El Aburrimiento Como Presión Selectiva En Hans Blumenberg

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El Aburrimiento Como Presión Selectiva En Hans Blumenberg UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA DOCTORADO EN FILOSOFÍA Memoria para optar al grado de Doctor El aburrimiento como presión selectiva en Hans Blumenberg Autor: Josefa Ros Velasco Director: José Luis Villacañas Berlanga Madrid, 2018 © Josefa Ros Velasco , 2017 El aburrimiento como presión selectiva en Hans Blumenberg Josefa Ros Velasco AGRADECIMIENTOS La elaboración de la presente tesis doctoral no hubiera sido posible sin las prestaciones del director de la misma, el catedrático de Filosofía José Luis Villacañas Berlanga, quien en todo momento estuvo dispuesto a ofrecerme su ayuda y su apoyo y confió en mi proyecto desde el principio. No puedo por menos que estar agradecida al Profesor Doctor Antonio Rivera García por haberme puesto en contacto con él. Pero más allá de ello, a este último debo un agradecimiento especial por haber sido quien despertó mi interés intelectual por la obra del filósofo a quien profeso todos mis esfuerzos en la actualidad, Hans Blumenberg, y por haber guiado mis pasos con sus consejos desde mucho antes de que me embarcase en esta tarea de manera incondicional. Asimismo, nunca podré agradecer suficientemente la amistad que me ha brindado uno de los mayores expertos en la filosofía blumenberguiana a lo largo de este camino, el Profesor Doctor Alberto Fragio. Sin ellos este trabajo jamás habría visto la luz. Esta investigación se ha visto beneficiada por la obtención de una beca de Formación de Profesorado Universitario del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España que me permitió formar parte del grupo de investigación Biblioteca Saavedra Fajardo de Pensamiento Político Hispánico y del Departamento de Historia de la Filosofía, Estética y Teoría del Conocimiento de la UCM, ambos liderados por mi director de tesis. De la misma manera, he de agradecer al Deutscher Akademischer Austage Dienst y al Deutsche Literatur-Archiv la concesión de sendas becas que posibilitaron mi estancia en Stuttgart durante casi un año para trabajar sobre los documentos inéditos del Nachlaβ blumenberguiano bajo la tutela del Doctor Felix Heidenreich (coordinador del Internationales Zentrum für Kultur und Technikforschung) y del Doctor Marcel Lepper (investigador principal del DLA) respectivamente; y a Bettina Blumenberg por su predisposición a que la obra de su padre continúe siendo divulgada. Finalmente, pero no por ello menos importante, deseo mostrar mi más profundo y personal agradecimiento a mi familia por haberme acompañado a lo largo de todos estos años de trabajo y por haberme apoyado económica, intelectual y moralmente de una manera para la que no podré nunca encontrar palabras. A todas estas personas quiero dedicar mi tesis doctoral. «Sí, sí, hay un aburrimiento inconsciente. Casi todos los hombres nos aburrimos inconscientemente. El aburrimiento es el fondo de la vida y el aburrimiento es el que ha inventado los juegos, las distracciones, las novelas y el amor. La niebla de la vida rezuma un dulce aburrimiento, licor agridulce» (Miguel de Unamuno) RESUMEN / ABSTRACT El aburrimiento es concebido en la actualidad como un fenómeno que afecta al ser humano como si de una patología psicológica se tratase, mientras una minoría de pensadores están encaminando sus esfuerzos a recalcar su faceta más positiva por contrapartida: la compulsión a la acción. La comprensión del aburrimiento como motor que impulsa el movimiento hacia la búsqueda de lo novedoso y que impide la quietud se encontraba ya presente en la filosofía del siglo pasado y especialmente en las publicaciones de Hans Blumenberg. Sin embargo, un tratamiento del mismo desde su naturaleza antropológica ha quedado relegado a una serie de documentos inéditos y de difícil acceso que componen el Nachlaβ del filósofo alemán y que descansan en el DLA. Aquellos vuelven sobre el estudio de las condiciones de vida de nuestros más remotos ancestros para mostrar que el aburrimiento pudo haber estado presente en los orígenes de nuestra especie y pudo haber sido una condición de posibilidad del desarrollo de algunos de los aspectos que nos caracterizan como el lenguaje y el pensamiento abstracto. Esta línea de trabajo, desconocida hasta el momento, puede ayudar a reforzar y complementar las propuestas de los investigadores que en el presente tratan de defender el carácter ineludible del aburrimiento desde una perspectiva optimista como si de una presión selectiva se tratase. Palabras clave: Aburrimiento, Antropología, Evolución, Hans Blumenberg, Etnología. / Boredom is currently conceived as a phenomenon that affects humans from a psychological pathological view whereas a minority of thinkers are directing their efforts to stress its most positive aspects on the contrary: the compulsion to action. Understanding of boredom as a motor that drives the movement toward novelty seeking and stillness prevention was already present in the philosophy of the past century and especially in Hans Blumenberg’s publications. However, the treatment from its anthropogenetic nature has been relegated to a series of unpublished and inaccesible documents which rest in the Nachlaβ of the German philosopher. Those return to the study of the lives of our earliest ancestors to show that boredom may have been present at the origins of our species and may have been a condition of possibility of the development of some aspects that characterize us such us language and abstract thought. This line so far unknown can help reinforce and complement the proposals of the researchers in this attempt to defend the inescapable character of boredom from an optimistic view as if it were a selective pressure. Keywords: Boredom, Anthropology, Evolution, Hans Blumenberg, Ethnology. ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS RESUMEN / ABSTRACT PRÓLOGO ....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 3 1. EL ABURRIMIENTO Y SU CUASI INEXISTENTE TRATAMIENTO DESDE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA Y LA PREHISTORIA ...................................................... 17 1.1. Introducción al estado de la cuestión sobre el estudio del aburrimiento y la incipiente línea de investigación del fenómeno desde la disciplina antropológica y la prehistoria ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.1.1 El falso desinterés de los investigadores ..................................................... 17 1.1.2. La psicología y la psiquiatría: las grandes (in)expertas del aburrimiento ... 20 1.1.3. La fuerza motriz que caracteriza el aburrimiento ........................................ 24 1.1.4. Los consecuentes imperfectos de la experiencia del aburrimiento .............. 27 1.1.5. El aburrimiento como índice y factor histórico ........................................... 30 1.1.6. La función adaptativa de la fuerza motriz del aburrimiento desde el estudio antropológico ............................................................................................... 32 1.2. Hans Blumenberg y las primeras caracterizaciones del estudio del aburrimiento desde la antropología ........................................................................................................ 36 1.2.1. La recepción del juego entre taedium y voluptas para una ‘antropología en sentido pragmático’ sobre la fuerza motriz del aburrimiento ................... 36 1.2.2. Nociones sobre la función adaptativa de la fuerza motriz del aburrimiento en el ‘Nachlaβ’ blumenberguiano .................................................................. 44 1.2.3. El olvido de la función adaptativa de la fuerza motriz del aburrimiento y su resultado inmediato: la creación del concepto moderno de ‘aburrimiento complejo’ ................................................................................................... 46 2. LA HIPÓTESIS NUNCA FORMULADA SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL LENGUAJE Y EL PENSAMIENTO ABSTRACTO BAJO LA INFLUENCIA DEL ABURRIMIENTO Y SU ALCANCE EPISTÉMICO ....................................... 59 2.1. El papel del aburrimiento en el escenario ancestral blumenberguiano ...................... 59 2.2. El estatuto epistémico de la filosofía blumenberguiana como condición de posibilidad de la aceptación de su imaginario prehistórico ......................................... 64 2.3. El estado de la cuestión del estudio sobre el origen y la evolución del lenguaje y el aburrimiento como justificación de la aceptación de la hipótesis blumenberguiana76 3. LOS HOMOS DEL IMAGINARIO BLUMENBERGUIANO .............................. 93 3.1. Hacia la búsqueda de los Homos que protagonizaron la ficción blumenberguiana desde las evidencias paleoantropológicas ...................................................................... 94 3.1.1. El pariente más lejano del imaginario blumenberguiano: Toumaï ............... 97 3.1.2. Los Ardipithecus: un paso más hacia el escenario ancestral ....................... 102 3.1.3. El último eslabón en la carrera hacia la tribu Hominini: Australopithecus . 104 3.1.4. A un escalón del ancestro que protagonizó la narración blumenberguiana: los primeros Homos ................................................................................... 117 3.1.5. El ancestro que alivió el aburrimiento mediante la plática: Homo ergaster 121 3.2. Aburrimiento y lenguaje entre los ancestros de la escena blumenberguiana .......... 131 3.2.1. ‘Situation-dependent boredom’ (SDB), ‘Exogenous boredom’
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