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Caste, Society and Politics of North Bengal, 1869-1977

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Caste, Society and Politics of North Bengal, 1869-1977 Caste, Society and Politics of North Bengal, 1869-1977 Thesis Submitted to the University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Papiya Dutta Assistant Professor Syamsundar College Shyamsundar, Burdwan Supervisor Professor Ananda Gopal Ghosh Department of History University of North Bengal Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling West Bengal: 734013 University of North Bengal 2011 31 JAN 2013 R 9 54· 14 J) 91 9c_, ·~ Acknowledgement In the present work I have tried to analyze the nature of caste society of North Bengal and its distinctiveness from other parts of Bengal nay India. It also seeks to examine the changing process of caste solidarity and caste politics of the region concerned. I have also tried to find out the root of the problem of the region from historical point of view. I have been fortunate enough to get professor Ananda Gopal Ghosh as my supervisor who despite his busy schedule in academic and socio-cultural assignments and responsibilities have provided ·his invaluable and persistent guidance and directed me over the last five years by providing adequate source materials. I express my sincere gratitude for his active supervision and constant encouragement, advice throughout the course of my research work. In this work I have accumulated debts of many people and institutions and I am grateful to all of them. I am grateful to the learned scholars, academicians and authors whose work I have extremely consulted during the course of my study. This work could not have been possible without the co-operation of a large number of people from various fields. I would like to put on record my sincere thanks and gratefulness to all of them. During the long period taken in the making of this work, I had to utilize many traditional sources, relevant records preserved in the West Bengal State Archives, National Library Kolkata, Cooch Behar State Library, Central Library, North Bengal University, District Library, Siliguri. I express my gratitude to the staff of those institutions. The personal library of my supervisor have also supplied me some superfluously primary source materials. I would also like to acknowledge that the present work could not have become a success without the generous support of the University of Burdwan and the Governing Body of Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar, Burdwan for approving my study leave for twelve months, during which I collected the source materials and completed my research. During the course of this work I have received help from a host of friends and well wishers, for which I am privileged to thanks all of them. I pay my deepest regard to my mother Smt. Bina Dutta without her assistance and persistent help this work never be a complete. I would also express my gratitude to my father, sisters and brother for their constant support to complete this work. Finally I would like to thank all my family members in laws whose unconditional support actually helped me completing this work. I feel deeply indebted to my husband Dr. Uday Kr. Khan and my little daughter Meghasree, for their constant cooperation. fc---f; 't~ j)~ Siliguri Papiya Dutta Glossary Babu- A Bengali title equivalent to Mr. Bahe- It is a distorted form of the word 'Baba he' by which the Rajbansis generally used to address a person. Bangal-Kheda Andolone- An anti-Bengali agitation in Assam by which the Bengalis residing in Assam were forcefully expelled from the state (1959-62). Bhadralok- Bengali gentleman. Bhanga-Kshatriya- a Kshatriya who have failed to observe scriptural rituals. Bhatiya- the term is used by the local Rajbansis to the outsider to their land, Bhati means lower land therefore those people had been coming from Bhati land were called as Bhatiya. Bigha- Land measurement. Bratya- Kshatriya- Degenerated or fallen Kshatriya. Chukanidar- Tenure holder below Jotedar (owner of land). Coolie- Indian or Chinese hired labourer. Dar- Chukanidar- An under tenant of Chukanidar. Dardar -Chukanidar- Tenure holder below a Dar- Chukanidar. Izaradar- Lease -holder of land. Jagosangeet- A kind of song which appeals people to awaken. Jote/Jotedar- Cultivable land/ holder of a proprietary agricultural land or Jot directly from the state or the zamindar. Adhiyar- Half crop sharer. Jotedari-Adhiyari- The system, where Jotedars make agreement with Adhiyars. Kachhari- The Office of the Zamindar or land owners. Kaibartya- Caste amongst the Hindus who originally were peasants. Kalapani- The dark- coloured waters of an ocean. Mandali- An assemblage. Mandali- Samiti- A congregation of members of a particular association. Maqtab- Muslim traditional primary school. Milankshetra- A meeting place. Paiks- Infantrymen, guides armed with staff and also with other weapons. Palagan- Narrative opera. Panda- A Brahmin (mostly of Orissa) priest acting as a guide to pilgrims at holy places. Pandit- A learned Hindu versed in Sanskrit and Hindu scriptures and arts and science. Pandit Shrestha- most learned and well versed in scriptures. Pathshala- Indigenous Hindu primary school. Shaktadharma- A kind of religion by which one worships Sakti. Sebadharma- The sacred task of serving others. Tols- Indigenous Sanskrit schools, characteristic of the ancient Hindu system of education. Yajna- Vedic sacrifice, a religious sacrifice. ii Contents Pages Introduction 1-17 Chapter- 1: Social and Caste Geography of the Region 18-64 Chapter-2: Social Awakening of Contemporary Bengal and North Bengal 65-110 Chapter-3: The Condition of the Rajbansi Community 111-143 Chapter-4: Rise, Growth & Decay of the Rajbansi Kshatriya Samiti ft\Dv~h-1- 144-205 Chapter-S: Social and CasteStrll<.ko-eof the Hill Region 206-242 Of No~ 8.tL~ ~~ CAb",..,(~ i.v.tl... Chapter-6: Other Minority Groups' Movement 243-292 Post:-- C;(D-,_ .../~ S c. -L"NJ-A.t'o ; Chapter-7: caste4~the light of constitution ef r~·o.... 293-312 II " Conclusion 313-318 Selected Bibliography 319-344 Appendices INTRODUCTION The present study is an attempt to look into the significant characteristics of the caste, society and politics of North Bengal and the factors and consequences of changes that had been taken place between the years 1869- 1977. The five districts of the northern part of present day West Bengal viz. Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Maida and Dinajpur are together officially and unofficially known as North Bengal(the district of Dinajpur was divided as North and south Dinajpur in 1992). It deserves mention that though the main area of focus will be the above stated districts of present day West Bengal, yet it has to be considered that in the pre-independent period the geography of North Bengal was not the same. Before 1874, the northern part of Bengal was constituted by the districts of Purnea, Goalpara, Rajshahi, Maida, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and Cooch Behar(Cooch Behar was then a Princely State). Except Cooch Behar the eight districts were under Rajshahi division. In 1874 the Goalpara district was made part of Assam which was then made the Chief Comissioner' s 1 Province • The district was under the District and Sessions Judge of Dinajpr until 1905 October when it was placed under the Judge of Purnea and again in April 1912 it was placed under Dinajpur(Rajshahi Divisionf after partition in 1947 the whole of Rajshahi, Rangpur, the eastern part of Dinajpur with 17 police stations, five police stations of Maida, five police stations of Jalpaiguri, a few parts of Cooch Behar and one police station, Phansideoa of Darjeeling went to east Pakistan(now Bangladesh) and Purnea 3 became part of the State of Bihar . 1 1 1 1 Before entering into the subject of concentration we must understand the 1 geography and the historical background of the area concern, otherwise it 1 will not be possible to understand the caste society, its distinctiveness etc. 1 because the caste and social structure of this region has no match with that of the rest of Bengal. Moreover it is known to all of us that the society of a 1 particular region gets very much influenced by its geography as well as 1 history and it is historically true that geography and history together with 1 other factors determine culture, customs, behavior, language, and above all 1 help in making the socio-political structure of a particular region and North Bengal is no exception to that. 1 1 North Bengal is situated at the bottom of the Himalayas. The geographical 1 location of North Bengal has determined its history since the dawn of its 1 civilization. Due to its existence in the sub-mountain zone it has commercial as well as cultural contact with Tibet, China, Sikkim, Nepal and Bhutan in 1 the north, Assam and Bangladesh in the east, Bangladesh and southern part 1 of west Bengal and Bihar in the south; Bihar, Uttaranchal and Uttarakhand 1 in the west. On the other hand it maintains a relation with the rest of India 1 through the river Ganges. As a whole it occupies a strategic position and lies between the eastern India and the Aryavarta or the rest of India. Thus the 1 region has been serving as a gateway for the trade and commerce as well as 1 cultural relation and exchange of ideas from the very beginning between 1 Indian subcontinent in the west and Assam, Burma, china and other parts of 1 south-east Asia in the east. Therefore the region is situated in one of the 1 greatest migration routs of people since time immemorial. As a result all most all the races like Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Alpine-Iranian had 1 assimilated in this region. Among all these groups the people of Tibeto- 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 Burman i.e. Indo-Mongoloid group are most numerous and predominant • Not only that the people of Indo-Mongoloid and Aryan groups had been intermingled there.
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