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Technical (b) face, Technical (a) sides: Fabric loop. knitting a of Parts EGRUYTER DE Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd ntig h lwpoesi ie nFgr 1 h oprsno apadwf ntigi ie inTable2. isgiven knitting andweft warp of The comparison 21. inFigure needles. is given the between the process yarn flow through same passes The the also knitting. yarn of movement Each cycle. the knitting provides previous that through the yarn bar formation in in- loop guide loop yarn new each on the another to the draws mounted by provided needle guide for formed is the was end and direction that warp [18].The direction warp Each loop warp thefabric weaving. old the the in of along the as runs along beam yarn machine warp same The from warpdirection the needle. supplied the dividual to are along yarn provided of is sheets process The yarn process. loop formation the the of as sheet simultaneous defined be may knitting Warp 14 in shown is loop individual make The to fabric. consumed the of yarn requirement of on the based length meet truly to the are engineered basically 18. properties be Figure mechanical is can and It that physical length knitting. dimensional, stitch fabric of the knitted part The important [16]. loop most complete the one is length stitch The Length Stitch 20. 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Table in is given given is knitting knitting ofwarp warp Raschel classification and Tricot Further oper- of their and machine. comparison of while parts categories 22, machine main Figure different two in of are construction Raschel of and basis Tricot the ations. on categorized are machines knitting Warp Machine Knitting Warp of Classification 14.1 2 Table 16 1 # Sr. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 hkre al. et Shaker oprsno apadwf ntig[19]. knitting weft and warp of Comparison ue n ne garments. inner and outer both including apparel mostly is fabric weft-knitted of application The machine. weft-knitting in used preferably is needle Latch weft) and (warp directions both in stretchable more is fabric weft-knitted The required. is handling careful so stability dimensional less has fabric weft-knitted The parts. machine the and yarn the between abrasion avoid to require may waxing only so knitting weft for raw materials the mostly are yarns spun The machine. on available number feeder the of to equal be cones will of required number The of cheese. form or the cones in supplied is yarn The fabric. the of direction or course weft the along formation Loop revolution. complete a in are inserted courses 90 all then and active, feeders are 90 has machine a If feeder. to provided is yarn Individual Knitting Weft nutiladtcnclapplications. technical and industrial domestic, for demand also huge have but apparel only not is fabric warp-knitted of area application The machine. warp-knitting in used are needles compound and bearded as well as Latch direction. weft the in stretch they mostly and stretchable less are fabric warp-knitted The yarn. of underlapping and overlapping to due stable very dimensionally is fabric warp-knitted The charge. static avoid to required is oiling Antistatic application. end the according fabric in warp-knitted is used yarn filament The beam. warp prepare to required is process warping additional so beam, warp from machine to supplied Yarn fabric. of direction or warp wale the along formation Loop machine. the on number needles the of to equal be will required ends of Number machine. the fed to are yarns of sheets Simultaneous Knitting Warp EGRUYTER DE Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd al 4 Table process nonwoven The systems. of energy. weaving use or more its is knitting conventionalin process modern than the but efficient most faster [21], even also is 4 is Table than itself in labor is pro- shown production as less nonwovens fabric for fabric requiring higher the the final automated, is to rate and the production compared which eliminated, the as only with are Not cheaper speed steps methods. are the (re- preparation is fabrics processes yarn nonwoven fabrics nonwoven preparation All reason of duced. yarn this advantage as to great well Due The eliminated. as fabrics. conventional are manufacturing fabric) yarn woven the in production, quired fabric nonwoven the During Nonwoven 16 materials Packaging filtration. [20]. and has fabric roofing also knitted covers, with industry seat made automobile of also The form are bandages. nets the compression mosquitoe in as and fabric such warp-knitted weft- textiles of and medical consumption warp- Both blankets, the in textile. weft-knitted used technical and in are towel range applications terry fabrics which huge curtains, knitted a such asclothing have warp-knitted also of fabrics comprises knitted class The categories etc. major , major second furnish- three the and is home into The textile classified etc. ing underwears, mainly sportswear, stockings, is pullovers, sweaters, fabric vests, weft-knitted knitted includes of area application The Fabrics Knitted of Applications 15 3 Table 22: Figure GRUYTER DE 1 # Sr. Knitting Weaving Method vrl vrg .8 m 0.583 average Overall 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 rdcincmaio fwvn nte n owvnfbis(INDA). fabrics nonwoven and knitted woven, of comparison Production [18]. machines Raschel and Tricot of Comparison Classification of warp-knitting machines and their structures. and machines ofwarp-knitting Classification 2 min / edeType Needle Operations their and Parts Machine arcWidth Fabric angle down Take type number Structure less use to Option bars Guide / Beams Warp Speed Machine Sinkers i jet Air Projectile jet Water Rapier obeknit Double Shuttle System edei otyused mostly is needle compound and Bearded Tricot civdu o10inches 170 to up achieved be can fabric wider More 90 is angle down take The developed be can structure simple or complex less Comparatively 8 to be up can that bars guide of inch unit per needles of number the by expressed is gauge machine Tricot min / courses 3500 speed of a at run can Machine cycle knitting the out through work Sinkers o used preferably is needle Latch Racshel h nl s160 is angle The o10inches 100 to limited is fabric of Width raschel on produced be can structure complex and Advance used be can bars guide 78 maximum and 2 Minimum inch two per needles of number the by defined Gauge min / courses to 2000 up of speed lower bit a at works machine Raschel rises needle the when only active Sinkers rdcin(m Production hkre al. et Shaker o 2 hour) / 125 55 40 35 30 15 17 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd ifrn eiiin fnnoesaeaalbeb ifrn raiain.Acrigt theASTMD1117 to as: According defined be organizations. bydifferent can nonwovens are available of nonwovens definitions Different Definitions 16.1 including sciences. industries natural other the from as inputs well also as engineering the are research in of there Today, developments in branches industries. from also most grown processing and has technology, today Itis new and it in rates. know investment we textile, its as growth of industry nonwoven annual terms the healthy in Therefore, development. industries with and intensive profitable, most and the sophisticated of very one is machin- perhaps processing industry nonwovens textile using The webs carded [22]. from ery made generally were and textiles conventional of alternative 18 precursorsof werethe These binding batts. began into England glue) Northern (using hisnameandis usedas in was andchemically manufacturers retains today on, needles) fiber today still Later (using This industry. mechanically nonwoven form. modified, fibers greatly the fibrous these though to in back component machine, major material Garnett The waste a this for pillows. shred to material filling device carding special a developed vrl vrg 8.5m average Overall vrl vrg 3. m 335.5 average Overall Nonwoven rae hn30 r()Mr hn3 yms fisfboscneti aeu ffbr ihalength with cm fibers diameter ratio / up of to g a length 0.40 than with is made less is content fibers density fibrous of its its and of 300 mass ismade-up by than % greater content if, insitu 30 ratio nonwoven fibrous than diameter a More its to beformed (b) as of or or regarded mass 300; 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Figure in shown as use product. end end the the to in according required applications properties fabric nonwoven the the upon given depending has EDANA applications of area wide have fabrics Nonwoven Products Nonwoven 16.2 GRUYTER DE – raw – fiber of group important quantitatively another and materials. fiber goods waste hygienic is in nonwovens fibers,wool for Novoloid fibers, material production, superabsorbent in fibers, modified used surface is fibers, bicomponent 6.6, and 6 polyamide mato h rdc properties product the on Impact technology particular a in ability Process processing further of demands The effectiveness cost The of fabric profile required The Polymers, fibers and binders are the basic raw materials for nonwovens. 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Fibrous product classified the final is Orientation, di- assemblies. formation influence dimensional greatly web web orthree the or in webformation sheet During fibers twodimensional of having fabric formation. arrangement formed structural ofis nonwoven and step batt mension or the major web is sheet, web formation fibrous selection fiber the After Formation Web 17.1 25: Figure Figure25. in shown is fabric of nonwoven classification based Structure web. the 24: Figure 24. 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Nochemical subsequent crevices the bonding by the surface at formed cooling. pointswhere is subsequent and into fiber crossover base by asa points, the fixed to fiber-to-fiber crossover or and are fiber binder action regions the powder andcapillary bonding between fiber, becomesviscous place These a takes tension formed. component of thermoplastic the surface are until form by regions flows the isapplied bonding polymer in heat The present The melts. fiber. be bicomponent or to a of component part thermoplastic as sheath a requires bonding Thermal Bonding Thermal 18.1 – – – mainly bonding web Nonwoven cost. and bonding categories: properties web Different three product bonding. end has web the is upon production nonwoven depending available the are in techniques step major next preparation, web the After Bonding Web 18 GRUYTER DE hmclbonding Chemical bonding Thermal ehnclbonding Mechanical – ubr(ae) ytei ubr copolymers, rubber, synthetic (latex), rubber hkre al. et Shaker 23 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd ahrta an nadto otefbradbne ye tutrlpoete fnnoe arcareinflu- fabric of nonwoven properties structural orfibroussheet type, fibers binder and from fiber itisproduced the to addition because In structures, yarn. textile than other rather from different is fabric Nonwoven Nonwoven of Characterization 20 product.Plasma developing ofthe under are finishes application the performance electrochemical finishing. view and nonwoven in for biomimetic finish,water stages etching, keeping laser antimicrobial endproduct andsuperabsorbent microencapsulation, finish, the brightener treatment, the antistatic on optical agent, release applied like soil are finish, finishes finishes flame chemical retardant fabric.The andmicrocreping of UV absorbers, over the emerising types finish, embossing, many repellent days, as well ascalendaring, areapplied These fabric. of nonwoven used. coating offinishes theapplication were for dyeing, wet finishes, types of horizon new different provided types fabric, finishes Different nonwoven mechanical and of chemical use both of end variety the view in Keeping Finishing 19 market the biggest interlining, and industry. filters, geotextiles, furnishing bags, home fabric. vacuum by yarns the produce shaped performance high of available. to fabric, is are side used Malivlies other strength higher are and andfor Maliwatt the fabrics systems: bonded on bonding used Stitch stitch pile is two Commercially, yarn of purpose. projection stitching one Lycra for the fabric the of used in be with are may stitched flexibility type, fabrics side get yarn to bonded one order Stitched stitching or In gauge. stitched the machine sides upon and two depends tension stitched, yarn fabric side nonwoven stitching bonded length, stitch stitch density, of stitch properties performance The yarns. 30: Figure are nonwovens insu- thefibrous and punched to filters Needle blankets, 30. felts, strength Figure shoe give geotextiles, if to industries, shown lators. fibers furnishing is home the construction, punching entangle automotive, needle and in a used web of of representation direction Schematic thickness sheet. the through in pass needles 29: Figure 24 Stitch bonded nonwoven fabrics are produced by stitching the fibrous web or sheet with other fibers or other with or sheet web fibrous the stitching by produced are fabrics nonwoven bonded Stitch needles.These multiple abarcontaining under pass to is allowed web fibrous method, punching needle In hkre al. et Shaker ceai ersnaino edepnhn ehiu [22]. technique punching needle of representation Schematic [22]. assembly bonding Hydro-entanglement EGRUYTER DE Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 2]W lrct .Fcs n .Kittelmann, W. and Fuchs, H. Albrecht, W. [25] Chapman, A. R. [24] [23] Russell, J. S. [22] [21] Ed., Au, F. K. [20] Anbunami, Dr. [19] Ray, Chandra Sadhan [18] Hussain, T. [17] Wulfhorst, B. and Veit, D. Gries, T. [16] Spencer, J. D. [15] Seyam, M. A. [14] Alagirusamy, R. and Gokarneshan, N. [13] Adanur, S. [12] Berry, B. E. [11] Robinson, ATC. Marks, R. [10] Singha, M. and Singha, K. Maity, S. [9] Ormerod, A. [8] Arora, J. [7] Talukdar, Sriramulu, A. [6] Robinson, ATC. Marks, R. Hall, [5] D. and Anandjiwala, D. R. Goswami, -P. Weber, C. K. B. and [4] Busgen, A. Osterloh, M. Maetschke, O. Wulfhorst, B. [3] Adanur, S. [2] Mohamed, H. M. and Lord, P. R. [1] References use. end the to resistance like crease according properties and tested Certainmechanical abrasion are rigidity, shear properties fabric structure. and frictional different in the bending recovery, is compression uniformity strength, the tear direction) e. strength, i. andcross tensile anisotropic, normally usually (machine is thickness, and nonwoven directions a % area, different in >50 in uniformity unit porosities weight orienta- have per fabric fiber fabrics The nonwoven mass dimensions, %. of 80 fiber / Majority above distribution, structure. weight size segment fabric pore bonding and of distribution, anddimensions size tion terms pore porosity, The structure in fabric uniformity, characterized process. fabric frequently density, finishing are and technique fabrics bonding nonwoven process, of formation web the by enced GRUYTER DE “ “ WILEY-VCH, 2003. 1 J Res. 2012. – www.INDA.org www.EDANA.org 8 p.2009. 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