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A Cis-Carotene Derived Apocarotenoid Regulates Etioplast And bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/528331; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development 2 3 Christopher I Cazzonellia,*, 1, Xin Houb,*, Yagiz Alagoza, John Riversb, Namraj Dhamia, Jiwon Leec, Marri 4 Shashikanthb and Barry J Pogsonb, 1 5 6 Affiliations: 7 * These two authors contributed equally 8 a Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 9 NSW 2751, Australia. 10 b Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of 11 Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 12 c Centre for Advanced Microscopy, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 13 14 1 Address correspondence to [email protected] and [email protected]. 15 The author(s) responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in 16 accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) are: Barry 17 Pogson ([email protected]) and Christopher Cazzonelli ([email protected]) 18 19 The authors declare no conflict of interest 20 Short Title: Apocarotenoid control of plastid development 21 One-sentence summary: Carotenoids are not just required as core components for plastid biogenesis, 22 they can be cleaved into an apocarotenoid signal that regulates etioplast and chloroplast development 23 during extended periods of darkness. 24 Key words: carotenoid, post-transcriptional regulation, apocarotenoid signal, prolamellar body, 25 etioplast, photoperiod 26 ABBREVIATIONS 27 ccr carotenoid and chloroplast regulation 28 rccr2 revertant of ccr2 29 DAG days after germination 30 YL yellow leaf 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/528331; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 31 GL green leaf 32 NF norflurazon 33 ACS apocarotenoid signal 34 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/528331; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 35 ABSTRACT 36 Carotenoids are core plastid components, yet a regulatory function during plastid biogenesis 37 remains enigmatic. A unique carotenoid biosynthesis mutant, carotenoid chloroplast regulation 2 (ccr2), 38 that has no prolamellar body (PLB) and normal PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE 39 (POR) levels, was used to demonstrate a regulatory function for carotenoids under varied dark-light 40 regimes. A forward genetics approach revealed how an epistatic interaction between a ȗ-carotene 41 isomerase mutant (ziso-155) and ccr2 blocked the biosynthesis of specific cis-carotenes and restored 42 PLB formation in etioplasts. We attributed this to a novel apocarotenoid signal, as chemical inhibition of 43 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase activity restored PLB formation in ccr2 etioplasts during 44 skotomorphogenesis. The apocarotenoid acted in parallel to the transcriptional repressor of 45 photomorphogenesis, DEETIOLATED1 (DET1), to post-transcriptionally regulate 46 PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING 47 FACTOR3 (PIF3) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) protein levels. The apocarotenoid signal 48 and det1 complemented each other to restore POR levels and PLB formation, thereby controlling plastid 49 development. 50 51 INTRODUCTION 52 Carotenoids are a diverse group of hydrophobic isoprenoid pigments required for numerous 53 biological processes in photosynthetic organisms and are essential for human health (Cazzonelli, 2011; 54 Baranski and Cazzonelli, 2016). In addition to providing plant flowers, fruits and seeds with distinct 55 colours, carotenoids have accessory roles in facilitating the assembly of the light harvesting complex, 56 light capture during photosynthesis and photoprotection during high light and/or temperature stress 57 (Nisar et al., 2015; Baranski and Cazzonelli, 2016). The current frontiers are to discover the regulators 58 of carotenoid biosynthesis, storage, and catabolism and apocarotenoids that in turn regulate plant 59 development and photosynthesis (Cazzonelli and Pogson, 2010; Havaux, 2014; Baranski and Cazzonelli, 60 2016; Hou et al., 2016). 61 In higher plants, cis-carotene biosynthesis is initiated by the condensation of two molecules of 62 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to form phytoene, which is catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzyme 63 phytoene synthase (PSY) (von Lintig et al., 1997; Li et al., 2008; Rodriguez-Villalon et al., 2009; Welsch 64 et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2015) (Supplementary Figure 1A). Next, phytoene desaturase (PDS), ȗ-carotene 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/528331; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 65 GHVDWXUDVHV ='6 ȗ-carotene isomerase (ZISO) and cis-trans-carotene isomerase (CRTISO) convert the 66 colourless phytoene into the pinkish-red coloured all-trans-lycopene (Bartley et al., 1999; Isaacson et al., 67 2002; Park et al., 2002; Dong et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2011). In the dark, the isomerisation 68 of tri-cis-Ƀ-carotene to di-cis-Ƀ-carotene and tetra-cis-lycopene to all-trans-lycopene has a strict 69 requirement for ZISO and CRTISO activity respectively (Park et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2010). However, 70 light-mediated photoisomerisation in the presence of a photosensitiser can substitute for a lack of 71 isomerase activity (Giuliano et al., 2002; Vijayalakshmi et al., 2015; Alagoz et al., 2018). 72 The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway branches after lycopene to produce D/E-carotenes 73 (Cunningham et al., 1993; Cunningham et al., 1996; Pecker et al., 1996; Ronen et al., 1999). Next, Į- 74 FDURWHQH DQG ȕ-carotene are further hydroxylated to produce the oxygenated carotenoids called 75 xanthophylls (e.g. lutein, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin), which comprise the most abundant carotenoids 76 found in photosynthetic leaves. Carotenoids are precursors for apocarotenoids (carotenoid cleavage 77 products) such as phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone(SL) as well as other 78 apocarotenoids that function in root-mycorrhizal interactions, leaf development, acclimation to 79 environmental stress and retrograde signaling (Havaux, 2014; Walter et al., 2015; Chan et al., 2016; Hou 80 et al., 2016). The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase and nine-cis-epoxy-carotenoid dioxygenase 81 (CCD/NCED) family cleave carotenoids to yield apocarotenoids (Hou et al., 2016). The CCDs have 82 substrate preferences depending on the tissue and nature of the assay (Walter and Strack, 2011; Harrison 83 and Bugg, 2014; Bruno et al., 2016). The five members of the NCED sub-group are exclusively involved 84 in cleavage of violaxanthin and neoxanthin to form ABA (Finkelstein, 2013). The four CCDs have well 85 defined roles in carotenoid degradation in seeds (CCD1 and CCD4) and the synthesis of strigolactones 86 (CCD7/MAX3 and CCD8/MAX4) (Auldridge et al., 2006; Gonzalez-Jorge et al., 2013; Ilg et al., 2014; 87 Al-Babili and Bouwmeester, 2015). Non-enzymatic oxidative cleavage of carotenoids can also generate 1 88 apocarotenoids by singlet oxygen ( O2)-mediated photo-oxidation or by lipoxygenase and peroxidase- 89 mediated co-oxidation (Leenhardt et al., 2006; Gonzalez-Perez et al., 2011). Non-enzymatic carotenoid 90 degradation acts preferentially on selective molecules such as E-carotene and its apocarotenoid 91 derivatives. 92 cis-carotenes such as phytoene, phytofluene and tetra-cis-lycopene are reported to be resistant to 93 non-enzymatic degradation (Schaub et al., 2018), although there are some reports that CCDs cleave 94 specific cis-carotenes in vitro (Bruno et al., 2016). Whether there is a physiological relevance for a cis- 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/528331; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 95 carotene derived cleavage product or apocarotenoid signal (ACS) in vivo, remains unclear. A hunt is on 96 to identify a cis-carotene cleavage product that functions as a retrograde signal to regulate nuclear gene 97 expression (Kachanovsky et al., 2012; Fantini et al., 2013; Avendano-Vazquez et al., 2014; Alvarez et 98 al., 2016). CCD4 is implicated in the generation of a cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoid signal that 99 regulates leaf shape, chloroplast and nuclear gene expression in the Arabidopsis clb5/zds (chloroplast 100 biogenesis-ȗ-carotene desaturase) mutant (Avendano-Vazquez et al., 2014). A metabolon
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