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FIELD STUDY of TEXAS NATIVE EVENING PRIMROSE and EVALUATION of SELECTED SEED TREATMENTS by CYNTHIA LOWERY MURPHY, B.S., B.B.A. A

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FIELD STUDY of TEXAS NATIVE EVENING PRIMROSE and EVALUATION of SELECTED SEED TREATMENTS by CYNTHIA LOWERY MURPHY, B.S., B.B.A. A FIELD STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE EVENING PRIMROSE AND EVALUATION OF SELECTED SEED TREATMENTS by CYNTHIA LOWERY MURPHY, B.S., B.B.A. A THESIS IN HORTICULTURE Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved Accepted May, 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of people that I would like to express my gratitude to, for their assistance with this project. Without the open-mindedness of Dr. Dick Auld, this project probably would not have made it off the ground. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee Dr. Norman Hopper and Cynthia McKenney for their contributions. A special thanks goes to Dr. Andy Herring for his contributions at a moments notice. A number of faculty members and professionals were responsible for assisting with equipment needs Including Dr. Don Wanjura of the USDA, for use of the spectral radiometer. Dr. Henry Nguyen provided the osmometer needed In the priming experiments and Dr. Dan Krieg for his library and as an information source. I would like to thank David Becker, Darin Mitchell, and the rest of the farm crew for all their assistance. Life could have been much more difficult without their help especially because they have all the tractors. My family has been very supportive during this fime, especially my in-laws, "Murph" and Latrece Murphy. My husband, Kendal, became an extra set of hands during planfing, harvest and any time I needed something built that involved his power tools. My son, Benjamin Ray Lowery Parra, has probably suffered the most through my education. My goal has always been to provide him with a better life. Many thanks to my parents for providing Ben with a stable environment to live in. I would like to thank Landry Lockett and Sandra Balch for taking on some of my day-to-day responsibilities so that I could meet my deadlines. Sandra's ability to Identify nafive sources of evening primrose became a foundation for our research. I especially would like to thank my scholarship donors during this program. The assistance from The Belsterling Foundation of the Dallas Women's Garden Club, The Herb Society of America - South Texas Unit, and the Native Plant Society made the great burden of tuition and books not so overwhelming. Without organizations such as these, higher education would not be possible for many of us. Finally, a word of thanks to the Texas Department of Agriculture and the USDA's Fund for Rural America for financial support of this project. It is my hope that they confinue to find the Importance in supporting research involving native and medicinal plants. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "' ABSTRACT v LIST OF TABLES vl LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Plant Populafion Study 6 Seed Priming Study 7 Red Light Study 8 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 Plant Populafion Study 10 Seed Priming Study 12 Red Light Study 14 IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18 Plant Population Study 18 Seed Priming Study 30 Red Light Study 34 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 37 LITERATURE CITED 40 APPENDIX 44 iv ABSTRACT Evening primrose oil has increasingly become of interest to the health care industry for its legitimate effectiveness in treatment of certain pathological conditions. The essenfial component of evening primrose oil is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) (018:3 A6, 9,12). Four accessions of Texas native evening primrose containing higher levels of GLA were evaluated for feasibility as a field crop through transplants. Highest seed yields were reported with plant populations of 32.3 thousand plants per hectare. Very little significance was reported in percent oil yield between the three different plant spacings examined. Germination chamber and greenhouse experiments were conducted using KNO3 and PEG 8000 as priming agents at -0.5 and -1.0 MPa for 5-, 10-, and 15-day treatments to overcome dormancy symptoms affecting germination. The most effective treatments for O. elata were achieved with -0.5 MPa osmotic potenfials using PEG 8000 for 5 days and -1.0 MPa using PEG 8000 for 5 or 10 days. The best priming treatment for O. yames//resulted from using PEG 8000 at the -0.5 MPa level for 15 days. The most effective treatment for O. rhombipetala occurred at the 10 and 15 day treatments at the -1.0 MPa osmotic potential. Red light treatments showed no significant differences for the species O. rhombipetala. O. elata showed the t)est results using a germination chamber regardless of the light treatment. LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Seed yield of four accessions of Oenothera at three plant populafions at Lubbock, Texas in 1999. 23 4.2 Oil content of four accessions of Oenothera grown at Lubbock, Texas in 1999 as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. 25 4.3 Yield of highest yielding plants of four accessions of Oenothera grown at Lubbock, Texas in 1999. 26 4.4 Total oil yield of highest yielding samples submitted for analysis of three species of evening primrose. 28 4.5 Percent germination in a germination chamber after 14 days for seed of three evening primrose species treated in priming solufions for 5-, 10-, and 15-days. 32 4.6 Percent emergence in the greenhouse after 21 days from seed of three evening primrose species treated in four priming solutions for 5-, 10-, and 15-days. 33 4.7 Percent germination of three evening primrose species under six light treatments. 36 A1 Soil and water analysis by A & L Plains Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. 45 A2 Accessions of the four highest seed yielding plants within each 3.5 m unit and their respective oil percentages. 46 VI LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Spectral radiometer analysis of various light sources and filters to isolate the optimal 660 nm wavelengths. "• ^ 4.1 Seed yield of three species of evening primrose grown at three different plant populations in Lubbock, Texas, 1999. 24 4.2 Percent oil of four evening primrose accessions grown at three plant populations at Lubbock, Texas in 1999. Analysis provided by the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 27 4.3 Oil yield in kg ha'^ of four accessions of Oenothera species grown in Lubbock, Texas, 1999. 29 VII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Historically, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) has been grown both as an attractive wildfiower and an herbal supplement. Evening primrose oil has increasingly been recognized by the medical community as a legitimate health care product. Medical researchers have found that the high levels of gamma- linolenic acid (GLA) (018:3 A6, 9, 12) found in evening primrose oil can be used to treat the many pathological condifions in humans caused by deficiencies in GLA. Stress, diabetes, consumption of alcohol and aging are reported to inhibit the producfion of GLA (Favafi, King, and Mazzanti 1991). Dietary supplementation with GLA can reduce lymphocyte proliferation in older humans which often have decreased A-6 desaturase activity (Wu and Meydani 1996). Studies have shown that long-term use of evening primrose oil has allowed rheumatoid arthritis patients to reduce their use of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-infiammatory drugs. GLA may also provide relief from itching and antihistamine use associated with eczema and other skin disorders. Gamma- linolenic acid has also been effective at lowering blood pressure levels and in the treatment of hypertension. Recent research indicates that GLA may also reduce the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) (Hathaway 1999; Keen et al. 1993). Many of these pathological conditions have k>een associated with defiencies of n-6 essenfial fatty acids which occurs In individuals with limited 1 delta-6 (A-6) desaturase enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the formation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from linoleic acid (LA 018:2 A6,9). Supplementation of the diet with the GLA derived from the oil of plants such as evening primrose is thought to be an answer to this rate limited reaction and reduces the severity of many diseases (Mengeaud, Nano, Fournel and Rampa! 1992). As a plant, native to West Texas region, Oenotheras have the ability to thrive in our challenging climate and produce economic quantifies of oil and GLA. Three species in particular, Oenothera elata (A. Gray ex S. Watson), Oenothera jamesii (Torrey & A. Gray), and Oenothera rhombipetala (Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray) have been identified by researchers at Texas Tech for their higher levels of GLA; therefore, have become the focus of continued study. There is a need for cultural producfion information and to improve the germinafion of evening primrose seed if commercial producfion of this medicinal crop is to occur in the West Texas region. The purposes of this study were to determine the cultural requirements and attempt to reduce the seed dormancy characteristics of evening primrose. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW There are several sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in plants. The higher plant families Onagraceae, Boraginaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Scrophulariaceae all contain species producing GLA. Many nafive accessions of Evening Primrose have been collected and evaluated for their desirable oil by researchers at Texas Tech University (Yaniv, Auld, Heuer and McKenney 1999). Species which produce commercially competitive quantifies of GLA have been identified as Oenothera rhombipetala, Oenothera elata, and Oenothera jamesii. All three of these species are within the Oenothera section of the Onagraceae family which contains 70 species (Dietrich, Wagner and Raven 1997). This section is divided into 5 subsections listed as Raimannia (11 species), Emersonia (4 species), Oenothera (13 species), Munzia (39 species), and Nutanfigemma (3 species). O. rhombipetala is classified as part of the Raimannia subsection while O.
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