WORKS CITED IN COMMENTARY AND EXCURSUS
Ashworth, E. J., 1970. 'Some Notes on Syllogistic in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'. Notre Damelournal of Formal Logic 11: 17-33. Badawi, A. (ed.), 1948-52. Mantiq 'Aristii [Aristotle's logic]. 3 vols. Cairo: Dar al• Kutiib al-Misriyyah. (Medieval Arabic translation of parts of the the Organon.) Becker, A., 1933. Die Aristotelische Theorie der Moglichkeitsschlusse. Berlin. Reprint ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1968. Bochenski,l. M., 1961.A History ofFormal Logic. IvorThomas (trans.). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. Butterworth, C., 1983. Averroes' Middle Commentaries on Aristotle's 'Categories' and 'De lnterpretatione. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chertoff, G. B., 1952. The Logical Part of Al-Ghazalf s Maqasid al-Falasifa in an Anonymous Hebrew Translation with the Hebrew Commentary of Moses of Narbonne. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. Efros, I., 1921. Philosophical Terminology of the 'Guide of the Perplexed'. New York: Columbia University Press. Efros, I., 1938. 'Maimonides' Treatise on Logic'. Proceedings of the American Academy oflewish Research, vol. 8, pp. 1-136 (Hebrew), 3-65 (English). Feldman, S., 1984. Levi ben Gershom (Gersonides): The Wars of the Lord. Jewish Publication Society. Geach, Peter T., n.d. Commentary on the Prior Analytics. Mimeographed. Hamilton, W., 1860. Lectures on Logic. Edinburgh, London. Hayoun, M. 1983. 'Le commentaire de MOise de Narbonne sur la Terminologie logique de MOise Maimonides'. Daat 10:69-92 (Hebrew), 33-37 (French). Hintikka, J., 1972. 'Leibniz on Plenitude, Relations, and the 'Reign of Law", in H. G. Frankfurt (ed.), Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Press. Hintikka, J., 1973. Time and Necessity: Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality. Oxford: Clarendon. Keynes, J. N., 1894. Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic. London: Macmillan. Kirwan, C, 1971. Aristotle's Metaphysics: Books Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. Clarendon. Klatzkin, J., 1968. 'Ozar ha-Munahim ha-Filosofiyim ve-'Antologyah Filosofit [Thesaurus of Philosophical Terms and Philosophical Anthology]. New York: Feldheim (reprint ed.). Kneale, w., 1962. 'Modality de dicto and de re', in E. Nagel, P. Suppes, and A. Tarski (eds.), Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy ofScience, 620-631. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kneales, William and Martha, 1962. The Development o/Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. WORKS CITED 311
Knuuttila, S., 1978. 'The 'Statistical' Interpretation of Modality in Averroes and Thomas Aquinas' , Ajatus 37: 79-98. Knuutilla, S., 1982. 'Modal Logic' in N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kretzmann, N. and Stump, 1988. The Cambridge Translations ofMedieval Philosophi• cal Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lear, Jonathan, 1980. Aristotle and Logical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Loemker, L. E., 1969. G. W Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht: Reidel. Lukasiewicz, J., 1957. Aristotle's Syllogistic From the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Manekin, C., 1985. 'Preliminary Observations on Gersonides' Logical Writings', Proceedings of the American Acadeny of Jewish Research 52: 85-113. Manekin, C., 1988. 'Problems of 'Plenitude' in Maimonides and Gersonides', in R. Link-Salinger, R. Long, and C. Manekin (eds.), A Straight Path: Studies in Medieval Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honor of Arthur Hyman. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press. Manekin, C., forthcoming. 'Logic and Its Applications in the Philosophy of Gerson- ides', in G. Dahan (ed.), Essais sur la philosophie de Gersonide. Paris: C.N.R.S. Mates, B., 1965. Elementary Logic. New York: Oxford University Press. McCall, Storrs, 1963. Aristotle's Modal Syllogisms. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Mignucci, M., n.d. Aristotele: Gli Analitici Primi. Naples: L. Luffredo. Mill, J. S. 1977. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Vol. 9. J. M. Robson and A.Ryan (eds.). Toronto: University of Toronoto Press. Parry, W., 1966. 'Quantification of the Predicate and Many-Sorted Logic', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 26: 342-359. Patzig, G, 1968. Aristotle's Theory of the Syllogism. Jonathan Barnes (trans.) Dordrecht: Reidel. Prantl, C., 1855-1870. Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande. 3 vols. Leipzig. rept. Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstait, 1953. Prior, A., 1967. 'Traditional Logic', in P. Edwards (ed.)., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan. Quine, W. V. 0., 1966. 'Three grades of modal involvement', in The Ways ofParadox. New York: Random House. Quine, W. V. 0., 1969. Set Theory and Its Logic. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 312 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
Rescher, N., 1966a. 'Averroes' Quaesitum on Assertoric (Absolute) Propositions' , rept. in Studies in the History of Arabic Logic, pp. 91-105. England: University of Pittsburgh Press. Rescher, N., 1966b. Galen and the Syllogism. England: University of Pittsburgh Press. Rosenberg, S. and Manekin, C., 1989. 'Themistius on Modal Logic: Excerpts of a Lost Commentary on the Prior Analytics' , Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 11: 83- 103. Ross, W. D. (ed.), 1949. The Prior and Posterior Analyties. Oxford: Clarendon. Shehaby, N., 1973. The Propositional Logic ofAvieenna. Boston, Dordrecht: Reidel. Stump, E., 1982. 'Topics: Their Development and Absorption into Consequences', in N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Treddenick, H., 1938 (ed. and trans.) Prior Analyties. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vajda, Georges, 1960. Isaac Albalag: averroiste juif, tradueteur et annotateur d' al• Ghiiziili. Paris: J. Vrin. Zimmermann, F., 1981. Al-Farabi's Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's 'De Interpretatione' . London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. HEBREW-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
(N.B. The order of the main entries is that of the Hebrew dictionary)
hasarah: retraction 'ish: individual. 'efshar: possible (n.) ,efsharut: possibility histaleq: eliminated 'efshari: possible (adj.) he' eder: privation. be' ur 'asher be-sibub: circular explana• hippukh: conversion. tion. hefekh: contrary. bittul: absurdity. haqdamah: premise, proposition; haq• batel: absurd. damah 'efsharit: possible premise; be-khoah: potentially. haqdamah meshulahat: assertoric pre• bilti nigdar: indeterminate. mise; haqdamah hekhrehit: necessary be-muhlat: unqualifiedly, without quali• premise, haqdamah musarit: ethical fication. premise. be-miqreh: incidentally. heqqesh: syllogism; heqqesh yashar: be- 'ezem: essentially. correct syllogism, direct syllogism; be-fo'al: actually. heqqesh hilluf: per impossibile syllo• gebul: term; gebul' efshari: possible term; gism; heqqesh tena' i: conditional syllo• gebul 'emza'i: middle term; gebul he• gism. hekhrehi: necessary term; gebul m• hurkab: composed. usar: retracted term; gebul mezu'i: harkabah: composition. existential term; gebul meshulah: a• hashabah: reduction. ssertoric term; gebul nishneh: repeated hitba' er, yitba' er: become clear, shown, term; gebul miqri: accidental term; demonstrated. gebul azmi: essential term; gebul hathalah: principle. zedadi: modalized term. virdiz: verdigris. gezerah: statement; gezerah hekhrehit: hibbur: combination. necessary statement; gezerah 'efsharit: homah: quantifier. possible statement; gezerah meshula• hiyyub: consequence, necessitation, affir• hat: assertoric statement. mation. darush: quaesitum. hiyyeb, yehayyeb: affirm, necessitate. hebdel: differentia. helqi: particular. hora' ah: signification. helqiyut: particularity. hurkab: composed. homarim: materials. hekhrehi: non-contingent, necessary. hippus: empirical investigation. halazi: rhetorical. yahas: relation; yahas azmi: essential halazani: rhetorician. relation; yahas miqri: accidental rela• hanahah: assumption, positing. tion. hiniah: assume, posit. kavvanah: intention. kolel: includes, inclusive. 314 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES kazav: falsehood. nose': subject. mebuqqash: desired thesis. nikhnas tahat: subsumed under. meguneh: repugnant. nimza': existent, exists. medabber: rational. nimshakh: consequent musar: retracted, ethics. nishneh: repetition. mofet: demonstration. nasu': predicate. moreh, yoreh: signifies. nesi' ut: predication. meyuhad: unique. segulah: property. min: type, species; min ha-heqqesh: syllo• sug: genus, kind. gistic mood. soter: contradict, contradictory millah: word, particle; millot ha-yahas salaq, yistaleq: eliminate. ve-ha-shimush: prepositions and rela• setami: indefinite. tional particles. 'ozniyah nifla' ah: griffin. melakhah: art; melakhah 'iyyunit: specu• 'iyyun: speculation. lative art, melakhah moftit: demonstra• 'inyan: meaning, content, nature. tive art. zadaq, yizdaq: true; yizdaq 'im: com- melizah: expression. patible with. minhag ha-lashon: linguistic custom. qodem: antecedent. meni'a: mover, moving (trans.) qiyyum: assertion. mezu'i: existential. qazeh: extreme; ha-qazeh ha-qatan: the maqbil: opposite. minor extreme; ha-qazeh ha-gadol: the maqif: encompass. major extreme. mequshar: linked. qishur: link. margish: sentient. re' ayah: proof. meshulah: assertoric ribuy: multiplicity. mishpat: sentence, judgment; mishpat shab,yashub:reduce, become,revert. 'ishi: singular sentence; mishpat helqi: shaveh:equal. particular sentence; mishpat mugbal: shelilah: negation. definite sentencemishpat setami: indef• shalal, yishlol: negate. inite sentence; mishpat mehayyeb: shem meshutaf equivocal name. affirmative sentence; mishpat shelili: shanah: repeat. negative sentence; mishpat musar be• sheqer: falsity. muhlat: unqualifiedly retracted sen• to' ar: attribute; to' ar azmi: essential tence; mishpat musar ha-nose': subject• attribute; to' ar miqri: accidental attrib• retracted sentence; mishpat musar ha• ute. nasu': predicate-retracted sentence; toladah: conclusion. mishpat pas hut: simple sentence; mish• tamid: perpetUally. pat kolel: universal sentence. temidi: perpetual. mitno'e'a: mover, moving (intrans.) nibdal: distinct. HEBREW-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 315 tena'i: condition; tena'i mitdabeq: con• nective condition; tena'i mithaleq: separative condition. tesumah: placement. ENGLISH-HEBREW GLOSSARY
attribute: to'ar, used often in the sense of 'description', sometimes that of 'property'; essential attribute: to' ar azmi, traditionally understood as an attribute that applies to a substance by virtue of the latter's essence, e.g., 'rational' or 'living', as opposed to an incidental attribute: to' ar miqri, an attribute that merely 'happens' (qoreh) to apply, e.g., 'white' or 'walking'. But Gersonides expands it to include a non-substantial attribute that bears a necessary relationship to another, e.g., 'moving' to 'walking' (§305). absurd: bate I, used often in the sense of 'logically impossible' or 'necessarily false'. For example, nothing absurd follows from assuming that which exists possible to exist actually (§10). absurdity: bittul, used by Gersonides to evaluate negatively a claim or an argument, as in the phrase takhlit ha-bittul, 'height of absurdity'. The word may also mean 'refutation' (cf. §396). actually: be-fa 'ai, used to denote that which holds (or exists) now (§11). affirm, necessitate: hiyyeb, yehayyeb (§9). affirmation: hiyyub, see under 'consequence'. antecedent: qodem, used to denote the 'If' -clause of a conditional sentence that serves as a premise of a conditional syllogism (§206); another sense is 'prior' (§345). art: melakhah. Gersonides speaks of 'speculative art': melakhah 'iyyunit and 'demonstra• tive art': melakhah moftit synonymously (§7); both phrases denote an art whose content can be expressed in the form of demonstrations, e.g., mathematics, physics, etc. (§§7, 309). But in the philosophical literature the expression melakhah moftit refers more often to the art of demonstration itself (cf. Averroes' division ofthe logical arts into demonstra• tive, dialectical, sophistical, rhetorical, and poetical in the introduction to the Epitome on the Organon). assertion: qiyyum, used in opposition to musar 'retraction' (§219). In this context the term means something like' asserting the existence of a term' . Other writers use qiyyum to mean the affirmation of a sentence (see Klatzkin, s.v.), but Gersonides reserves hiyyub for that. assertoric: meshulah, 'the possible that has become actual', according to the second edition, and 'the possible at the time that it exists', according to the first. For a complete discussion, see our commentary to §§ 13-18. The Hebrew term renders the Arabic mursal, the literal meaning of which is 'sent away'. Perhaps the translators intended something like 'devoid of any explicit modality'. The probable Greek equivalent is haplos. 316 THE LOGIC OF GERSON IDES assume, posit: hiniah; in general, we use 'assume' for assuming a proposition (§277) and 'posit' for assuming the existence of a tenn (§ 12). assumption, positing: hanahah; we use 'assumption' to denote what is assumed for the sake of an argument (§ 166) and 'positing' for positing what exists possibly to exist actually (§11). become clear: hitba' er, to be clarified, shown, demonstrated (§ 12). circular explanation: be'ur 'asher be-sibub (§164) or 'circular proof', for the origin of which see Posterior Analytics 1.3 72b25. combination: hibbur, used sometimes for the combination of a particle with a tenn (e.g., §71), or the combination of the tenns of a negative possible sentence (§ 160), but most often the combination of sentences as syllogistic premises (e.g., §6). compatible with: yizdaq 'im, see under 'true'. composed, composition: hurkab, harkabah, used for the composition of a premise out of its constituent tenns (cf. §§ 119, 286). I have also used it for the composition of a syllogism out of its premises (§321). composite things: debarim murkabim, entities that are composed of the four elements, terrestial entities (§345). composite syllogism: heqqesh murkab, a syllogism that composed of more than two premises (§282). conclusion: toladah, used almost exclusively for the consequence of a syllogism, the sole exception being when Gersonides calls the converse of the universal negative possible simple sentence the 'conclusion' (§ 153). conditional syllogism: heqqesh tena' i. connective conditional syllogism: heqqesh tena'i mitdabeq, a syllogism in which one of the premises is an 'If - then' proposition; separative conditional syllogism: heqqesh tena'i mithaleq, a syllogism in which one of the premises is an 'Either - or' proposition (§204). consequence, affirmation, necessitation: hiyyub, used for a sentence that follows from another sentence, or for the affinnation of one tenn of another. One word was used by the Hebrew translators to render two Arabic equivalents - 'fjiib, 'affinnation' (with the cognate wiijib meaning 'necessary') and luzilm, 'consequence'. consequent: nimshakh, used to denote the apodasis of a conditional sentence; the nimshakh serves as a premise of a conditional syllogism (§206). content: see under 'meaning'. contradict: soter, negate a sentence in such a way as to render it incompatible with its positive fonn (§40), or rebut or disprove an argument (§ 163). contradictory: soter, the negation of a sentence such that the resulting sentence is incompatible with the first (§36). Two contradictories can neither be true together nor false together. The contradictory of the quaesitum is assumed in a reductio ad absurdam proof. contrary: hefekh, a fonn of opposition. Gersonides generally uses 'contrary' with respect to sentences and states of affairs (§ 107). The distinguishing feature of contraries is that they cannot obtain together, i.e., at the same time. This implies that contrary sentences can be false together, although they cannot be true together. See also under' opposite' . ENGLISH-HEBREW GLOSSARY 317
conversion: hippukh, a logical operation on a sentence that involves the transposition of its subject- and predicate-terms (§ 111). demonstration: moJet, understood in the Aristotelian sense of scientific deduction (§348). See Post. An. 1.2 71b19. desired thesis: mebuqqash, see under 'quaesitum'. determinate sentence: mishpat mugbal; a premise-pair yields a determinate sentence when the relation between the subject-and predicate-terms of that sentence is fixed independent- 1y of the concrete terms. A sentence is indeterminate when the relation between the terms varies according to the concrete terms chosen (§344). differentia: hebdel, the difference between members of a common genus that distinguishes them as belonging to a distinct species (§50). Averroes writes: 'An example is man's differing from other animals through rationality, for rationality is the differentia that produces the species man' (Middle Commentary on lsagoge, trans. Davidson). In the C. lsagoge Gersonides adds that the production must be essential. distinct: nibdal; Two sentences are said to be 'distinct' when they share no common term, or, if there is a common term, it is used equivocally (§ 196). Two terms are said to be distinct if what they denote share nothing in common (§205). eliminate, eliminated: salaq, remove utterly something that exists (§ 12) empirical investigation: hippus, i.e., an examination of all possible cases (§207). encompass: maqif, the relation of a genus (or differentia) to its species, or more generally, the relation oftwo terms, the extension of the former including the extension of the latter (§33). equal: shaveh, the relation between two terms in which each one of them is subsumed under the other and does not obtain without the other, 'as in the case of differentiae and properties and the like' (§43). equivocal name: shem meshutaJ, a name that signifies different notions at different times (§ 196). essential term: gebul hekhrehi, a term that 'belongs necessarily to the subject under any attribute by which it is described' (§133), e.g., 'man', 'stone'. The 'essential term' is the same as the essentially necessary term. essentially: be- 'ezem, per se, 'by virtue of itself'. On the 'essentially necessary' see Commentary to §§21-22. ethical premise: haqdamah musarit, used for an ethical maxim that is assumed by the rhetorician to be universally true, yet is only true for the most part (§320). See also 'rhetorical assertoric'. existent, exists: nimza', used either for a certain existent (nimza' mah) or for the totality of what exists (qol ha-nimza') (§28). existential: mezu'i, 'of the nature of the possible that exists actually' (§ 166), said of terms, and by extension, of premises. 318 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
expression: melizah, used for a common linguistic pattern or formula (§ 181). extreme: qazeh, used for the distinct terms in the syllogism (§216), either the minor extreme: ha-qazeh ha-qatan (the distinct term in the minor premise) or the major extreme: ha-qazeh ha-gadol (the distinct term in the major premise). falsehood: kazav, used to describe a sentence in which a term is predicated falsely of an existent subject (§85). falsity: sheqer, used to describe a sentence in which a term is predicated of a non-existent subject; hence the sentence is false. The term also carries the sense of 'necessarily false' (§120). genus, kind: sug; 'genus' is used in our translation in more technical contexts than 'kind', usually in contrast to one of the other predicables of Porphyry (§ 122). griffin: 'ozniyah nifla' ah, used in 1.3 as an example of a non-existent entity (§29). A popular example in Arabic logic ('anqii' mughrib), it is brought by Alfarabi as a gloss on 'goat• stag' (De Int. I 16aI6), and appears in Averroes and Gersonides ad loc. Gersonides might have also learnt about the 'ozniyah nifla' ah from the Iggeret ba'alei hayyim of Qalonymous ben Qalonymous (1316), in which our creature is described as the king of the fowl. This book is a translation of a Moslem book of fables originating from the tenth• century Brethren of Purity. incidentally: be-miqreh, per accidens. A sentence possesses a certain modality when the predicate merely 'happens' to apply to the subject in that modality. See Commentary to §§21-22. includes, inclusive: kolel. A term includes another term when the extension of the latter is subsumed under the extension of the former (§32). A term is more inclusive than another when it includes the other and (at least) a third term. indefinite: setami, used to describe a non-singular sentence that lacks a quantifying particle, e.g. 'Man is rational' or 'Man is animal' (§8). indeterminate: bilti nigdar, used to denote an extension that is not fixed but changing, ' ... that
meaning: 'inyan, what an word or expression signifies (§199); also content (§196) and nature, in the sense of character, kind (§4). mover, moving: mitno'e'a, used intransitively (§11). moving: meni'a, used transitively (§314). multiplicity: ribuy (§ 189). necessitate: see under' affirm'. necessitation: hiyyub, see under 'consequence'. negates: shalal, yishlol, i.e., denies. What is negated is the predicative relation (§9); hence, sentences, and not terms, are the proper objects of negation. non-contingent, necessary: hekhrehi. 'The non-contingent sentence is the necessary or the impossible' (§ 19). Because 'non-contingent' is awkward I often use 'necessary', following the practice of the Latin translator (necessaria). opposite: maqbil. Two terms are said to be 'opposites' if 'one follows from the retraction of the other' (§ 174). In the Correct Syllogism the relation of opposition is restricted to terms. But in the Commentary on Logic, and in Averroes, the meaning of 'opposite' is similar to that of 'contrary' here, and the meaning of 'contrary' is similar to that of 'opposite' here. particular: helqi, used to describe an individual, species, or genus that is subordinate to a species or genus. Man is particular to living; Reuben is particular to man (§29). That which is subordinate is called simply 'the particular'. See also under 'sentence'. particularity: helqiyut, used for the quantity of a sentence (§128) or for the quality possessed by an inferior genus or species (§52). perpetual, perpetually: temidi, tamid, said of the quantity and the modality of a sentence when they are not linked to a time or place (§128). placement: tesumah, used for the introduction of a modal operator or a relational particle in a sentence (§77). possibility: 'efsharut. See under 'possible'. possible (n.): 'efshar. 'The possible is that which mayor may not be' (§ 10). Gersonides distinguishes between two-way possibility (the truly possible: ha-' efshar ha-' amiti) and one-way possibility (the possible by equivocation: ha-' efshar be-shituf ha-shem) (§32). This terminology is taken from Arabic logic; the distinction has its roots in Prior Analytics I.13 32a20-22 and 1.3 25a37-40. Roughly the same distinction appears in scholastic logic between the contingent and the possible, respectively. possible (adj.): 'efshari. See under 'possible'. potentially: be-khoah; A term is potentially the same as another when it can be transformed into the other by a logical rule (§298). A sentence is in another sentence potentially when the former follows syllogistically from a premise-set including the latter, and when one of its terms is a part of, or equal to, one of the latter's terms (§§220-222 and Commentary ad loc). 320 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
predicate: nasu', that which is affinned or negated of something (§9); the modality of a sentence is detennined according to the modality of the relation of predicate to subject. predication: nesi' ut. premise, proposition: haqdamah. Like the Arabic muqaddamah and the Greekprotasis, the tenn has a narrow sense of 'premise' (§4) and a broad sense of 'proposition' (§lS). Among the propositions discussed in the Correct Syllogism are the minor premise: ha• haqdamah ha-qetanah, the major p.: ha-haqdamah ha-gedolah, the possible p.: ha• haqdamah ha-' efsharit, the necessary p.: ha-haqdamah ha-' efsharit, and the assertoric p.: ha-haqdamah ha-meshulahat. principle: hathalah, in the sense of originating cause, e.g., God is the principle of all existents (§71). privation: he' eder, 'the elimination of something from that in which it is wont to exist at the moment in which it is its wont to exist in that thing' (Middle Commentary on the De Int., trans. Butterworth). According to Gersonides, the subject of privation is a certain existent and not the Existent in toto (§28). proof: re' ayah, used for a convincing, though not necessarily conclusive, argument. Gersonides calls his arguments on behalf of the fourth figure re'ayot (§222). property: segulah. What is truly called property is 'the universal that occurs in the entire species, solely in that species, and all times', but not essentially (Middle Commentary on the Isagoge, trans. Davidson). Properties are co-extensive, and, hence, tenns designating properties are equal (§44). quaesitum: darush, the literal translation of which is the 'sought-after thing'. In the technical context of Gersonides ' syllogistic, the quaesitum is the conclusion of a syllogism in which the minor tenn is the subject and the major tenn the predicate (§ 199). When the order ofthe tenns is reversed the conclusion is other than the quaesitum (zulat ha-darush). Gersonides appears to use desired thesis: mebuqqash for any thesis that the syllogism attempts to prove, regardless of the tenns chosen (§220). quantifier: homah, used for the tenn that denotes the generality or particularity of the predication (§133). Like its Arabic equivalent sur, the tenn literally means 'wall' . rational: medabber, the differentia of man, hence predicated essentially necessarily of anything that denotes the species man or the individual man (§21). reduce, become: shab, yashub. The primary meaning ofthe Hebrew root sh-v-b is 'return' but as a result of Arabic it took on the meaning of 'become'. In logic it has the technical meaning of 'transfonn' or 'reduce', as in the Aristotelian theory of the reduction of the various moods to their first-figure counterparts (§2S3). But Gersonides' understanding of 'reduce' also includes the reduction of a simple tenn to a retracted tenn (§292), or ones with modes and particles (§296), as well as the reduction of a negative premise to an affinnative (§200), a simple premise to a predicate-retracted (§200), the major premise to the minor (§27S), etc. reduction: hashabah. See under 'reduce'. ENGLISH-HEBREW GLOSSARY 321
relation: yahas, used usually for the relation between tenns (and what they denote); this is either an essential relation: yahas azmi (§ 131), which reflects the penn anent order of reality, or an accidental relation. repeat: shanah, used for asserting or denying part of the first premise of a conditional syllogism (§204). repetition: nishneh, the second premise of a conditional syllogism, in which part ofthe first premise is asserted or denied (§204). repugnant: meguneh, used to describe a sentence or argument, which, though not itself necessarily absurd, leads to an absurdity (§§85, 285). retracted: musar. A tenn is retracted if it is negated so as to imply the existence of its complement, e.g., not-man; a sentence is retracted if at least one of its tenns is retracted. In 1.2 Gersonides discusses the difference between retraction, negation, and privation. Retracted tenns are descendants of tenns called indefinite (aoristos) by Aristotle, which is why the Latin translator of the Correct Syllogism uses infinitum for musar. retraction: hassarah, used for an operation on tenns that renders them retracted. Unlike negation, retraction applies to tenns and not to sentences (§29). rhetorical: halazi. The 'rhetorical assertoric' proposition is 'a propostion whose two tenns are existential, and which is true for most of the time ... yet the rhetorician ... posits it as if it were true at all times' (§ 18 and see Commentary ad loc.) rhetorician: halazani (§ 18). sentient: margish, one of the two differentiae that constitute and produce the genus living; the other is nutrient (§ 11). See Averroes' Middle Commentary on the I sagoge of Porphyry (ed. Davidson, pp. 13-14). sentence: mishpat and statement: gezerah. It is difficult to find a distinction between these tenns in the Correct Syllogism. Both are the sort of utterances (' omerim) that are truth• bearing. One possible difference is that mishpat has a psychological nuance, as in 'judgment'; Gersonides uses the verbal fonn nishpot 'we judge' when he describes the process of affinning the predicate of the subject; this is not the case with gezerah (§ 182). In other works in the Hebrew logical tradition the tenn gezerah signifies a declarative sentence. The following is a partial list of sentence-types: singular sentence: mishpat ishi, particular s.: mishpat helqi, simple s.: mishpat pashut, predicate-retracted s.: mishpat musar ha-nasu' , subject-retracted s.: mishpat musar ha-nose', unqualifiedly retracted s.: mishpat musar be-muhlat, affirmative s.: mishpat mehayyeb, negative s.: mishpat shelili, universal s.: mishpat kolel, particular s.: mishpat helqi, indefinite s.: mishpat setami. signification: hora' ah, a very difficult tenn to translate. Like its Arabic equivalent daliilah, it can be rendered 'indication,' or 'referring'. According to Averroes, words signify notions which in tum signify existing things, or, put differently, words signify things via 322 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
notions. Thus, while signification has a referential element, it is closely linked to meaning (§86). signifies: moreh, yoreh. species, type, mood: min. i) 'Species' is used in our translation in more technical contexts than 'type', usually in contrast to one of the other predicables of Porphyry (§ 122); ii) 'mood', as in syllogistic mood: min ha-heqqesh, which is really a specific combination of premises. speculation: 'iyyun, not, of course, in the modem sense of unsubstantiated reasoning, but rather philosophical investigation. When Gersonides uses the term in the Correct Syllogism he invariably refers to the 'outset' or the 'beginning' of speculation. (See §§ 190,259,279,362,380.) statement: gezerah, see under 'sentence'. With the exception ofl.9 Gersonides uses gezerah and not mishpat for modal statements, e.g., necessary statement: gezerah hekhrehit, possible statement: gezerah 'efsharit, assertoric statement: gezerah meshulahat. subsumed under: nikhnas tahat, used for the relationship of an individual or species to its superordinate species or genus (§23). subject: nose', that of which something is affirmed or negated (§9). syllogism: heqqesh, defined as '[an argument] such that, when more than one sentences are combined, something else follows from them of necessity, and not by accident' (§ 187). The correct or direct s.: ha-heqqesh ha-yashar is to be contrasted with a per impossibile s.: ha-heqqesh ha-hilluf; the categorical or predicative s.: ha-heqqesh ha-masa'i is contrasted with the conditional s.: ha-heqqesh ha-tena'i. term: gebul, used almost exclusively for the subject-term or predicate-term of a syllogistic premise. Some of the terms mentioned in the Correct Syllogism are the repeated term: ha-gebul ha-nishneh (§ 192), which is the same as the middle t.: ha-gebul ha-' emza'i, the major t.: ha-gebul ha-gadol (§224), the necessary t.: ha-gebul ha-hekhrehi (§25), the possible t.: ha-gebul ha-' efshari (§31), the assertoric t.: ha-gebul ha-meshulah (§33), the simple t.: ha-gebul ha-pashut (§51), the retracted t.: ha-gebul ha-musar (§29), the essential t.: ha-gebul ha-azmi (§ 133), the accidental t.: ha-gebul ha-miqri (§27). true: yizdaq, true with, compatible: yizdaq 'im (§32). unique: meyuhad, used for accidents that apply only to a certain species (§27). universal: kolel, is used in two ways: (i) to describe a species that is superordinate to an individual, species or genus (§36), i.e, living is particular to man; man is universal to Reuben., or (ii) to describe a general sentence, e.g., 'Every man is living' (§7). unqualifiedly, without qualification: be-muhlat. An unqualifiedly retracted sentence: mishpat musar be-muhlat is one in which both the subject- and predicate-terms are retracted (§5). An unqualified term (ha-gebul be-muhlat) is a term without modal qualification (§31). verdigris: virdiz, virdit; this is the only example in the Correct Syllogism of a medieval French word (§ 130), and hence it is worthy of note. In the popular thirteenth-century ENGLISH-HEBREW GLOSSARY 323
encyclopedia Sha' ar ha-Shamayim by Gershon ben Shelomo of Aries, virdit is mentioned as being made from copper and vinegar (ed. Goldmann, p. 8a). word, particle: millah, relational particles and prepositions: mil/ot ha-yahas ve-ha• shimush, examples of which are 'possessor of', 'from', 'on', 'with', etc. Gersonides considers inferences from sentences with these types of terms in 1.6. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. PRINCIPAL MANUSCRIPTS, EDITIONS, TRANSLATIONS
Alexander of Aphrodisias.ln Aristotelis Analyticorum Priorum Librum I Commentarium. Edited by M. Wallies. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 2.1 Berlin, 1883. Aristotle. Aristotle's Categories and De Interpretatione. Translated with notes and glossary by J. L. Ackrill. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963. --. Aristotle's Metaphysics: Books Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. Translated with notes by Christopher Kirwan. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. --. Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. Translated with notes by Jonathan Barnes. Oxford: Clarendon, 1975. --. Categories. On Interpretation, Edited and translated by H. P. Cooke. Prior Analytics. Edited and translated by H. Tredennick. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938. --. Man tiq 'Arista. Edited by A. Badawi. 3 vols. Cairo: Dar-'al Kutiib 'al Misriyah, 1948-52. (The medieval Arabic translation of the Organon.) --. Prior and Posterior Analytics. Revised text, introduction, and commentary by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon, 1949. --. Posterior Analytics. Edited and translated by H. Tredennick. Topica. Edited and translated by E. S. Forster. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949. --. The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Bollingen Series 71. 2 volumes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Averroes. Aristotelis Opera cam Averrois Commentariis. 14 vols. Venice apud Junctas, 1562-74; reprint ed., Frankfurt am Main: Minerva, 1962. Vol. I. This volume includes the Epitome, Middle Commentary on the Organon, and the Logical Questions. --. 'Averroes (Ibn Rushd) on the Modality of Propositions'. D. M. Dunlop. Islamic Studies 1 (1962): 23-34. An edition of the third Logical Question. --. Averroes' Middle Commentaries on Aristotle's 'Categories' and 'De Interpreta• tione'. Translated by Charles Butterworth. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. --. Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's 'Poetics'. Translated by Charles Butterworth. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. --. Averroes' Middle Commentary on Porphyry's 'Isagoge' ... and on Aristotle's 'Categories'. Translated by Herbert Davidson. Corpus Commentariorum Averrois in Aristotelem, Versio Anglica, Vol. I,a, 1-2. Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy, 1969. --. 'Averroes' Quaesitum on Assertoric (Absolute) Propositions'. Translated by Nicholas Rescher. Reprinted in Studies in the History of Arabic Logic, pp. 91-105. SELECfED BIBLIOGRAPHY 325
England: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966. A translation of the third Logical Question. --. Ha-Be'ur ha-'Emza'i le-Sifrei ha-Higgayon [Hebrew translations of the Middle Commentary of all nine books of the Aristotelian Organon.] New York Hebrew MS. JTS 2486 (ENA 1744). --. Ha-Be'ur ha' Emza'i shellbn Rushd 'al Seier ha-Mabo' le-Porfiryus ve-Se/er ha• Ma'marot le-Aristoteles. Edited by Herbert Davidson. Corpus Commentariorum Averrois in Aristotelem, Versionum Hebraicum, Vol. I, a (Medium). Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy, 1969. --. Kol Melekhet Higgayon [Epitome of the Organon]. Riva di Trento, 1559. --. Talkhfs Kitiib al- 'Ibiirah. Edited by Mahmoud Kassem, Charles E. Butterworth, and Ahmad Haridi. Cairo: GEB, 1981. --. Talkhfs Kitiib al-Maqoulat. Edited by M. Bouyges. Beyrouth, 1932. --. Talkhfs Kitiib al-Qiyiis. Edited by Mahmoud Kassem, Charles E. Butterworth, and Ahmad Haridi. Cairo: GEB, 1983. --. Talkhfs Kitiib al-Shir. Avicenna. Avicenna's Treatise on Logic: Part One 0/ 'Danish Name Alai' . Translated by Farhang Zabeeh. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1971. --. Al-Shifii': al-Mantrq: al-Madkhal. Edited by G. Anawati, M. EI-Kohderi and El• Ahwani. Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale, 1952. --. Livre des directives et remarques (Kitiib al'lshariit wa'l-Tanbrhat). Translated by A. M. Goichon. Paris: J. Vrin, 1955. Alfarabi. Al-Farabi's Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's 'De Interpretatione'. Translated with an introduction and notes by F. W. Zimmermann. London: Oxford University Press, 1981. --.Ihsii al- 'UlUm [The Enumeration of the Sciences). Edited and Translated by A. Gonzalez Palencia. Madrid, 1953. Alghazali. The Logical Part 0/ Al-Ghaziilr s Maqiisid al-Faliisif in an Anonymous Hebrew Translation with the Hebrew Commentary o/Moses o/Narbonne. Edited and translated by G. B. Chertoff. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1952. Levi ben Gershom (Gersonides). Be' ur ha-Ma' amar ha-Rishon ha-Nimza' la-Filoso/lbn Rushd bi-Kezat 'Inyanei Seier ha-Heqqesh .. .Be' ur ha-Ma' amar ha-Sheni .... [Commentary on the First Treatise Belonging to the philosopher Ibn Rushd ... Com• mentary on the Second Treatise .... ] Bodley Mich. MS. 219 <01. 86> [Neubauer 1633]. The C. Logical Questions. --. Be'ur la-Higgayon [Commentary on Logic]. Vatican MS. Urbinate 35. The MS includes the C.lsagoge, C. Categories and the C. De Interpretatione. The section on the Prior Analytics does not appear to that of Gersonides. 326 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
--. Be'ur la-Higgayon [Commentary on Logic]. Bodley Mich. MS 219 <01. 86> [Neubauer 1633]. The MS includes the C. Prior Analytics (missing the first few pages). --. Be'ur la-Higgayon [Commentary on Logic]. Leiden MS.
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Ashworth, E. J. 'Some Notes on Syllogistic in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 11 (1970):17-33. Bashier, Z. Avicenna's Temporalized Modal Syllogisms. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1973. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 327
Becker, Albrecht. Die Aristotelische Theorie der Moglichkeitsschlusse. Berlin, 1933; reprint ed., Dannstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1968. Bertola, E. 'Levi Gersonide e la 10gica Arabo-Giudaica'. In Pier Lombardo CRevista di teologia, filosofia, e cultura medievale' published by the Seminario S. Gaudenzio, Novara, Italy) 5 (1961): 55-68. Bochenski,I. M. Formale Logik. Vierter Aufgabe. Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber, 1978. --. A History of Formal Logic. Second Edition. Translated by Ivor Thomas. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975. Corcoran, J obo. 'Aristotle's Natural Deduction System' . In Ancient Logic and I ts Modem Interpretations. Edited by J. Corcoran. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974. Delitzsch, F. Catalogus hebraeus manuscriptorum .. .Libsiensis. Grimma, 1838. De Rossi, I. B. MSS Codices Hebraici Bibliothecae .... Panna, 1803. Efros, Israel. Philosophical Terminology of the 'Guide of the Perplexed'. New York: Columbia University Press, 1921. Freimann, Aaron. A Union Catalogue ... of Extant Manuscripts New York; American Academy of Jewish Research, 1973. Geach, Peter T. Commentary on the Prior Analytics. Mimeographed, n.d. Goldstein, Bernard R. The Astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344). New York: Springer, 1985. [An edition and translation, with notes and commentary. of the first twenty chapters of Wars of the Lord V:J.J Gtidemann, M. Das Jadische Unterrichtswesen wiihrend der Spanisch-arabischen Periode. Vienna, 1873. Hintikka, Jaako. Time and Necessity: Studies in Aristotle's Theory ofModality. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. Hubien, Hubert. 'Jean Buridan on the Fourth Figure of the Syllogism' Revue Intemati• onale de la philosophie 29 (1975): 271-285. Husik, Isaac. Judah Messer Leon's Commentary on the 'Vetus Logica'. Leiden, 1906. Hyman, Arthur. 'The Liberal Arts and Jewish Philosophy', Arts liberaux et philosophie au moven age. Actes du quatrieme congres international de philosophie medievale, pp. 98-110. Montreal-Paris, 1969. Jacobi, Klaus. 'Statements about Events: Modal and Tense Analysis in Medieval Logic'. Vivarium 21 (1983): 85-108 Kellner, Menahem Mark. 'R. Levi ben Gerson: A Bibliographical Essay'. Studies in Bibliography and Booklore 12 (1979): 13-23. Keynes, J. N. Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic. London: Macmillan, 1894. Klatzkin, Jacob. 'Ozar ha-Munahim ha-Filosofiyim ve-' Antologyah Filosofit [Thesaurus of Philosophical Terms and Philosophical Anthology]. Berlin: 1926-34; reprint ed., New York: Feldheim, 1968. 328 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
Kneale, William. 'Modality de dicto and de re'. In Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, pp. 620-631. Edited by E. Nagel, P. Suppes, and A. Tarski. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962. Kneale, William and Kneale, Martha. The Development ofLogic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. Knuuttila, Simo. 'Modal Logic'. In the Cambridge History ofLater Medieval Philosophy, pp. 342-358. Edited by Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny, and Jan Pinborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. --. 'The 'Statistical' Interpretation of Modality in Averroes and Thomas Aquinas' Ajatus 37 (1978): 79-98. --. 'Time and Modality in Scholasticism' . In Reforging the Great Chain of Being, pp. 185-235. Edited by S. Knuutilla. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1980. Lear, Jonathan. Aristotle and Logical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Loewinger, D. S., and B.D. Weinryb, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Library of the Juedisch-Theologisches Seminar in Breslau. Wiesbaden: O. Harras• sowitz, 1965. Lukasiewicz, Jan. Aristotle's Syllogistic From the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. Manekin, Charles. 'Logic and Its Applications in the Philosophy of Gersonides,' in G. Dahan (ed.), Essais sur la philosophie de Gersonide. Paris: C.N.R.S., 1992. Manekin, Charles H. 'Problems of 'Plenitude' in Maimonides and Gersonides', in R. Link-Salinger, R. Long, and C. Manekin (eds.), A Straight Path: Studies in Medieval Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honor of Arthur Hyman. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1988. Manekin, Charles. 'Preliminary Observations on Gersonides' Logical Writings', Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 52 (1985), 85-113. Mendelson, I. Descriptive Catalogue of Semitic Manuscripts (Mostly Hebrew) In the Libraries of Columbia University. Typewritten, n.d. McCall, Storrs. Aristotle's Modal Syllogisms. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963. Madkour, I. L'Organon dans la monde arabe. Paris: J. Vrin, 1948. Mill, J. S. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Vol. 9. Edited by J. M. Robson and Alan Ryan. Toronto, 1977. Munk, S. Metanqes des Philosophie Arabe et iuive. Paris, 1859. Neubauer, Adolph. Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library ... Oxford: Clarendon, 1886. Parry, W., 'Quantification of the Predicate and Many-Sorted Logic', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 26 (1966): 342-359. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 329
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--. Die Hebriiischen Handschriften .. .in Munchen, Second Edition. Munich, 1895. --. Die Hebriiischen Ubersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher. Berlin, 1893; reprint ed., Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1956. --. 'Levi ben Gerson', Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Juden• thums, N. S. 37 (1893):127-128. Reprinted in Gesammelte Schriften. Edited by H. Malter and A. Marx (Berlin: Poppe lauer, 1925). --. 'Miscellen'. in M onatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, N. S. 39 (1893): 127-128. Stump, Eleanore. 'Topics: Their Development and Absorption into Consequences'. In The Cambridge History ofLater Medieval Philosophy, pp. 287-291. Edited by Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny, and Jan Pinborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Touati, Charles. La pensee philosophique et tMologique de Gersonide. Paris: Minuit, 1973. Twersky, Isadore. 'Aspects of the Social and Cultural History of Provencal Jewry'. Journal of World History 11 (1968): 185-207. Reprinted in Isadore Twersky. Studies in Jewish Law and Philosophy, pp. 180-203. New York: KTAV, 1982. Vajda, Georges. Isaac Albalag: averroiste juif, traducteur et annotateur d' al-Ghazali. Paris: J. Vrin, 1960. Weil, G. 'Sur une bibliotheque systematiquement pillee par les Nazis'. In Hommage a Georges Vajda. Edited by G. Nahon and Charles Touati. Louvain: Edition Peeters, 1980. Waterlow, Sarah. Passage and Possibility: a study of Aristotle's Modal Concepts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982. Wolfson, Harry A. 'The Twice-revealed Averroes', in Inquiries into Medieval Philosophy: A Collection in Honor of Francis P. Clarke. Edited by James F. Ross. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Co., 1971. Reprinted in Studies in the History of Philosophy and Religion, 1:371-402. Edited by Isadore Twersky and George H. Williams. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1973. Zotenberg, H. Catalogues des manuscrits Hebreux de la Bibliotheque Imperiale. Paris, 1866. Zimmermann, F. 'Some observations on al-Farabi and logical tradition'. In Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition: Essays Offered ... To Richard Walzer, pp. 520- 521. Edited by S. Stem, A. Hourani, and V. Brown. Oxford: Cassirer, 1972. INDEX
Abner of Burgos 265 Metaphysics 191 Abraham Avigdor 9 Poetics 6, 13, 38 Abraham Bar-Hiyya 36 Posterior Analytics 4,6, 13, 37, 171, 194, Alexander of Aphrodisias 3,29,33, 194, 290 238, 239, 300, 234, 234, 234, 234, 234, Prior Analytics 4-6, 13, 16, 18, 28, 35, 234, 234, 234, 39,113,188,189,194, Alfarabi 3-5, 8, 17, 32, 33, 35, 54, 244, Sophisticis Elenchis 5,6, 13, 193 249,252,292 Topics 5,6,13,215 Chapters on Logic 4 Assertoric and possible premises, syllo• Epistle on the Order of the Naming of the gisms mixed from 186-188 Sciences 5 by equivocation 204 Introductory Epistle on Logic 4 conclusion 155-164, 171-173, 174-182, Principles of Beings 3 183-185,280 Short Treatise on the De Interpretatione premise 171-173, 187, 188, 193, 194, 32 221,282,296-298,303 Survey of the Sciences 5 interpretation of 29, 194-196 Alghazali 7, 16, 32, 36, 249 proposition 57, 58 Intentions (Opinions) of the Philosophers rhetorical 24, 58, 196, 282 7,32,249 sentence 56, 199, 235, 239, 241, 276, Ammonius 33 293,295,307 Apagogic syllogism 190 term 86, 87, 178-182, 228 Aristotelian logic v, 12,215 Attribute, accidental 58,59,165-174,241 predicative logic 25, 26 arbitrary 151-154 sentence 25 essential 156-161, 162-164, 165-174, syllogism 22 241,285 syllogistic 21, 51 non-essential 27 understanding of time and modality 27 possible 167-174 Aristotle v, 3, 7, 9,11, 13-23,27,28,33, proper 198, 198 35,37,38,40,42,53,57,61,66, 117, Averroes v, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12-25,30-42,53, 147, 170-173, 189, 191-194,201,202, 57, 108-116, 131, 146, 147, 170, 188, 211,215,221,222,225,226,235,238-- 190-192,194, 195, 199,202,206,207, 240,242-244,247-251,253,255,256, 211,213,225,227,231,238-240,242-- 260,265,266,269,272,277,286,288, 249, 251-253, 255, 256, 260, 263, 265, 289,291,292,300-309 269,270,272,288-290,292,300-309 criticism of 108-11 0, 170-173 Epitome 5 modal syllogistic 26, 300-309 of Books 11-19 of the De Animalibus 14 Categories 4, 5, 13, 34, 201 of the Organon 5,32,211,249 De Caelo 36 of the De Anima 14 De Interpretatione 4,61, 66, 190, 202, of the De Caelo 14 211,216,243 ofthe De Generatione et C orruptione 14 332 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
of the Meteorologica 14 inclusion 209 of the Parva Naturalia 14 membership 209 of the Physics 14 Classes, logic of 21 Logical Questions and Investigations of theory of 21 the Philosophers 12,16,17,20,31,37, Classification of modalities 190 39-42,47,48, 195,227,239,240,242, of sentences 190 288,302,305 Close potentiality 256 Middle Commentary 5,302 Complementary conversion 237,286 on the De Interpretatione 20, 190, 191, Composite syllogism 148,272-273 199,200,213 Concludent premise-pair 21, 22, 24, 52, on the Isagoge 35 253,255,263,268,270,275,285 on the Organon 18,31,34,35 Conclusion, assertoric 155-164, 171-182, on the Metaphysics 191 183-185,280 on the Physics 13, 14,37 essentially on the Posterior Analytics 36, 252 necessary 174-182,183-185,234,280, on the Prior Analytics 19, 20, 192, 297 194-196,246,249,256,260,263,269, possible 169-173,183-185,187,188 270,288 incidentally necessary 155-164,174-182, Physical Treatises 29, 172 183-185 Avicenna 3, 6, 7, 33 necessary 170-173 Axiom, Euclid 12 of the syllogism, relationship between premises and Barbara 258,259,291,300,307,308 129-131 Barbari 258, 268 possible 165-173 Baroco 262 Condition, inseparability 216 Becker, A. 300,301,310 substitution 208 Bedersi 2 syllogistic 118-122,125-128 Bocardo 264 univocity 226, 273 Bochenski, I. 215,269 Conditional sentence 251 Boethian Topic 207 separative 123 topical inference 22 syllogism 123, 124,250-253 editions of the 43-52 Conditions of the first figure 132-135 Bramantip 267 of the second figure 136-138 of the third figure 139-141 Camanes 268 of the fourth figure 142-147 Camestres 262 Connective conditional syllogism 251-253 Celarent 258, 259 Consequences by virtue of the conversion Celarint 258,268 of sentences 88-94 Cesare 261 by virtue of the immediate inference from Class, empty 210 sentences 76-80 INDEX 333
by virtue of the part and the whole 67-74, Epistemological assertoric sentence 195 205-216,218-224,231-270 Equal term 209-210 by virtue of the placement and removal of Equivalence, definitional 212,244 relational particles and prepositions in Equivocation, assertoric by 204 sentences 81-85 possibility by 204 by virtue of subaltemation and obversion Essential attribute 156-161, 162-164, 165-- 75-80 173,241,285 Contra Averroes' rejection of the fourth term 156-161,162-164,174-182,280 figure 146, 147 Essentially Contradiction, principle of 31 necessary 59,88-116 Conversion and subaltemation, law of 21 conclusion 155-164,174-182,183-185, complementary 237,286 235,280,297 modal 225, 226 premise 155-161 of modally-qualified sentence 39 sentence 198 198, 231, 233, 277 of sentences, modality of consequences by term 178-182, 204 virtue of the possible conclusion 169-173, 183-185, 95-116 186-188 rule of 211 sentence 193, 236, 284 Criticism of Aristotle 108-110, 170-173 Euclid 11 axiom 12 Darapti 264 Eudemus 33 Darii 258, 259 Extensional interpretation 218 Datisi 265 Extreme, major 151-154, 155-161, 162- David Ibn Bilia 9 164,174-182,183-185,186-188,294 Defence of the fourth figure 21, 22 minor 151-154, 162-164, 174-182, 183- Definition of the syllogism 117 -185 Definitional equivalence 212,243,244 interchange 212 F elapton 264 Diagram, Venn 254 F erio 258, 260 Did de omni et nullo 22, 206 Ferison 265 Differentiae 70, 71, 72 Fesapo 267 Dimaris 267 Festino 262 Direct syllogism 189 Figure, first 132-135, 155-157, 162-163, Disamis 264 165-166, 174-176, 183-184, 186, 250, Distribution, rule of 249,250 258,266,277,278,282,285,286,290, Division of basic modalities 27 291,295,296,297 of sentences 54 conditions of the 132-134 of syllogisms 119, 120 moods of the 134-135 Doctrine of modalized terms 18 second 136-138,157-158,163,166-167, Empty class 210-211 176-179,184,186-187,260,261,263, 334 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
270-273,279,283,286,292,295,297 necessary premise 155-161, 171-173 conditions of the 136-137 proposition 57 moods of the 137-138 sentence 30,197-199,232,239,278,282, third 136-142, 159, 163-164, 167-168, 284,289 179-180,184-185,187,263,264,270, Inclusion, class 209 280,283,286,293,296,298 Indefinite premise 268 conditions of the 139-140 Indefinite sentences 55 moods ofthe 141-142 Inference, Boethian topical 22 fourth 142-147, 152, 159-161, 168-170, immediate 189 181-182,185,187-188,265,266,267, non-syllogistic 19 269-271,281,284,287,294,296,298 subalternate 212 conditions of the 142 syllogistic 19, 189 contra Averroes' rejection of the 146- theory of 51 147 Inferences defence of the 21, 22 with relational terms and prepositions 21, moods of the 142-147 25 necessity of positing a 145-147 Inseparability condition 216 Figures, priority of the 130, 131 Interchange, definitional 212 Fresison 267-268 Interpretation, extensional 218 of assertoric premise 29 Galen 265 of modal sentence 61 Galenian fourth figure of the syllogism 22, of modality 26 23,265-266 of syllogistic 21,22 Geach, Peter 300, 302 temporal 27 Gersonides, s. v. Levi ben Gerson (Ger• Isaac Albalag 7, 265 shorn) Isagoge 4,5,13,34 Greek wisdom 1 Islamic Aristotelianism 3
Hamilton, Sir William 24, 25, 245, 246 Jacob Anatoli 6, 35, 88 Hasdai Crescas 16 Jacob b. Machir 5, 32 Higher-order rule 42 Jacob's staff 10 Hintikka, J. 191,195,300,302 Jean Buridan 23 Hunain Ibn Ishak 303 Jevons 256 Joseph Ibn Caspi 7, 9, 36 Immediate inference 189 Judah b. Solomon 7 from sentences, consequences by virtue of Judah ben Jehiel Messer Leon 15 the 75-79 Judah ben Samuel Ibn Abbas 7 Incidentally necessary 59,60,88-116 Judah Cohen 9, 17 assertoric sentence 195 conclusion 155-164,174-182,183-185 Keynes, J. N. 250,271-272 INDEX 335
Kneale, W. 198 Majorextreme 151-154,155-161,162-164, Kneale, W. and Kneale, M 26 174-182,183-185,186-188,294 premise 151-154, 162-164, 166-173, Law of conversion and subaltemation 21 174-182, 183-185,202,240,248,258, Leibniz 289 260,262,265,281,285,291,296,297, Levi ben Gershom (Gershom) 300-309 life and works 10-12 term 155-161, 162-164,278 Book ofthe Correct Syllogism v, 12, 13, Mates, B. 212 15,16,17,18-39,passim Membership, class 208 edition 43-52 Middle term 149-154, 155-161, 162-164, Commentary on Averroes' First and Sec• 165-173, 174-182, 183- 185, 186-188, ond Treatises Concerning Some Points 202, 248, 254, 258, 265, 273-275, 285, in the Prior Analytics (c. Logical 287,295-297,307 Questions) 12, 17, 18, 109, 113, 193, Mill, John Stuart 24, 25, 246 240,242,288,292,303,305-306,309 Minorextreme 151-154,162-164,174-182, Commentary on Logic 12-17, 18, 31, 183-185 32,34,37,199 premise 132-135, 136-138, 139-147, Categories 13, 34 149-154, 155-161, 166-173, 174-182, De Interpretatione 32, 244-246 183-185,202,249,256,257,260,263, Posterior Analytics 14, 108 265,266,274,281,285,291,296,297, Prior Analytics 14, 15, 18, 20, 39-41, 307 48,51, 113, 189, 192-197,249,256, Mixed modal premise 42, 174-182 263,266,270,271,277,288 Modal appraisal, rule of 231 Sophisticis Elenchis 14 conversion 225, 226 Topics 14 logic 16,20,21,31,42, 193, 199,200, Commentary on the Physics 13 208,225,226,240,287,300 Wars of the Lord 10, 11, 189, 197,298, operator 301 290 premises, rule of conversion of 19 Linguistic convention, conformity to 24, 25 rule of inference for arguments with 21 Logic and philosophy among Jews in medi• qualification 203,285,286, 303 evalProvence 1-12 qualifier 218,226,227,235,236 Logic, Aristotelian 12,215 sentence 53, 95-116 modal 16,20,21,31,42,193,208,225, interpretation of 61 226,240,286,300 syllogism 9, 53 non-modal 26 syllogistic 18,300-309 of classes 21 Modalities, division of basic 27 propositional 251 Modality, interpretation of 26 quantificational 301 of consequences by virtue of the conver• Long commentary 5,6 sion of sentences 95-116 Maier, A. 266 term 229, 230 336 THE LOGIC OF GERSON IDES
theory of 28 sentence 50,199,235,276,281,307 Modalized class operator 276 simple 100,101,231 tenn 202 subject 98-116 doctrine of 18 retracted sentence 102, 103 system of inferences with 26 syllogism 155-161 theory of 19,42,239,300-309 tenn 86,87,241,296,304,305 Modally qualified tenns, relative extension Necessity of positing a fourth figure 145- of 65,66 147 Model of modality, post-Aristotelian 30 Negative assertoric statement 72 Moods of the first figure 134, 135 Non-contingent 102 second figure 137, 138 sentence 58 third figure 140, 141 tenn 65 fourth figure 142-147 Non-essential attribute 27 Morgan, Augustus de 25,215,250 Non-modal assertoric sentence 196 Moses ben Joshua of Narbonne 9, 266 Non-syllogistic inference 19 Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides) 2-13, Non-temporally-restricted assertoric sen- 32,38,266,268 tence 194 Guide to the Perplexed 2 Nonexistent 209,210,214,223 Logical Terms (Treatise on the Art of Noun, oblique 32 Logic) 3,7,32,38,268 Mishneh Torah 2 Oblique noun 32 Moses Ibn Habib 15 Obversion, rule of 211 Moses Ibn Tibbon 3, 4, 268 Ockham, William of 33, 34 Moses Ibn Ladjis 4 Summa Logicae 34 Mostly-possible assertoric sentence 196 Operator, modal 301 modalized class 276 Natural-deduction system 51 tenn-fonning 26 Naturalness 24 Oral Law 12 Necessary and assertoric premises, syllo- Order of inferences 42 gisms mixed with 174-182 Organon 3,8,12,13,14,35,38 and possible premises, syllogisms mixed from 183-185 Part and the whole, consequence by virtue conclusion 170-173 of the 67-74,205-216, essentially 59, 88-116 Particle 63-85,95-97,149-154 incidentally 59,60,88-116 Particular 69-74, 86, 87 predicate 98-116 affinnative sentence 216 retracted sentence 10 1, 102 mode 86 premise 178-182, 290, 295, 296, 303 premise 209 syllogism with 155-161 sentence 55 proposition 61 tenn 209 INDEX 337
Peter of Spain 22, 33, 207 quantification of the 25, 243-246 Tractatus 33,34 Predicate-necessary term 228 Placement and removal of relational parti• -possible term 228 cles and prepositions in sentences, conse• -retracted premise 161 quences by virtue of the 81-85 sentence 54,62,76-85,88-94,213,217, Plato 33 219,223,224,233,237,241,273 Plenitude, principle of 27,29,31,294 Predicative logic, Aristotelian 25 Porphyry 5 relation 274 Possibility by equivocation 204 sentence 19,49,50,212,222,243,251 true 204 Aristotelian 24 Possible and necessary terms, relation be• syllogism 124,251,253,257 tween 66 Premise, actually existing 186-188 attribute 166-173 assertoric 170-173, 187, 188,221,282, conclusion 164-173 296-298, 303 predicate 98-116 essentially necessary 156-161 retracted sentence 105, 106 incidentally necessary 155-161,171-173 premise 184, 186-188, 237, 295, 286, incidentally possible 297 298,303 indefinite 268 syllogisms with 164-173 major 58, 132-135, 136-138, 139-147, sentence 193,199,235,239 149-154, 162-164, 165-173, 174-182, simple 104, 105 183-185,202,240,249,258,260,262, subject 98-116 265,281,285,291,296,297,307 retracted sentence 106-108 minor 132-135, 136-138, 139-147, syllogism 164-170 149-154, 155-161, 165-173, 174-182, term 86,87,156-161,163,177-182,234, 183-185,202,249,256,257,260,263, 235,241,304,305 265,266,274,281,285,291,286,297, Post-Aristotelian model of modality 30 307 Potentiality, close 256 mixed modal 174-182 Potentially, premise 129-131 necessary 178-182,290,295,296,303 Prantl, G. 266 pairs, concludent 253, 255 Predicate 67-74,95-116, 119-128, 129-- particular 209 132, 136-138, 156-161, 190, 191, 195- possible 184-188,237,295,296-298,303 201,203,204,211,212,214-217,219-- potentially 129-131 223,225,226,229,230,234-236,239-- predicate-retracted 161 243,245,247,248,250,261,266,271, single 211 272,274,275,278,279,281,283,286, subject-retracted 161 287,290,294,301,302,304-308 syllogistic 191,213 necessary 98-116 universal 121-123,128 of sentence 86, 87 Premise-pair 250-260,266,268,274,275, possible 98-116 277,286,291,292 338 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
concludent 21, 24, 263, 268, 270, 275, syllogism 129-131 285 between retracted terms 65,66 Principle of contradiction 31 predicative 274 of plenitude 27,29,31,294 Relational terms and prepositions, Priority of the figures 130, 131 inferences with 21, 25 Prognostic on 10 Proper attribute 197, 198 Relative extension of modally qualified Proposition, assertoric 57,58 terms 65,66 incidentally necessary 57 Retracted sentence 63,64,76-85,189,190 modal 300-309 term 86,87,149-154,212,213 necessary 61 Rhetoric 6, 13,38 Propositional logic 251 Rhetorical assertoric 58 Provence, logic and philosophy among Jews assertoric sentence 29, 195,282 in 1-12 syllogism 162-164 Ptolemy 12 Rule, higher-order 42 of conversion 211 Qalonymous ben Qalonymous 5,6,9 of modal premises 19 Quaesitum 24,122,130,132-135,136-138, of distribution 249, 250 139-147,156-161,163,164-173,174-182, of inference 18,212 184, 185, 187, 188,256,257,260,261, for arguments with modal premises 21 263, 267, 268, 270, 277, 286, 287, 291, of modal appraisal 23 I 292,296,298 of obversion 211 Qualification, modal 203, 285, 286, 303 of subaltemation 211 spatio-temporal 231 Qualifier, modal 218,226,227,235,236 Samuel ben Judah of Marseilles 5,6,9,17, Quantification ofthe predicate 25,243-246 18,40 Quantificationallogic 301 Samuel Ibn Tibbon 2 Quantifier, modal 235 Schema, inference 205 temporal range of 229 230 Scientific utility 256 Scotus, John Duns 28 R. Eliezer 8,9 Sentence, assertoric 56,199,235,239,241, Reasoning, unnatural form of 24 276,293,295,307 Reduction of the middle term in syllogism conditional 251 with retracted terms 151,152 conversion of modally-qualified 39 in syllogism with particles 152, 153 epistemological assertoric 195 in syllogism with modes and temporal essentially necessary 197, 198, 231, 233, linkage 153, 154 278 Relation between possible and necessary essentially possible 193,236,284 terms 66 incidentally necessary 30, 197-199,232, between premises and conclusion of the 239,278,282,284,289 INDEX 339
assertoric 195 Simple sentence 53, 54-61, 88-94, 161, incidentally possible 235 189,213,214,217,219,236,238,244 modal 53,95-116 syllogism 155-161 mostly-possible assertoric 196 term 149-154,212,213,220 necessary 50,199,235,276,281,307 premise 211 non-contingent 58 Solomon b. Joseph Ibn Ayyub 4 non-modal assertoric 196 Song of Songs 33 non-temporally-restricted assertoric 194 Sorites 148,272 particular 55 Spatio-temporal qualification 231 affirmative 216 Statement, assertoric 57 possible 193, 199,235,239 modal 229,230 predicate-retracted 105, 106 negative assertoric 72 simple 104, 105 Subalternate inference 212 subject-retracted 106-108 Subalternation 76 predicate of 86, 87 rule of 211 predicate-retracted 54, 62, 76-85, 88-94, Subject 54-61,63, 64, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 213,217,219,223,224,233,237,241, 78-80, 82-84, 86-103, 105-112, 273 114-116119-128, 129-131, 189-204, predicative 19,49,50,212,222,244,251 210-213, 216, 217, 219-223, 225-227, retracted 63, 64, 76-85, 189, 190 229,230,233,234,235,236,239-245, rhetorical assertoric 29, 195,282 248-250, 259, 261, 266, 270-272, simple 53,54-61,88-94,161,189,213, 275-279, 281, 283, 286, 287, 289-291, 214,217,219,236,238,244 294,301,302,304-309 subject-retracted 54, 62, 76-85, 89-94, logical 304 132,161,200,201,210,211,213,214, mode of 86, 87 217,219,223-225,234,237,238,243, necessary 98-116 258 possible 98-116 temporal assertoric 29 Subject-retracted (negated) sentence 54,62, temporally-restricted assertoric 194 76-85, 89-94, 132, 161, 200, 201, 210, universal 30, 55 211,213, 214, 217, 219, 223-225, 234, unqualifiedly retracted 54, 76-85, 89-94, 237,238,243,258 213,218,219 Substitution condition 208 Sentences, classification of 190 Superalternation 76,212 division of 54 Syllogism, apagogic 189 Separative conditional 123 Aristotelian 22 syllogism 251 composite 148,272-273 Shem Tob Ibn Falaquera 5 conditional 123, 124,250-253 Reishit Hokhmah 5 connective conditional 251-253 Shem Tob Ibn Shem Tob 11 definition of the 117 Simple modal syllogism 53 direct 189 340 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES
Galenian fourth figure of the 22, 23, 265- System of inferences with modalized terms 266 26 modal 9,53 Systems, natural-deduction 51 necessary 155-161 possible 164-170 Temporal assertoric sentence 29 predicative 124, 251, 253, 257 interpretation 27 rhetorical 162-164 range of quantifier 229, 230 separative conditional 251 Temporally-restricted assertoric sentence simple 155-161 194 theory of 12 Term, assertoric 86, 87, 178-182, 228 valid 53,55, 119,202 equal 209-210 with particles, reduction of the middle essential 156-161, 162-164, 174-182, 280 term in 152, 153 essentially necessary 178-182, 204 with retracted terms, reduction of the major 155-161, 162-164,278 middle term in 151, 152 middle 149-154, 155-161, 162-164, Syllogisms, division of 119, 120 165-173, 174-182, 183-185, 186-188, mixed from assertoric and possible 202,248, 258, 265, 273-275, 285, 287, premises 186-188 295-297, 307 mixed from necessary and assertoric modality 229, 230 premises 174-182 modalized 202 mixed from necessary and possible necessary 86,87,241,296,304,305 premises 183-185 non-contingent 65 with assertoric premises 162-164 particular 209 with modes, particles and retracted terms, possible 86,87, 156-161, 163, 177-182, sy llogistic 234,235,241,304,305 conditions of 149-154 predicate-necessary 228 with possible premises 164-173 predicate-possible 228 with retracted terms or particles, retracted 86,87,149-154,212,213 syllogistic conditions of simple 149-154,212,213,220 149, 150 universal 209 Syllogistic, Aristotelian 21, 51 unqualified 65 condition 118-122, 125-128 unqualified simple 86, 87 of syllogisms with modes with particles variable 208, 209 and retracted terms 149-154 Term-forming operator 26 with retracted terms or particles 149, Themistius 3, 33, 37 150 Theophrastus 33, 269, 292, 300 Syllogistic inference 19, 189 Theory of classes 21 interpretation of 21, 22 of inference 5 1 modal 18,300-309 of modal syllogistic 19 premise 191,213 of modality 28 INDEX 341
of mod ali zed tenns 19,42,239,300-309 of syllogism 12 Time and modality, Aristotelian understanding of 27 Todros Todrosi 6, 9 Topic, Boethian 207 Treatment of the quantification of the predicate 21 True possibility 204 Type, assertoric 60
Universal 67-74 assertoric sentence 28, 29, 194 mode 86 negative simple sentence 76-85 premise 121-123, 128 sentence 30, 55 tenn 209 Univocity condition 226, 273 Unnatural fonn of reasoning 24 Unqualified simple tenn 86, 87 tenn 65 Unqualifiedly-retracted sentence 54,76-85, 89-94,213,218,219 Utility, scientific 256
Valid inference 258 syllogism 53,55, 119,202 condition of 20 Validity, logical 256 Variable, tenn 208, 209 Venn diagram 254
Waitz 266 Wisdom, Greek
Yedaya ha-Penini 2, 8
Zabarella 272 Synthese Historical Library Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy
Series Editor: Norman Kretzmann (Cornell University)
1. M.T. Beonio-Brocchieri Fumagalli: The Logic ofAbelard. Translated from Italian by S. Pleasance. 1969 ISBN 90-277-0068-0 2. G. W. Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. A Selection, translated and edited, with an Introduction, by L. E. Loemker. 2nd ed., 2nd printing. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0008-8 3. E. Mally: Logische Schriften. Grosses Logikfragment - Grundgesetze des Sollens. Herausgegeben von K. Wolfund P. Weingartner. 1971 ISBN 90-277-0174-1 4. L. W. Beck (ed.): Proceedings of the Third International Kant Congress. 1972 ISBN 90-277-0188-1 5. B. Bolzano: Theory of Science. A Selection with an Introduction by 1. Berg. Translated from German by B. Terrell. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0248-9 6. 1. M. E. Moravcsik (ed.): Patterns in Plato's Thought. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0286-1 7. Avicenna: The Propositional Logic. A Translation from Al-Shi/d': al-Qiyds, with Introduction, Commentary and Glossary by N. Shehaby. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0360-4 8. D. P. Henry: Commentary on De Grammatico. The Historical-Logical Dimensions of a Dialogue of St. Anselms's. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0382-5 9. 1. Corcoran (ed.): Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0395-7 10. E. M. Barth: The Logic of the Articles in Traditional Philosophy. A Contribution to the Study of Conceptual Structures. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0350-7 11. 1. Hintikka: Knowledge and the Known. Historical Perspectives in Epistemology. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0455-4 12. E.l. Ashworth: Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0464-3 13. Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics. Translation with Commentaries and Glossary by H. G. Apostle. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0569-0 14. R. M. Dancy: Sense and Contradiction. A Study in Aristotle. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0565-8 15. W. R. Knorr: The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements. A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and its Significance for Early Greek Geometry. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0509-7 16. Augustine: De Dialectica. Translated with Introduction and Notes by B. D. lackson from the Text newly edited by 1. Pinborg. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0538-9 17. A. Szab6: The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics. Translated from German. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0819-3 18. luan Luis Vives: Against the Pseudodialecticians. A Humanist Attack on Medieval Logic. Texts (in Latin), with Translation, Introduction and Notes by R. Guerlac. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0900-9 Synthese Historical Library
19. Peter of Ailly: Concepts and Insolubles. An Annotated Translation (from Latin) by P. V. Spade. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1079-1 20. S. Knuuttila (ed.): Reforging the Great Chain of Being. Studies of the History of Modal Theories. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1125-9 21. J. V. Buroker: Space and Incongruence. The Origin of Kant's Idealism. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1203-4 22. Marsilius of Inghen: Treatises on the Properties of Terms. A First Critical Edition of the Suppositiones, Ampliationes, Appellationes, Restrictiones and Alienationes with Introduction, Translation, Notes and Appendices by E. P. Bos. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1343-X 23. W. R. de Jong: The Semantics ofJohn Stuart Mill. 1982 ISBN 90-277-1408-8 24. Rene Descartes: Principles of Philosophy. Translation with Explanatory Notes by V. R. Miller and R. P. Miller. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1451-7 25. T. Rudavsky (ed.): Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy. Islamic, Jewish and Christian Perspectives. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1750-8 26. William Heytesbury: On Maxima and Minima. Chapter V of Rules for Solving Sophismata, with an Anonymous 14th-century Discussion. Translation from Latin with an Introduction and Study by J. Longeway. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1868-7 27. Jean Buridan's Logic. The Treatise on Supposition. The Treatise on Consequences. Translation from Latin with a Philosophical Introduction by P. King. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1918-7 28. S. Knuuttila and J. Hintikka (eds.): The Logic of Being. Historical Studies. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2019-3 29. E. Sosa (ed.): Essays on the Philosophy of George Berkeley. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2405-9 30. B. Brundell: Pierre Gassendi: From Aristotelianism to a New Natural Philosophy. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2428-8 31. Adam de Wodeham: Tractatus de indivisibilibus. A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, and Textual Notes by R. Wood. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2424-5 32. N. Kretzmann (ed.): Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy. Studies in Memory of J. Pinborg (1937-1982). 1988 ISBN 90-277-2577-2 33. S. Knuuttila (ed.): Modern Modalities. Studies of the History of Modal Theories from Medieval Nominalism to Logical Positivism. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2678-7 34. G. F. Scarre: Logic and Reality in the Philosophy ofJohn Stuart Mill. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2739-2 35. J. van Rijen: Aspects ofAristotle's Logic ofModalities. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0048-3 36. L. Baudry: The Quarrel over Future Contingents (Louvain 1465-1475). Unpublished Latin Texts collected and translated in French by L. Baudry. Translated from French by R. Guerlac. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0454-3 THE NEW SYNTHESE HISTORICAL LIBRARY Texts and Studies in the History of Philosophy
37. S. Payne: John oj the Cross and the Cognitive Value oj Mysticism. An Analysis of Sanjuanist Teaching and its Philosophical Implications for Contemporary Discussions of Mystical Experience. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0707-0 38. D.D. Merrill: Augustus De Morgan and the Logic oj Relations. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0758-5 39. H. T. Goldstein (ed.): Averroes' Questions in Physics. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0997-9 40. C.H. Manekin: The Logic oJGersonides. A Translation of SeJer ha-Heqqesh ha-Yashar (The Book oj the Correct Syllogism) of Rabbi Levi ben Gershom with Introduction, Commentary, and Analytical Glossary. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1513-8 41. George Berkeley: De Motu and The Analyst. A Modem Edition with Introductions and Commentary by Douglas M. Jesseph. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1520-0
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