From the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference
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UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS FROM THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE DONALD H. KEITH AND TONI L. CARRELL, Editors Kingston, Jamaica 1992 Published by THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor Composition by TransVisions Uniontown, Pennsylvania © 1992 by the Society for Historical Archaeology Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTORY REMARKS DoNALD H. KEITH PLENARY ADDRESS 3 The Northern Route and the Columbus Era ROBERT GRENIER SYMPOSIA 10 SHIPS OF DISCOVERY AND THE TIDE OF HISTORY 10 DoNALD H. KEITH. ORGANIZER Shipsof Discoveryand the Tide of History 10 DoNALD H. KEITH. TONI L. CARRELL. DENISE C. LAKEY. JOE J. SIMMONS III.andJERRY GooDALE SMALL CRAFT STUDIES IN Soum CAROLINA 14 CHRISTOPHERF. AMER, ORGANIZER The Hunting Island Vessel: PreliminaryExcavationofa Nineteenth-Century FishingBoat 14 CHRISTOPHERF. AMER The Brown's Ferry Vessel: An InterimHull Report 20 FREDERICK M. HOCKER The Brown's Ferry VesselProject: Assessing the Conservationofa Mid-1700s Merchantmanfrom South Carolina 26 JONATHAN M. LEADER CARIBBEAN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY 30 PILAR LUNA E., ORGANIZER Investigationof the "Wreck of the Ten Sail,"Cayman Islands,BritishWest Indies 30 MARGARET E. LESHIKAR A Brief History of UnderwaterSalvage inthe DominicanRepublic 35 JEROMELYNN HALL ADVANCES IN INTERNATIONAL UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY 41 PAUL F. JOHNSTON.ORGANIZER The Danish National Recordof Marineand MaritimeSites 41 J0RGEN CHRISTOFFERSEN The European Origin of Small Water Craft on the North AmericanContinent:A Swedish-AmericanExample and a 46 Proposalfor Research CARL OLOF CEDERLUND IntegratingArchaeologicaland HistoricalRecordsin Dutch East India CompanyResearch 53 J. BAS KIST FunctionalClassificationsof ArtifactsofVOC.Ships: The Archaeological and Historical Practice 58 JERZY GAWRONSKI The Shipwreckat Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1991 ExcavationSeason 62 CEMAL PULAK AND GEORGEF. BASS The Seagoing Vessels on Dilmun Seals 68 ROBERT S. NEYLAND A Survey of Classical Harbors in Cilicia 75 ROBERT L. VANN FIFTEENm AND SIXTEENm-CENTURY SHIPS AND MARITIME TRADE 80 ROBERT GRENIER, ORGANIZER Bermuda's Role in Sixteenth-Century Navigation 80 JONATIIAN W. BREAM Remainsofa Fifteenth-Century Spanish Ship Foundin Sardinia 85 MANuEL MARTIN-BUENO AND JULIO AMARE TAFALLA TECHNOLOGY, THEORY, AND ANALYSIS 92 RICHARD J. ANuSKIEWlCZ. MODERATOR UsingRemote-Sensing as a Tool for Middle-Range Theory Buildingin Maritimeand Nautical Archaeology 92 RICHARD J. ANuSKIEWICZ Computer Video Image Digitizationon the USSMonitor: A ResearchTool for UnderwaterArchaeology 100 RODERICK M. FARB The Investigationof the FactorsWhich Affect the Preservationof UnderwaterArchaeological Sites 105 IAN OXLEY Texas Shipwrecks:A StatisticalCharacterization III 1.BARTO ARNOLD III ArtifactsLost, ArtifactsConserved 132 HERBERT D. BuMp AND DAVID L. JOHNSON SURVEYS AND SITE REpORTS 136 JOHN D. BROADWATER, MODERATOR Brodie's Wharf: Maritime Archaeological Investigations ofan Early Eighteenth-Century Sunken 136 Caisson at the Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida TIM S. MISTOVICH AND STEPHEN R. JAMES, JR. The Lake George Radeau: An Intact Vesselof1758 142 D.K. ABBASS, ROBERT CEMBROLA, AND JOSEPH W. ZARZYNSKI JAMAICA ARCHAEOLOGY UNDERWATER 148 ROGER C. SMITH, ORGANIZER ArchivalResearch:The Searchfor the ColumbusCaravels at St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica 148 DoNALD G. GEDDES III The Search for Columbus's LastShips:The 1991 FieldSeason 152 JOHN C. NEVILLE, ROBERT S. NEYLAND, and JAMES M. PARRENT PANEL DISCUSSION J. BARTO ARNOLD III, ORGANIZER 159 State Responses to the Abandoned ShipwreckAct of 1987 159 J. BARTO ARNOLD IIIAND KATHLEEN McLAUGHLIN-NEYLAND THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY EXTEND THEIR APPRECIATION TO THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN THE PUBLICATION OF THESE PROCEEDINGS MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE, USDI PARTNERS FOR LIVABLE PLACES NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, USDC SUMNER GERARD FOUNDATION SHIPS OF DISCOVERY INSTITUTEOF NAUTICALARCHAEOLOGY PANAMERICAN CONSULTANTS FRIENDSOFTHECORPUSCHRISTI MUSEUM OFSCIENCEAND HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SCIAA TIDEWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INDIANA UNIVERSITY, UNDERWATER SCIENCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES MARINE CONTINUUM FOUNDATION MARTIN KLEIN NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION TEXAS ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE J. BARTO ARNOLD III COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS, INC. FOREWORD exceeded the occasional, but dramatic, ship ments of bullion and jewels from Central and DONALD H. KEITH South America. An excellent symposium, which is unfortu Introductory Remarks nately not represented in the Proceedings but may be published eventually elsewhere, was There were a number of remarkable things "Communicating Your Work: The Archaeologist about the 1992 Conference on Historical and as Storyteller." Organized by Peter Young, Edi Underwater Archaeology. It was the first confer tor of Archaeology magazine, the purpose of the ence held outside the United States since the symposium was to sharpen archaeologists' Ottawa meetings of 1977, and (check this) it awareness of the importance of being able to was one of the best-attended conferences ever communicate effectively with colleagues and the held, attracting archaeologists from the U.S., public alike through the available media: scien Belize, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Turks and tific and popular articles, films, lectures, and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Canada, Ber museum exhibits. muda, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Scotland, and Credit for the overall success of the confer the Netherlands. Fifty-six underwater papers ence belongs to Doug Armstrong and his effi were presented during the conference; 25 are cient team from Syracuse University. Local ar printed in this volume. Abstracts of the papers rangements were capably handled by Jim were juried before the conference and the pa Parrent of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. pers themselves were refereed before acceptance Extra-mural activities during the conference in for publication. cluded tours to Spanish Town, Seville National As the cover suggests, the theme of the con Historic Park, and the drowned city of Port ference was "1492-1992: 5ao years of Change." Royal, which sank beneath the waters of Two symposia, "Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Cen Kingston Harbor in 1692. tury Ships and Maritime Trade," organized by As Program Chairman for the underwater Robert Grenier, and "Ships of Discovery and archaeology portion of the meetings, I would the Tide of History," presented by the staff of like to thank all those who participated and, in Ships of Discovery, were devoted specifically to particular, those who organized symposia and this theme. presented papers. The cooperation of presenters Robert Grenier's address to the plenary ses who followed through all the way, providing sion entitled "The Northern Route and the Co copies of their papers in the proper format on lumbus Era," synthesizes and, for the first time, magnetic disk, is especially appreciated. My co editor, Toni Carrell (who must have decided it presents a synopsis of the results of a decade of was easier to do it herself than to teach me historical and archaeological work by Parks how) deserves most of the credit for compiling Canada researchers. A truly seminal paper, and editing the Proceedings. Our colleagues in Grenier's address reveals another instance of Ships of Discovery, Denise Lakey, Joe academic myopia among historians who have Simmons and Jerry Goodale, assisted the edit assumed that Europe's interests in and maritime ing and the correspondence process. Publication trade with the New World during the 15th and was made possible by generous donations from 16th centuries was focused on its tropical re the sponsors listed on the previous page. gions. Dazzled by the glitter of gold and silver, Since 1978, papers concerning underwater historians have consistently overlooked the fact archaeology presented at the annual Society for that more ships sailed for northern destinations Historical Archaeology meetings have been pub than for southern ones, returning with cargos of lished in the Proceedings. Regular appearance of whale oil and fish the net worth of which far the Proceedings within the same year as the 2 Historical Archaeology has agreed to act as Finally, I would like to acknowledge the publisher. Our next major goal should be to im passing of Isaac Asimov, whose speculative fic prove the quality of the papers appearing in the tion classic Foundation served as the inspiration Proceedings. Poorly written and researched pa for the symposium presented by Ships of Dis pers, or those offering nothing new, should be covery. He was not an anthropologist, but an eliminated in favor of well-written, significant thropology could learn a lot from him. contributions. Most importantly, all papers sub mitted should be juried by subject matter ex DoNALD H. Ksrra perts before being considered eligible for pub SHIPS OF DISCOVERY lication. P.D. Box542865 DALLAS. TEXAS 75354-2865 PLENARY ADDRESS the late 1970s and the early 1980s. One, be lieved to be the San Juan, but not yet positively ROBERT GRENIER identified, remains the most complete and best preserved witness anywhere of the importance The Northern Route and the of the mid-16th century in the evolution of shipbuilding. Although its unusual carved keel, Columbus Era made more or less in the Viking ship style and other carved features, exhibit the last, vanishing As we gather to commemorate the remnants of the