolytica • E. dispar • E. hartmanni 2 Entamoeba Life Cycle - Direct Fecal/Oral transmission Cyst - Infective stage Resistant form Trophozoite - feeding, binary fission Different stages of cyst development Precysts - rich in glycogen Young cyst - 2, then 4 nuclei with chromotoid bodies Metacysts - infective stage Metacystic trophozoite - 8 8 Excystation Metacyst Cyst wall disruption Ameba emerges Nuclear division 48 Cytokinesis Nuclear division
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Microbiology and Immunology Publications Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology 2009 Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Pathogenic Free- Living Amoebae Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo Virginia Commonwealth University Herbert B. Tanowitz Albert Einstein College of Medicine Francine Marciano-Cabral Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/micr_pubs Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Copyright © 2009 Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/micr_pubs/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Microbiology and Immunology Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases Volume 2009, Article ID 251406, 14 pages doi:10.1155/2009/251406 Review Article Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo,1 Herbert B. Tanowitz,2 and Francine Marciano-Cabral1 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Francine Marciano-Cabral, [email protected] Received 25 March 2009; Accepted 5 June 2009 Recommended by Louis M. Weiss Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris,andSappinia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Brain Abscess in a Patient with Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
    SVOA Neurology ISSN: 2753-9180 Case Report Bacterial Brain Abscess in a Patient with Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis. A Misdiagnosis or Free-Living Amoeba Acting as Trojan Horse? Rolando Lovaton1* and Wesley Alaba1 1 Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (Lima-Peru) *Corresponding Author: Dr. Rolando Lovaton, Neurosurgery Service-Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Avenida Honorio Delgado 262 San Martin de Porres, Lima-Peru Received: July 13, 2021 Published: July 24, 2021 Abstract Amebic encephalitis is a rare and devastating disease. Mortality rate is almost 90% of cases. Here is described a very rare case of bacterial brain abscess in a patient with recent diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Case De- scription: A 29-year-old woman presented with headache, right hemiparesis and tonic-clonic seizure. Patient was diag- nosed with granulomatous amebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp.; although, there was no improvement of symptoms in spite of stablished treatment. Three months after initial diagnosis, a brain MRI showed a ring-enhancing lesion in the left frontal lobe compatible with brain abscess. Patient was scheduled for surgical evacuation and brain abscess was confirmed intraoperatively. However, Gram staining of the purulent content showed gram-positive cocci. Patient improved headache and focal deficit after surgery. Conclusion: It is the first reported case of a patient with cen- tral nervous system infection secondary to Acanthamoeba spp. who presented a bacterial brain abscess in a short time. Keywords: amebic encephalitis; Acanthamoeba spp; bacterial brain abscess Introduction Free–living amoebae cause potentially fatal infection of central nervous system. Two clinical entities have been de- scribed for amebic encephalitis: primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), and granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE).
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthamoeba Castellanii
    Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2018, Vol. 14 306 Ivyspring International Publisher International Journal of Biological Sciences 2018; 14(3): 306-320. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.23869 Research Paper Environmental adaptation of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Entamoeba histolytica at genome level as seen by comparative genomic analysis Victoria Shabardina1, Tabea Kischka1, Hanna Kmita2, Yutaka Suzuki3, Wojciech Maka owski1 1. Institute of Bioinformatics, University Münster, Niels-Stensen Strasse 14, Münster 48149, Germany ł 2. Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University 3. Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan Corresponding author: [email protected] © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2017.11.15; Accepted: 2017.12.30; Published: 2018.02.12 Abstract Amoebozoans are in many aspects interesting research objects, as they combine features of single-cell organisms with complex signaling and defense systems, comparable to multicellular organisms. Acanthamoeba castellanii is a cosmopolitan species and developed diverged feeding abilities and strong anti-bacterial resistance; Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic amoeba, who underwent massive gene loss and its genome is almost twice smaller than that of A. castellanii. Nevertheless, both species prosper, demonstrating fitness to their specific environments. Here we compare transcriptomes of A. castellanii and E. histolytica with application of orthologs’ search and gene ontology to learn how different life strategies influence genome evolution and restructuring of physiology.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatal Balamuthia Mandrillaris Encephalitis
    Hindawi Case Reports in Infectious Diseases Volume 2019, Article ID 9315756, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9315756 Case Report Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis Binoy Yohannan and Mark Feldman Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas 75231, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Mark Feldman; [email protected] Received 26 September 2018; Revised 1 January 2019; Accepted 17 January 2019; Published 31 January 2019 Academic Editor: Larry M. Bush Copyright © 2019 Binoy Yohannan and Mark Feldman. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Balamuthia mandrillaris is a rare cause of granulomatous meningoencephalitis associated with high mortality. We report a 69- year-old Caucasian female who presented with a 3-day history of worsening confusion and difficulty with speech. On admission, she was disoriented and had expressive dysphasia. Motor examination revealed a right arm pronator drift. Cerebellar examination showed slowing of finger-nose testing on the left. She was HIV-negative, but the absolute CD4 count was low. Neuroimaging showed three cavitary, peripherally enhancing brain lesions, involving the right frontal lobe, the left basal ganglia, and the left cerebellar hemisphere. She underwent right frontal craniotomy with removal of tan, creamy, partially liquefied necrotic material from the brain, consistent with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis on tissue staining. Immunohistochemical studies and PCR tests confirmed infection with Balamuthia mandrillaris. She was started on pentamidine, sulfadiazine, azithromycin, fluconazole, flucytosine, and miltefosine. .e postoperative course was complicated by an ischemic stroke, and she died a few weeks later.
    [Show full text]
  • Entamoeba Histolytica Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2)
    PCRmax Ltd TM qPCR test Entamoeba histolytica internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) 150 tests For general laboratory and research use only 1 Introduction to Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic, protozoan, intestinal parasite responsible for a disease called amoebiasis. It usually occurs in the large intestine and causes internal inflammation. It belongs to the genus Entamoeba and class Archamoeba. Amongst parasitic diseases, E. histolytica is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. E. histolytica is transmitted by ingestion of exit body containing cysts from faecally contaminated food and water or from hands. Due to their protective walls, the cysts can remain viable for several weeks in external environments. Species within this genus are small, single celled organisms with an anterior bulge representing a lobose pseudopod. The E. histolytica trophozoites are oblong and approximately 15-20µM in length, whereas the cysts are spherical and typically 12-15 µM in diameter. Entamoeba cysts are most commonly transmitted by ingestion so must be extremely robust to survive the hostile environment of the stomach. The cysts transform to trophozoites in the small intestine where they multiply by binary fission to then colonise the large intestine. They cause major calcium ion influx to the cells of the large intestine resulting in cell death and ulcer formation. The Trophozoites subsequently form new cysts which are excreted once more in faeces. Infection with E. histolytica generally causes mild symptoms such as abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhoea, but more severe infections can lead to amoebosis. This is a condition encompassing amoebic dysentery characterized by severe abdominal pain, fever and blood in the faeces and less commonly amoebic liver abscesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenic Free Living Amoeba
    Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science August 2015; 1(2): 13-20 REVIEW Risks and Threats Comes with Global Warming: Pathogenic Free Living Amoeba Nihal Doğan1 1Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Microbiology Department. Eskişehir, Turkey Received: 28 July 2015 accepted: 12 August 2015/ published online: 30 August 2015 © Ordu University Institute of Health Science, Turkey, 2015 Abstract Free living amoebae like Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia are known appearing opportunistic and also fatal protozoa in humans and other animals. They are widely distributed in soil and water in the world. They cause “Primer Amoebic Meningoencephalitis” the host immune response to these protist pathogens differs from each other to evidence by the postmortem laboratory findings from the affected patients. This review was performed with a search in Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid, and Scopus literatures by the search terms of “pathogenic free-living amoeba infections”. Analysis of a detailed review and literature shown that Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia and also Sappinia sp. infections are causing extensive brain damage to the host immune response. In human infection due to related to brain, skin, lung and eyes have increased significantly during the last years. They have different effects on epidemiology, immunology, pathology, and clinical features of the infections produced. This particular review planned to raise awareness about free-living amoeba, which found in a patient who applied to ESOGU Hospital Neurology Clinic because of suddenly unconsciousness and coma and diagnosed with Naegleria fowleri. Clinicians should be aware of PAM infections and include in differential diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. PAM should be suspected in young adults and children with acute neurological symptoms as described below and recent exposure to fresh water.
    [Show full text]
  • ZOOLOGY Biology of Parasitism Morphology, Life Cycle
    Paper : 08 Biology of Parasitism Module : 18 Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenecity, Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Entamoeba Part 1 Development Team Principal Investigator : Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator : Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator : Dr. Pawan Malhotra ICGEB, New Delhi Content Writer : Dr. Ranjana Saxena Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer : Prof. Rajgopal Raman Department of Zoology, University of Delhi 1 Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenecity, Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Entamoeba Part 1 Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Biology of Parasitism; Zool 008 Module Name/Title Protozoans Module Id M18: Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenecity, Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Entamoeba Part 1 Keywords Trophozoite, precyst, cyst, chromatoidal bars, excystation, encystation, metacystictrophozoites, amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery, extraintestinalinvasion. Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. History of Entamoeba 4. Classification of Entamoeba 5. Geographical distribution of Entamoeba histolytica 6. Habit and Habitat 7. Host 8. Reservoir 9. Morphology 10. Life cycle 11. Transmission 12. Entamoeba dispar 13. Entamoeba gingivalis 14. Entamoeba coli 15. Entamoeba hartmanni 16. Comparison between the various Entamoeba 17. Summary of Entamoeba histolytica 2 Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenecity, Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Entamoeba Part 1 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this unit you will be able to: Classify Entamoeba Understand the medical importance of Entamoeba Distinguish between the different species of Entamoeba Identify the pathogenic species of Entamoeba Describe the morphology ofEntamoeba histolytica Explain the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica Compare the life cycle of different species of Entamoeba 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Entamoeba Histolytica Genesig Easy
    Primerdesign TM Ltd Entamoeba histolytica genesig® Easy Kit for use on the genesig® q16 50 reaction For general laboratory and research use only Entamoeba histolytica 1 genesig Easy kit handbook HB10.18.07 Published Date: 09/11/2018 genesig® Easy: at a glance guide For each DNA test Component Volume Lab-in-a-box pipette E.histolytica reaction mix 10 µl Your DNA sample 10 µl For each positive control Component Volume Lab-in-a-box pipette E.histolytica reaction mix 10 µl Positive control template 10 µl For each negative control Component Volume Lab-in-a-box pipette E.histolytica reaction mix 10 µl Water 10 µl Entamoeba histolytica 2 genesig Easy kit handbook HB10.18.07 Published Date: 09/11/2018 Kit Contents • E.histolytica specific primer/probe mix (BROWN) Once resuspended the kits should remain at -20ºC until ready to use. • Lyophilised oasigTM Master Mix • Lyophilised oasigTM Master Mix resuspension buffer (BLUE lid) • E.histolytica positive control template (RED lid) • Internal extraction control DNA (BLUE lid) • RNase/DNase free water (WHITE lid) • Template preparation buffer (YELLOW lid) • 54 x genesig® q16 reaction tubes Reagents and equipment to be supplied by the user genesig® q16 instrument genesig® Easy Extraction Kit This kit is designed to work well with all processes that yield high quality RNA and DNA but the genesig Easy extraction method is recommended for ease of use. genesig® Lab-In-A-Box The genesig Lab-In-A-Box contains all of the pipettes, tips and racks that you will need to use a genesig Easy kit.
    [Show full text]
  • Entamoeba Histolytica
    Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite: 20-30 µm Cyst:10-20 μm Trophozoite • Active, feeding stage • Cytoplasm – Clean, not foamy • Nucleus – Central “bullseye” endosome – Thin, even chromatin lining nucleus • Found in loose stools and ectopic infections Cyst • Dormant/resistant stage • Cysts are susceptible to heat (above 40 C.), freezing (below –5 C.), and drying. • Cysts remain viable in moist environment for 1 month. • Spherical • 1-4 nuclei, (4 in mature cysts) • Bluntly rounded chromatoidal bars • Found and released in formed feces Life Cycle • CYST is ingested with food or water contaminated with feces • Excystation occurs in the small intestine in an alkaline environment. • Metacystic amoebas emerge, divide and move down into the large intestine. Habitat: Trophozoites live and may multiply indefinitely within the crypts and mucosa of the LI mucosa feeding on starches and mucous secretions. INFECTIVE STAGE: Cyst Cysts form in response to unfavorable (deteriorating) environmental conditions, as they move down the LI. DISTRIBUTION: Parasite has worldwide distribution but is most common in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world • ~ 500 million people may be affected • ~ 100,000 deaths each year • PREVALENCE: . < 1% in Canada and Alaska . 0.9% in U.S. 40% in the tropics . This parasite is likely under-reported in developing countries and potentially one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in the world. Pathology • E. histolytica has surface enzymes that can digest epithelial cells and therefore hydrolyze host tissues and cause pathology. • Usually the host’s repair of the epithelial cells can keep pace with the damage. • However, when the host is stressed, immunocompromised, has too much HCl, or a high bacterial flora, the digestion will be ahead of repair.
    [Show full text]