Al-Sulami's Kitab Al-Jihad and Continuity In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Al-Sulami's Kitab Al-Jihad and Continuity In Marshall, Kenneth 2020 History Thesis Title: Fighting the Jihad of the Muslims: al-Sulami's Kitab al-Jihad and continuity in Islamic thought during the "counter-crusade" Advisor: Magnús Bernhardsson Advisor is Co-author/Adviser Restricted Data Used: None of the above Second Advisor: Release: release now Authenticated User Access (does not apply to released theses): Contains Copyrighted Material: No FIGHTING THE JIHAD OF THE MUSLIMS al-Sulami’s Kitab al-Jihad and continuity in Islamic thought during the “counter- crusade” By KENNETH THOMAS MARSHALL Professor Magnús T. Bernhardsson, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in History WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, MA April 27, 2020 Contents Acknowledgments i Map of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate c. 750 iii Introduction 1 Chapter I: Jihad: A Dynamic Inheritance 17 Chapter II: The Enemy 41 Chapter III: Jihad Against the Muslims 69 Epilogue: “Are these not the Rum?” 97 Bibliography 102 i Acknowledgments Completing this thesis marks the culmination of what I see as a continuous period of growth as a student of history. I am finding it bittersweet to say farewell to this time in my life, at least for the time being, but I think my reticence to move on indicates how fortunate I am to have encountered such thoughtful and inspiring people along the way. I would first like to thank my advisor and professor Magnús T. Bernhardsson, who graciously stepped out of his period of expertise to guide me in this project about a medieval Islamic manuscript. I am indebted to Professor Bernhardsson for his counsel and his appreciation of my historical interests, not to mention his regular reassurance that I would reach this day with a full thesis in hand. I also would like to thank my advisors, both student and faculty, from the history thesis seminar. I am grateful for the thoughtful guidance and edits from Professor Dubow, Professor DeLucia, and Professor Garabarini as well as the camaraderie, collaboration and support provided by my peers, Kevin Silverman, Kees Humes and Hannah Tager. I would also like to thank my student and faculty readers. This thesis could not have been possible without the education I received from every single one of my professors. In particular, I want to thank Professor Lama Nassif, Professor Kirten Beck and Professor Brahim El Guabli from the Williams College Arabic Studies department. I have you all to thank for my ability to access these sources in their original Arabic, as well as my ability to connect with speakers of such a beautiful language. I would also like to thank Professor Saadia Yacoob for introducing me to Islamic History and the Qur’an, and Professor Eric Knibbs for teaching me how to read and write about medieval texts. I am also ii grateful to Dr. Catherine Holmes for listening to my proposal for this thesis and encouraging me to pursue it. I am grateful to my family and friends for their encouragement. My mother and father always enabled my passion for history, and I could not have reached the end of this project without their support of my interests. I am grateful for my brother Kevin and sister Kaylin and their tolerance for my preoccupation with boring things like the Crusades. If it were not for my cousin Daniel McNamara blazing a trail for me to follow in the study of Islamic History, I do not believe I would have chosen to pursue such a satisfying topic. I want to thank my friends and teammates at Williams College. I am especially thankful for the support and friendship of Robert Delfeld, who travelled with me every step of the way, Charlie Ide, who always found the time to read my drafts and was always ready with an out-of- doors distraction, and for Omar Kawam, with whom I spent many long evenings discussing history and religion. I am also very grateful for my brilliant, tenacious teammates, who pushed me to my breaking point on and off of the track, especially Sam Wischnewsky, Ryan Cox, William McGovern, Tristan Collaizi, Jenks Hehmeyer, Ben Hearon, Peter Kirgis, Nick Gannon, Zeke Cohen, Lucas Estrada, Mitch Morris, Walker Knauss, Chris Avila, Will Young, Aidan Ryan, and Matthew Peacock. Finally, I am forever grateful to my earliest mentor, Medha Kirtane of Ridgewood High School. Ms. Kirtane was the first to set me on this journey through higher education; she taught me how to think, write, and work hard. Most importantly, she made sure that I was aware of my abilities, and that I should expect nothing less than my best from myself. Ms. Kirtane, you set all of this into motion. Thank you. iii Introduction “East and west of God’s earth will be mine, [and] Christianity will triumph under my sword,”1 reads a tenth century Arabic poem attributed to the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. It arrived in Baghdad, at the court of the Caliph al-Muti‘a, between 963 and 969 AD during the Byzantine reconquests that Nikephoros II led into Syria. In his poem, Nikephoros II promised to bring his army against Baghdad, and that his next target would be Damascus, the “dwelling of [his] ancestors.”2 Throughout the following years, he succeeded in capturing Tarsus, Mar‘ash, Edessa, and Aleppo, destroying the mosques in each city as he went.3 But according to a relieved Syrian preacher named Ibn Nubata al-Fariqi, Nikephoros II was “killed 4 through his supporters in his homeland” before he could reach either Muslim capital. The Muslims of the Levant had been spared total defeat at the hands of the Byzantines, but further, more notorious attempts were to be made to subdue them beneath Christian rule by another enemy. In 1105, almost a century and a half after the assasination of Nikephoros II, a Damascene legal scholar named ‘Ali ibn Tahir ibn Ja’far al-Sulami wrote that another “congregation” of Christians had “come down upon the island of Sicily,” and conquered one city after another in al-Andalus, the part of Iberia ruled by the Umayyad Caliphate throughout the medieval period.5 According to al-Sulami, these Christian conquerors realized after achieving success in Sicily and Spain that the Muslims of the Levant were too busy fighting amongst 1 Nikephoros II Phokas, trans. Nizar F. Hermes, The [European] Other in Medieval Arabic Literature and Culture (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012) 148. 2 Nikephoros II Phokas, trans. Nadia Maria El Cheikh in Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 173. 3 El Cheikh, Nadia Maria, Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs, 172. 4 Ibn Nubata al-Fariqi, trans. Niall Christie in The Kitab al-Jihad of ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106) (New York: Routledge, 2015), 380. 5 ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami, Kitab al-Jihad trans. Niall Christie (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015), 206. 1 themselves to mount an effective defense. They seized their opportunity and snatched the holy city of Jerusalem, their most coveted objective, from Muslim control. Al-Sulami was referring to the Frankish expedition of 1097-1099 to the Levant, commonly known as the First Crusade. Although al-Sulami demonstrates no awareness of the western forces behind the arrival of the First Crusade, Western scholars believe that these Christian knights were in large part inspired by Pope Urban II’s promise, made at the Council of Clermont in 1095, that those who trekked to the holy land to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims would be absolved of their sins.6 Historians estimate that as many as 70,000 European knights and foot-soldiers set out for the east after the Council of Clermont. Sources in several languages report that these divinely-inspired warriors all wore the sign of the cross into battle.7 Those Franks who made it to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople were supplied and ferried across the Bosphorus Strait in 1097 by the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Comnenus, and pressed south, capturing Nicaea, Antioch, and Edessa from the Muslim Seljuqs before finally conquering Jerusalem in 1099.8 Many westerners may not be aware that there were several crusades that took place between the late eleventh and late thirteenth centuries. Crusading has become distinguished in our memory not by its history per se as much as by its ideological essence. It is almost second nature for English-speakers to refer to a value-laden movement as a crusade and to call its leaders and constituents crusaders in the struggle for their cause. For a colloquialism, the use of the term crusading to describe contemporary activism is, according to the western historical 6 Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 11-13. 7 Ibid, 13. 8 Christie, Niall, Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic Sources (New York and London: Routledge, 2014), 18-19. 2 narrative, rather fair.9 During a time when, at least in Europe, warfare was an arbitrary performance ingrained in a feudal society ruled by a military aristocracy, Pope Urban II’s promise of heavenly reward in exchange for selfless military service in the holy land revolutionized the rationale for fighting among Christian knights.10 The historical campaigns that westerners collectively refer to as the Crusades were distinguished by the religious fervor of their participants, just as crusaders in our own times display a commitment to their beliefs, religious or otherwise, above all else. Westerners preserve certain historical specifics of these campaigns in their popular culture as well. Deus vult, first chanted at the Council of Clermont in 1095, remains a recognizable Latin phrase in the west.
Recommended publications
  • Full-Text (PDF)
    Vol. 16(8), pp. 336-342, August, 2021 DOI: 10.5897/ERR2021.4179 Article Number: B7753C367459 ISSN: 1990-3839 Copyright ©2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Educational Research and Reviews http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR Review Scholars and educational positions under criticism and praise in the Medieval Islamic Era Hatim Muhammad Mahamid* and Younis Fareed Abu Al-Haija Department of Education, Faculty of Management and Organization of Education Systems, Sakhnin College for Teachers' Education, Isreal. Received 14 June 2021, Accepted 28 July 2021 This research focuses on criticism and praise in Arabic literature, history and poetry towards those in charge of the scientific movement in the Medieval Era. The research method was theoretical and qualitative. Many poets and scholars praised the rulers and sultans who established mosques and other educational institutions (madrasa-s) based on endowments, which had a role in sciences, intellectual and religious renaissance. They were subject to criticism or praise for their work or the educational role they followed. The topics of praise to the ulama centered on, their diligence and dissemination of science, as well as of their behavior and moral manners. On the other hand, the criticism of poetry centered on the mistakes of some scholars, their scientific stances in religious matters and criticizing scholars of the sultans for their attitudes in serving the rulers. Poets were also interested in criticizing scholars (ulama) who moved away from the path of morality, virtue, and shari‘a, and who lead the teaching without qualification or mismanagement of the educational process; and therefore do not preserve the rules of morality in lessons, education or discussions, and their lack of good morals towards students.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Process of Sedentarization of Volga Bulgars
    Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 8, No. 7; 2015 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education On the Process of Sedentarization of Volga Bulgars Fayaz Sh. Khuzin1 1 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia Correspondence: Fayaz Sh. Khuzin, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 18, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 15, 2015 Accepted: June 24, 2015 Online Published: June 30, 2015 doi:10.5539/jsd.v8n7p68 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n7p68 Abstract The relevance of the study is determined by the need to create a more complete picture of the conversion of the nomadic peoples of Eurasian steppes, namely, the Volga Bulgars living in VIII-X centuries, to a strict sedentarization while statehood was being formed and new religion – Islam was being spread. The objective of the article is to analyze the available sources, enabling to specify the chronological framework of sedentarization of Bulgars, which at the end of IX - beginning of X centuries resulted in the emergence of stationary settlements, including cities. The multidisciplinary approach to the problem is the leading one in this article. It involves synthesis of data provided by a number of sciences in order to obtain complete information. The article presents the results of the analysis of written sources contained in the works of Oriental authors dated back to X century, archaeological and numismatic materials. The article submissions may be worthwhile in studies conducted by scholars researching Bulgars and scientists involved in researching the general issues of the history of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of medieval Eurasia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sermons of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib
    ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS MEDIEVALES 42/1, enero-junio de 2012, pp. 201-228 ISSN 0066-5061 doi:10.3989/aem.2012.42.1.10 THE SERMONS OF ‘ALI IBN ABI TALIB: AT THE CONFLUENCE OF THE CORE ISLAMIC TEACHINGS OF THE QUR’AN AND THE ORAL, NATURE-BASED CULTURAL ETHOS OF SEVENTH CENTURY ARABIA1 LOS SERMONES DE ‘ALI IBN ABI TALIB: EN LA CONFLUENCIA ENTRE LAS ENSEÑANZAS ISLÁMICAS DEL CORÁN Y LA ÉTICA CULTURAL BASADA EN LAS TRADICIONES ORALES SOBRE LA NATURALEZA DE LA ARABIA DEL SIGLO VII TAHERA QUTBUDDIN The University of Chicago Abstract: Sermons attributed to ‘Ali ibn Resumen: Los sermones atribuidos a ‘Ali Abi Talib (c. 600-661, fi rst Shi‘a imam ibn Abi Talib (c. 600-661, primer imam and fourth Sunni caliph) promoted core chií y cuarto califa suní) fomentaron las Qur’anic doctrine and ethics through an doctrinas y la ética coránicas fundacio- aesthetic steeped in the oral, nature-based, nales mediante una estética oratoria, im- poetic culture of seventh-century Arabia. buida de la cultura poética oral basada en Using traditional Arabian metaphors of metáforas de la naturaleza, característica camels, watering holes, and pithy, rhyth- de la Arabia del siglo VII. ‘Ali utilizaba mic, orality-grounded cadences, ‘Ali metáforas tradicionales de camellos y urged his audience to worship the One abrevaderos, junto con expresiones rít- God, follow the guidance of His prophet micas y lacónicas llenas de cadencias de Muhammad, shun worldliness, perform la oralidad, para instar a los oyentes a good deeds, and prepare for the imminent adorar al Dios único, seguir la dirección hereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Literary Contribution of Some Important Historians Contemporary to Shams Al-Din Al-Dhahabi
    THE LITERARY CONTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT HISTORIANS CONTEMPORARY TO SHAMS AL-DIN AL-DHAHABI DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY^ ALIGARH, U.P. (INDIA) FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF iWaiter of ^|)iIo«op^p IN ARABIC Under the Supervision of By Dr, Abdul Bari Mrs, Sultana Razia Khanam M.A. (Arabic & Urdu;, B.A. (Hons) (Dae), B.L., Ph.D. (Patna) M.A. (Alig.) DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC, ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH. 1986 J)s ^--1 ^g DS996 r"- ^«- •- Tele : 234 DEPARTMENT Of ARABIC ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH Dated..?*.**^..f.*^^.?^.».?.^ This is to certify that Mr«, ^Itena 'Isiasiw '^b^namhus ^one h#r M.Phil w®tlc uniar By suservlsion an4 h«s eoruDleted h«i» work succ«ssf!illy. This Is aa orlsrlnwl contrlbuties and «ntlr#ly h#r own* ( Pr* AHiuI Bari ) Sttparvlsor The tltl« ©f th» K^Phll m«sert«tloa is "Thf* T,lt«r?ry Contribution ©f 5-ORJ« lwf>ort'»T5t *!l?torl»»n!» Contvanwemrj to ^liras al-Dln CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ... ... ... i Introduction Ibn al-Tiqtaqa ... ... ... 26 Abu al-Fida ... ... ... 62 Ibn Shakir al-Kutubi ... ... 7 9 Al-SafadI ... ... ... 86 Bibliography ... ... ... 99 I avail myself of this opportunity to express my high sense of gratitude to my learned supervisor and benign guide Dr. ''Abdul Barl, Reader in the Department of Arabic, Aligarh Muslim University, whose affectionate patronage and constant guidance have been an incessant source of information for me in completing this M.Phil. Dissertation entitled, "The Literary Contribution of Some important Historians Contemporary to Shams al-Din al-DhahabI" and whose valuable advice made this work possible to see the light of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • <Xref Ref-Type="Transliteration" Rid="Trans1" Ptype="T616795" Citart
    ON A NEW EDITION OF THE OF HASSAN B. THABIT1DIWA.N By M. J. KISTER The aim of the editor, Walid 'Arafat, 'to produce as complete a record as possible of the poetry ascribed to b. Thabit in the different recensions of the Diwin and in other sources.Iassn together with the scholia in the DIw~n, additional notes from other sources and editorial comments', as stated in his preface (p. 1), has been pursued by him with praiseworthy perseverance, zeal, and dedication. Ten different manuscripts of the Diwin have been closely examined and evaluated (introduction, pp. 10-23). The poems of the Diwan have been accordingly divided in the following manner: poems 1-225 from the MS Ahmet III, 2534 (T) form the main part of the Diwin; poems 226-63 from MS Ahmet III, 2584 (TA) form the second part of the Diwan called al-Ziyddat; the poems 264-372 are additions gathered from other sources (ziyaddt min ghayri al-diwdn). The 'Introduction' contains sections dealing with makhti.tdt the life of Hassan (pp. 3-7), former editions of the Diwan (pp. 7-10), recensions of the Diwdn and its MSS (pp. 10-23), and the authenticity of the poems (pp. 23-31). In his sharp criticism of the authenticity of a great many of the poems ascribed to Hassan, 'Arafat often refers to his own articles, basing his conclusions on an analysis of the style and composition of these poems, the historical circumstances and developments, and the statements of early Muslim scholars. The painstaking work of the recording of variants (riwiydt) and of sources (takhrij) has been done by 'Arafat with great accuracy; the second volume contains the scholia from the MSS and other sources, the editor's notes and comments, and detailed indexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Saginayeva A
    ABSTRACT of thesis for a degree of philosophy doctor (PhD) majoring in «6D020300-History» «Ethno-historical ties of Koman-Kipchaks with neighboring peoples in VIII- XIII centuries» Saginayeva Ainagul Nurgaliyevna The relevance of the research topic. The significance of the topic is characterized by the fact that the Kipchak ethnic community played a significant role in the history of the formation of Turkic speaking peoples. The ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and their ethnic ties originate from the era of antiquity. The Kipchak ethnic community, the collective name of which is worn by the Kazakhs, is one of the largest medieval tribal associations that determined the course of historical events of the great belt of the Eurasian steppes in the period spanning more than one and a half millennia. In this regard, the study of ethnic processes that took place among the Koman-Kipchaks, the determination of their ethnohistorical contacts, their role in the history of neighboring peoples continue to remain the focus of the interests of scientists and young researchers. This topic is also of interest in terms of studying the features of the formation of a nomadic civilization, the prominent representatives of which are the Koman-Kipchak tribes that have entered the historical arena far beyond the Great Steppe. It is no coincidence that they received their name in various historical sources. This fact reflects the high degree of penetration into the history of not only the nomadic but also the settled agricultural worlds. However, the specifics of the study of the historical period studied in this research leaves many questions unresolved, including the topic of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomers and Astrologers[Edit] Main Article: List of Muslim Astronomers Sind Ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khan
    Astronomers and astrologers[edit] Main article: List of Muslim astronomers Sind ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khani (1650-1707) Ibrahim al-Fazari (-777) Muhammad al-Fazari (-796 or 806) Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician (780-850 CE) Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE) Al-Farghani (800/805-870) Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) (9th century) Dīnawarī (815-896) Al-Majriti (d. 1008 or 1007 CE) Al-Battani (858-929 CE) (Albatenius) Al-Farabi (872-950 CE) (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (903-986) Abu Sa'id Gorgani (9th century) Kushyar ibn Labban (971-1029) Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900-971) Al-Mahani (8th century) Al-Marwazi (9th century) Al-Nayrizi (865-922) Al-Saghani (-990) Al-Farghani (9th century) Abu Nasr Mansur (970-1036) Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (10th century) (Kuhi) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (940-1000) Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (940-998) Ibn Yunus (950-1009) Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040) (Alhacen) Bīrūnī (973-1048) Avicenna (980-1037) (Ibn Sīnā) Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel) Omar Khayyám (1048-1131) Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130) Ibn Bajjah (1095-1138) (Avempace) Ibn Tufail (1105-1185) (Abubacer) Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (-1204) (Alpetragius) Averroes (1126-1198) Al-Jazari (1136-1206) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135-1213) Anvari (1126-1189) Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (-1266) Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274) Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (1250-1310) Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (1320-80) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380-1429) Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526-1585)
    [Show full text]
  • Influencia Árabe En Las Letras Iberoamericanas Sergio Macías Brevis
    © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Influencia Árabe en las Letras Iberoamericanas Sergio Macías Brevis © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía COEDITAN: UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE ANDALUCÍA Monasterio de Santa María de las Cuevas Calle Américo Vespucio, 2 Isla de la Cartuja. 41092 Sevilla www.unia.es FUNDACIÓN CAJA RURAL DEL SUR Calle Puerto, 27 21001 HUELVA COORDINACIÓN DE LA EDICIÓN: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía. COORDINADOR: Sergio Macías Brevis COPYRIGHT DE LA PRESENTE EDICIÓN: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía FECHA: 2009 ISBN EDICIÓN FORMATO EN PAPEL (2009): 978-84-7993-085-1 MAQUETACIÓN Y DISEÑO: Olga Serrano García © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Índice Palabras previas 6 Prólogo 10 Al-Andalus en la literatura iberoamericana: La Alhambra y la Mezquita de Córdoba, fuentes de inspiración 17 Imagen del Islam en la literatura 48 Lo árabe en las letras iberoamericanas 58 Aspectos árabes en la literatura chilena 150 Marruecos en la literatura latinoamérica 211 5 © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Palabras previas © Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Observamos que la presencia árabe en Iberoamérica está reflejada físicamente con personas que vemos a menudo en medio del acontecer social, pero sin que se estudien sus países de origen. Porque la historia que se enseña es parte de la reconquista, con autores que se han fijado otros modelos culturales. Por eso, es necesaria esta recuperación. La importancia del mestizaje ha sido y es, sin lugar a duda valiosa como asimilación a las diferentes realidades del continente latinoamericano. Lo interesante es ver, además, cómo de esta adaptación los árabes de la segunda y tercera generación han podido surgir a lo más alto en el campo empresarial, profesional y político.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Chuvash People in Ethnographic Facts
    P á g i n a | 1 THE HISTORY OF THE CHUVASH PEOPLE IN ETHNOGRAPHIC FACTS Anton K. Salmin Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences. Abstract: The paper is devoted to the spirited discussion on the vexed question of the historical ancestors of the Chuvash people. Some researchers consider the ancestors of modern Chuvash as Bulgars, others as Savirs (Suvars). The aim of the presented study is to demonstrate the substrate parallels of modern Chuvash with the Savirs (Suvars) in lieu of the ethnographic facts. The author uses a comparative-historical methodology to prove that the main historical and ethnographic references of the Chuvash are traced back to the traditions of the Caucasian peoples. The Savirs worshiped the deity of lightning Quar. In 922 those who disagreed with the religious reforms of the first ruler (emir) of Volga Bulgaria Almush Elteber moved to the right bank of the Volga River. From this time, the rise of the ethnic self-identity of the Suvars intensifies. Keywords: history, ethnography, the Chuvash, the Savirs / Suvars, the Bulgars. 1. INTRODUCTION The relevance of the topic lies in the very debatable history of the Chuvash ancestors. Still, the theory of ancient Chuvash outcome from Central Asia is dominating. This theory is mostly supported by the indirect linguistic arguments, however, it lacks of direct historical, ethnographic and ethno-toponymical sources. There is also confusion with other quasi-scientific tribes (Cheshi, Sibir, Dingling). The paper analyzes the available ethnographic facts in a comparatively historical perspective. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sources and publications reflecting the real history of the Chuvash ancestors of the II - XVIII centuries were selected as the main material of the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Boat and Ship Archaeology in Gilan Province (Iran)
    Boat and ship Archaeology in Gilan Province (Iran) Hossien Tofighian Iranian center for archaeological research (ICAR) [email protected] Ramin Adibi Archaeological Maritime Landscape Online Magazine [email protected] Abstract Gilan province is one the northern states of Iran which is located in south west of Caspian Sea and has relatively long coastlines. According to historical and geographical location of Gilan, in 2017, Maritime archaeology group of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) decided to do a project as "Archaeology of maritime landscapes of Gilan Province". Main goal of perform this project was identifying immaterial and material of maritime culture across of Gilan province maritime landscape. Our Research area was from "Astara" county to "Rudsar" county in Gilan province. We were surveying about navigation and Boatbuilding in rivers, Lagoon and coastlines of Caspian Sea. For example: in "Estil" Lagoon in Astra county we observed a kind of Simple Watercraft which is more look like to a Dugout canoe. During this project, we observed and investigated about wooden boats with simple construction in different sizes that locals called "lutka/lodka" or "Nodonbal". Nowadays, fishermen use flat- bottomed, double-ended vessel (in local dialect called "karaji") that linked to past period. So we were investigating on remains of "Ghorogh" wooden shipwreck in "Talesh" County and wooden shipwreck "Lalehrūd" in "Rudsar" County. We visited Traditional Wooden Boat Factory and interviewed with locals. This article based on desk and field research on traditional and historical boat and ship in each city of Gilan province. Key Words: Caspian Sea, Gilan province, boat and ship.
    [Show full text]
  • ABD AL-HAMID AL-KATIB Jaser Khalil Salem
    UMAYYAD EPISTOLOGRAPHY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COMPOSITIONS ASCRIBED TO <ABD AL-HAMID AL-KATIB Jaser Khalil Salem Abu Safieh Ph.D. Dissertation School of Oriental and African Studies 1982 ProQuest Number: 10731480 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731480 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The object of this study, an analysis of Umayyad epistolography and chancery practice, is characterised by the more general problem of source material for the first century of Islamic history. The sources may be grouped as follows: (a) papyri; (b) inshia* balaqha, and adab; (c) history, biography, and geography; (d) hadith, fiqh, and haeresiography. My approach to the problem delineated here will be set out in three chapters: (1) An examination of the Umayyad chancery: its struc­ ture, its adaptation to Arabic, and its technical development (2) A critical analysis of specimen letters reported to have been composed during the Umayyad period. (3) A study of the compositions ascribed to the domi­ nant figure of *Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, traditionally acknow­ ledged as the major factor in the development of the Umayyad chancery.
    [Show full text]
  • By Izar F. Hermes
    ‘IFRAJALISM’: THE [EUROPEA] OTHER I MEDIEVAL ARABIC LITERATURE AD CULTURE, 9 th -12 th CETURY (A.D.) by izar F. Hermes A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Comparative Literature University of Toronto Copyright by izar F. Hermes (2009) Abstract of Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2009 Centre for Comparative Literature, University of Toronto ‘Ifranjalism’: The [European] Other in Medieval Arabic Literature and Culture, 9th -12 th Century (A.D.) by Nizar F. Hermes Many western scholars of the Middle East such as Bernard Lewis have too often claimed that medieval Arabs/Muslims did not exhibit any significant desire to discover the cultures, literatures and religions of non-Muslim peoples. Perhaps no less troubling is their assertion that only Europeans are endowed with the gift of studying foreign cultures and traveling into alien lands. In the same connection, without intending to ‘add fire’ to the already fiery polemic over Edward Said’s Orientalism , it must be said that very few of Said’s critics and defenders alike have discussed the counter, or reverse, tradition of Orientalism especially as found in the rich corpus of Classical Arabic Literature. Through introducing and exploring a cross-generic selection of non-religious Arabic prose and poetic texts such as the geo-cosmographical literature, récits de voyages , diplomatic memoirs, captivity narratives, pre-Crusade and Crusade poetry, all of which were written from the 9 th to the 12 th century(A.D.), this dissertation will present both an argument for and a demonstration of the proposition that there was no shortage of medieval Muslims who cast curious eyes and minds towards the Other and that more than a handful of them were textually and physically interested in Europe and the Euro- Christians they encountered inside and outside dār al-Islām.
    [Show full text]