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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313,'761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9427804 The Gujars of Islamabad: A study in the social construction of local ethnic identities Spaulding, Frank Charles, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Spaulding, Frank Charles. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 IH E GUJARS OF ISLAMABAD: A STUDY IN THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF LOCAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Frank Charles Spaulding, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Erika Bourguignon, Ph.D. Robert Femea, Ph.D. Alam Payind, Ph.D. 7 Sabra Webber, Ph.D. Adviser Department of Anthropology Copyright by Frank Charles Spaulding 1994 To Beth, Susan, and Joanna and In Memory of My Mother ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the product of nearly a decade of research and writing. In completing this project, I have had the good fortune to have the advice, support, and counsel of a large number of individuals and institutions. The debts I have incurred are therefore similarly large. My sincerest thanks go to Dr. Erika Bourguignon, who has been my advisor throughout my graduate career. She has read this and many earlier incarnations of this dissertation in their entirety, remaining ever gracious and willing to share of her precious time. Our many conversations about things "anthropological" are a memory I will always cherish. While she is not cited specifically by name, her influence-especially her view that the subject of anthropology is the study of humankind it all its diverse manifestations-pervades this dissertation. The debt of gratitude I owe Dr. Webber is similarly quite large. She too has given of her time unselfishly. Her support, guidance, and cheerful optimism has buoyed my spirits. Her willingness to entertain (and suggest) alternate points of view and theoretical approaches exemplifies all that is best about the discipline of anthropology. While she is cited only once in the dissertation, her influence is equally pervasive. Thanks also go to Dr. Alam Payind. As the Director of the Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University he has been my immediate supervisor for nearly three 111 years. The sense of balance and restraint that he brings to his numerous administrative responsibilities has been a source of inspiration and education. Our conversations on matters relating to South Asia and the Middle East have helped sharpen my thinking on a number of points and issues raised in the dissertation. The list of other people I should also wish to thank is quite long. Dr. Robert Femea of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Texas, Austin, served as an outside reader. His suggestions concerning the organization of the dissertation were especially helpful. Dr. Paul Sciulli provided valuable suggestions and guidance in the regards to the statistics used throughout the dissertation. Conversations with Dr. Stephen Dale (Department of History) were also helpful in clarifying my thinking about certain key issues relating to the history of the Gujars. Dr. Anthony Walker (Department of Anthropology), who read an earlier version of the dissertation, provided a number of valuable suggestions regarding its organization. I should also like to thank Cynthia Smith, Karlene Foster, and Gregory Bell, who read various sections of the dissertation. Ronald McLean of the Center for Instructional Technology at the Ohio State University must also be thanked for producing some of the figures appearing in the text. The fieldwork could not have been possible without the help and assistance of many individuals. Dr. Rauf, former Chair of the Department of Anthropology at Quaid- i-Azam University (and a Ph.D. Graduate from OSU’s Department of Anthropology) arranged for institutional affiliation and assisted in obtaining a "No Objection Certificate" IV from the Government of Pakistan. My thanks to him are posthumous as it was that he unfortunately passed away shortly after I arrived in Pakistan. I should like to thank Dr. Bruce Lohoff and Dr. Peter Dodd, who served as Directors of the United States Educational Foundation during the research. They and their staff helped make my stay in Pakistan comfortable, enjoyable, and productive. I wish also to thank Dr. Adam Nayyar, Director of Research at Pakistan’s National Institute of Folk Heritage. He and his staff assisted in helping to locate and identify the subjects of this study-the Gujars of Islamabad. The Director and staff of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Dr. Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, also provided access to certain survey materials. Although the research led in another direction than was first envisioned, their kind offer of assistance is gratefully acknowledged. I should also like to express my deep gratitude to those many Pakistanis whose friendship was critical in completing the research. The Gujars of Islamabad welcomed me into their homes with graciousness and warmth. They did so without regard for the fact that as government employees they were prohibited from talking to foreign investigators. In order to protect their privacy and anonymity, all personal names appearing in the text have been fictionalized. On occasion, I have also altered place names and street addresses. Similar considerations of professional ethics unfortunately do not allow me to mention them by name here either. For their assistance, I thank them all. In regards to the contacts that I made in Pakistan, I should also like to acknowledge the following for their friendship: Asad Khan (and his brothers) for many hours spent "at the table," Khalid Sirhandi (especially for the trip to the Old City), Saida Ajmeri (for ride to Raiwind), Javad Reza Khan (who is a doctor . .), and my two assistants, Ramzaq Khan and Humayan Iqbal. While in Pakistan I also had the good fortune to meet a number of American and Foreign scholars including Drs. James Warner Bjorkman, Marcella Sirhandi, Verne Scarborough, Holly Edwards, Robert Wirsing, and Jonathan Addelton. Their contributions are hereby gratefully acknowledged. My greatest debt of gratitude is, however, to my wife, Elizabeth Ann Spaulding. Friend and confidant, she has sacrificed much in order to see this dissertation through to completion. In spite of the many long days and nights she has had to shoulder the majority of our family’s responsibilities, she has nonetheless succeeded in combining careers as a wife, mother, and social worker. Throughout she has seldom asked for assistance and has remained ever cheerful. As my friend Said Akbar had said of you, "Ap behwt sharif hey." To my two daughters, Susan and Joanna, I must also express my deepest gratitude. Their love and cheerfulness--while all too frequently cut short by the needs of researching and writing this dissertation-has remained a constant source of solace and comfort. The research was supported by a grant from the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, with additional funding provided by Sigma Xhi. Funding for writing the dissertation was provided by the Ohio State University Graduate School (OSU Presidential Fellowship). Various forms of additional assistance have been provided by the following OSU administrative units; the Department of Anthropology, the Division VI of Comparative Studies in the Humanities, the Department of Near Eastern, Judaic, and Hellenic Languages and Literatures (formerly JaNELL), and the University Center for International Studies, and the Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University. The OSU Inter-Library Loan Office was helpful in obtaining various materials that are not locally available. The combined support of these institutions is hereby gratefully acknowledged. Vll VITA October 15, 1956 ............................... Bom - Boston, Massachusetts 1978 ..................................................... B.S., Bridgewater State College 1979-1980 ............................................. CETA Social