Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1998 The Other and Narrative Framing in Nabokov's The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Lolita, and Pnin Stacey Vivian Overend Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in English at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Overend, Stacey Vivian, "The Other and Narrative Framing in Nabokov's The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Lolita, and Pnin" (1998). Masters Theses. 1725. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1725 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Date / I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University NOT allow my thesis to be reproduced because: Author's Signature Date thesis4.form The Other and Narrative Framing in Nabokov's The Real Life of Sebastian Kni&ht, Lolita, and Pnin BY Stacey Vivian Overend THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of the Arts in English IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1998 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE .1 DATE .. -~ Abstract Vladimir Nabokov is often noted for his portrayal of controversial characters, isolated from the real world. These characters, known as Others, are shunned by society because of their socially unacceptable or inappropriate behavior. However, in order to understand fully the Other and his motives, readers must evaluate the Other's behavior within the context of his alternate existence, an isolated existence created in response to the threat common society imposes on his Self. Focusing on three of Nabokov's novels, The Real Life of Sebastian Kni~ht, Lolita, and Pnin, this thesis examines the character of the Other through two approaches: a psychological approach, delineating the character's development as an Other with regards to psychotherapist R.D. Laing's theory outlined in The Divided Self, and supported by a technical approach, detailing the narrative strategies--especially in terms of frameworks--Nabokov employs to further his presentation of the Other. These two approaches work from an existential basis, evaluating the other in terms of a "being-in-his-own-world" existence. Much of what Nabokov does, as revealed by these two approaches, places his works within the postmodern movement in literature. Overall, the effect Nabokov achieves in these novels is a presentation of the ontological insecurity of the Others and a shift in the ontological security of the readers. Dedication For David, light of my life, fire of my heart. My sin, my soul. Thank you for letting me be part of your Davidian world. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my thesis director, Professor John Guzlowski, for his guidance and support in writing this thesis. I would also like to thank Professor Fern Kory for her dedication and confidence and Professor Anne Zahlan for contributing a fresh perspective. Each member of my committee contributed valuable input to the project. Additional thanks goes to Professor John Martone for his encouragement throughout the entirety of my studies. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Trying on the Other: The Real Life of Sebastian Knii:ht.. ......................................... 15 The Other vs. The Real World: Lolita ....................................................................... 32 Secure in His Own World: Pnin ................................................................................ 49 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 62 Works Cited.............................................................................................................. 70 Overend 1 Introduction Russian-born author Vladimir Nabokov entertains through his portrayal of atypical and often controversial subject material. He spotlights characters consumed by taboos, obsessed with adultery, incest, and pedophilia. But rather than condemn these socially outcast characters, the reader is manipulated, eventually sympathizing with them and their motives. How does Nabokov tear readers away from conventional morals to accept these despicable characters? Some critics deem these tactics "textual games" (Wood 103). Others see his structures more positively as artful, as "fluid and expandable because [they are] determined by memory and imagination, which unwind time and space as a spiral" (Paine 51). Nabokov admits that, "The design of my novel is fixed in my imagination, and every character follows the course I imagine for him. I am the petfect dictator in that private world in so far as I alone am responsible for its stability and truth" (qtd. in Jonge 59). We see Nabokov maneuvering his readers to accept the novels' truth and stability, despite their sometimes outrageous forms. Through careful character development and complex technical narrative approaches, Nabokov introduces the character of a moral Other, conquering the challenge Linda Hutcheon said postmodernists are called to answer: "Let us inscribe and then challenge totality; let us (re )present the un(re )presentable; let us activate differences and admit that we thus create the honor of the name and the Overend 2 name itself' (Hutcheon 55). Nabokov fashions his narratives in order to present the unpresentable: Others and their respective alternate worlds. Focusing on three of Nabokov's novels, The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Lolita, and .enin, this thesis examines Nabokov's presentations of these Others through two approaches: a psychological approach, delineating the character's development as an Other with regards to psychotherapist R.D. Laing' s theory outlined in The Divided Self, supported by a technical approach, detailing the narrative strategies--specifically in terms of framing--Nabokov employs to further his presentation of the Other. Both these approaches evaluate the Other in an existential context, looking at the Other within his own world. The character of the Other is one talked about frequently from a variety of perspectives, literary, psychological, and social. However, there is some common agreement as to what this character looks like. The Other stands apart from the masses. He is an outsider, one who does not fit into society. He represents what Ihab Hassan calls ''radical innocence": Radical ... because it is inherent in his character, and goes to the root or foundation of it. But radical, too, because it is extreme, impulsive, anarchic, troubled with vision ... His innocence ... is a property of the mythic American Self, perhaps of every anarchic Self. It is the innocence of a Self that refuses to accept the Overend 3 immitigable rule of reality. (6) The radical innocence of the Other can be seen in characters throughout Nabokov's novels. Of primary concern here are Others in his novels The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Lolita, and fnin. These Others range from writers to pedophiles to professors, all of whom have distanced themselves from the real world to live an Other existence. Chronologically, the Others in Nabokov's novels enact a sort of progression, moving from the most dependent characters like V who look to others to define their existence to a more independent character like Pnin, trying to break free of the imposition another character imposes. As the Others vary in character, so does their presentation. Nabokov works with a variety of narrative techniques and rhetoric to introduce the others. As Wayne Booth explains in The Rhetoric of Fiction, "We have seen that the author cannot choose to avoid rhetoric; he can choose only the kind of rhetoric he will employ. He cannot choose whether or not to affect his readers' evaluations by his choice of narrative; he can only choose whether to do it well or poorly" (149). Varying the relation of the Other through narrational frameworks, each of these novels provides new and unique perspectives on the Other, presenting him and his creation of himself in different ways. The way Nabokov's novels examine the Other can be understood within what psychotherapist Laing, in The Divided Self, calls "existential Overend 4 phenomenology." Laing defines this as "an attempt to characterize the nature of a person's experience of his world and himself' (Laing 17). The Nabokovian Other is a social Other, living an awkward existence as a masked member of society, deceiving both others around him and himself. The Nabokovian