Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Dvoudobé Motory

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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Dvoudobé Motory VYSOKÉ U ČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRN Ě BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ ÚSTAV AUTOMOBILNÍHO A DOPRAVNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING DVOUDOBÉ MOTORY ZÁVODNÍCH MOTOCYKL Ů KATEGORIE GP TWO-STROKE ENGINES OF ROAD RACING GP MOTORCYCLES BAKALÁ ŘSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR`S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE VÍT OPLUŠTIL AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Ing. LUBOMÍR DRÁPAL SUPERVISOR BRNO 2010 Anotace: Cílem práce je p řehled a popis konstrukčních řešení dvoudobých závodních motocykl ů od prvního nasazení v závod ě až po sou časnost, v četn ě nástinu dalšího p řepokládaného vývoje v budoucnosti. Práce se též zabývá vývojem jednotlivých funk čních částí dvoudobého motoru v pr ůběhu let a jejich vliv na modernizaci dvoudobého motocyklu pro b ěžné použití. Klí čová slova: Dvoudobý motor, silni ční závodní motocykl, výkon, rozvod motoru Annotation: The aim of this thesis is description of two-stroke road racing motorcycles dated from first race in GP championship to present, including en explanation of next probable development in future. Thesis deals with development of particular main parts of two-stroke combustion engine over time too and its influence for modernizing two-stroke motorcycle for daily use. Keywords: Two-stroke engine, road racing motorcycle, power, engine timing Bibliografická citace: OPLUŠTIL, V. Dvoudobé motory závodních motocykl ů kategorie GP. Brno: Vysoké u čení technické v Brn ě, Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. 74 s. Vedoucí bakalá řské práce Ing. Lubomír Drápal. Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalá řskou práci vypracoval samostatn ě, pod vedením vedoucího bakalá řské práce pana Ing. Lubomíra Drápala, a s použitím uvedené literatury. V Brn ě dne 25. kv ětna 2010 Vít Opluštil Pod ěkování Děkuji vedoucímu bakalá řské práce panu Ing. Lubomíru Drápalovi za ú činnou metodickou, pedagogickou a odbornou pomoc, panu Ing. Martinu Molcarovi, zástupci firmy Ricardo Prague s.r.o., za svoje poskytnuté poznatky a materiály pro zpracování bakalá řské práce, a přátel ům a koleg ům z FSI VUT Brno, které jsem m ěl čest poznat. Ústav automobilního BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vít Opluštil a dopravního inženýrství Obsah 1 Úvod......................................................................................................................1 2 Vývoj motocykl ů s dvoudobým motorem ............................................................2 2.1 Vznik dvoudobého motoru ...................................................................................2 2.2 Vznik dvoudobého cyklu v jeho klasické podob ě ................................................4 2.3 Vznik moderního dvoudobého motoru .................................................................7 2.4 Objev nesymetrického rozvodu a expanzní komory ve výfukovém potrubí ........8 2.5 Použití odd ěleného mazání motoru a ovládání výfukového kanálu ...................10 2.6 Přímé vst řikování................................................................................................11 3 Konstrukce sportovního dvoudobého motoru.....................................................12 3.1 Definice a základní popis....................................................................................12 3.2 Srovnání dvoudobého a čty řdobého motoru.......................................................14 3.3 Druhy řízení rozvodu sání...................................................................................15 3.3.1 Rozvod pístem ....................................................................................................16 3.3.2 Rozvod rota čním diskovým šoupátkem..............................................................16 3.3.3 Rozvod sání posuvným šoupátkem.....................................................................21 3.3.4 Rozvod sání válcovým šoupátkem......................................................................22 3.3.5 Rozvod sání membránami (jazý čkovým ventilem) ............................................23 3.4 Zp ůsoby vyplachování válce...............................................................................25 3.4.1 Příčné vyplachování............................................................................................26 3.4.2 Souproudé vyplachování.....................................................................................27 3.4.3 Vratné vyplachování ...........................................................................................28 3.5 Výfuková soustava..............................................................................................29 3.5.1 Lad ěné výfukové potrubí s expanzní komorou...................................................30 3.6 Výfukové p řív ěry................................................................................................31 3.6.1 Regulace objemu výfuku p řipojováním rezonan ční komory..............................31 3.6.2 Zm ěna časování rozvodu regulací horní hrany výfukového kanálu ...................34 4 Struktura a historie šampionátu mistrovství sv ěta silni čních motocykl ů............39 4.1 Charakteristika závod ů mistrovství sv ěta silni čních motocykl ů.........................39 4.2 Historie Velké ceny (Grand Prix) silni čních motocykl ů.....................................40 5 Závodní motocykly jednotlivých objemových t říd.............................................42 5.1 Třídy do 50 a do 80 cm 3......................................................................................42 5.1.1 Suzuki 50 RP68 (1968).......................................................................................42 5.1.2 Tomos 50 (1971).................................................................................................44 5.2 Třída do 125 cm 3.................................................................................................45 5.2.1 Suzuki 125 RS67/68 (1967)................................................................................46 5.2.2 Aprilia RSA 125 (2007)......................................................................................47 5.3 Třída do 250 cm 3.................................................................................................48 5.3.1 Kawasaki KR 250 (1979)....................................................................................49 5.4 Třída do 350 cm 3.................................................................................................50 5.4.1 Jawa 350 V4 typ 673 (1968)...............................................................................51 Brno, 2010 Ústav automobilního BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vít Opluštil a dopravního inženýrství 5.5 Třída 500 cm 3......................................................................................................54 5.5.1 Yamaha YZR 500 ...............................................................................................54 5.5.2 Honda NSR 500 ..................................................................................................61 6 Budoucnost a perspektivy dvoudobého motoru..................................................66 Záv ěr bakalá řské práce ............................................................................................................69 Seznam použitých zdroj ů.........................................................................................................71 Seznam použitých zna ček a symbol ů ......................................................................................74 Brno, 2010 Ústav automobilního BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vít Opluštil a dopravního inženýrství 1 Úvod V této práci je mapována historie a vývoj dvoudobého spalovacího motoru, samostatná kapitola popisuje všechny používané druhy rozvodu vým ěny sm ěsi, tedy oblast konstrukce motoru, která má st ěžejní vliv na parametry dvoudobého motoru. Dále je dvoudobý motor srovnán se čty řdobým z hlediska konstrukce a popsána etapa, kdy dvoudobé motory kralovaly na okruzích šampionátu Grand Prix silni čních motocykl ů, v četn ě představení konstruk čních zajímavostí u p ředstavitel ů každé z jejích t říd. V záv ěre čné části je pojednáváno o možnostech, jakými lze dvoudobý motor modernizovat pro pln ění ekologických norem, které v sou časnosti výrazn ě omezují prodej motocykl ů s těmito motory. Dvoudobý motor prošel ve 20. století obrovským vývojem, z původn ě mechanicky jednoduchého motoru ur čeného pro velké naftové lokomotivy a stabilní motory do továren vznikl výkonný motor o nízké hmotnosti, používaný ve motocyklech, sn ěžných a vodních skútrech. Práv ě tyto dopravní prost ředky, používané mimo dopravy osob i pro zábavu, požadují nízkou hmotnost a výkonný motor pro svou dynamiku. Od vzniku motocyklu se proto lidé snaží m ěř it rychlost a spolehlivost stroj ů. Už s první zástavbou spalovacího motoru do podvozku vznikla touha porovnat sv ůj stroj s konkurencí a dobrými výsledky v závodech si ud ělat reklamu pro lepší prodej prvních motocykl ů. Vznikaly tak r ůzné závody, jak vytrvalostní, tak okruhové, kde vít ězí nejvyšší pr ůměrná rychlost. Tyto rychlostní závody donutily konstruktéry motor ů ke zvyšování výkon ů. Od okamžiku sestrojení prvního motocyklu Gottliebem Daimlerem m ěly čty řdobé motory dominantní postavení a jejich vývoj byl na vyšším stupni, takže podávaly mnohem vyšší výkony a do 60. let 20. století dominovaly závodním tratím. Vývoj n ěmeckých závodních tým ů však v dalších letech prozkoumal možnosti časování motoru a konstrukce výfuku a dvoudobé motory postupn ě svými výkony deklasovaly i moderní japonské víceválce. Marketingové agentury tým ů závodících v mistrovství
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