WORKS CITED IN COMMENTARY AND EXCURSUS Ashworth, E. J., 1970. 'Some Notes on Syllogistic in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'. Notre Damelournal of Formal Logic 11: 17-33. Badawi, A. (ed.), 1948-52. Mantiq 'Aristii [Aristotle's logic]. 3 vols. Cairo: Dar al­ Kutiib al-Misriyyah. (Medieval Arabic translation of parts of the the Organon.) Becker, A., 1933. Die Aristotelische Theorie der Moglichkeitsschlusse. Berlin. Reprint ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1968. Bochenski,l. M., 1961.A History ofFormal Logic. IvorThomas (trans.). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. Butterworth, C., 1983. Averroes' Middle Commentaries on Aristotle's 'Categories' and 'De lnterpretatione. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chertoff, G. B., 1952. The Logical Part of Al-Ghazalf s Maqasid al-Falasifa in an Anonymous Hebrew Translation with the Hebrew Commentary of Moses of Narbonne. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. Efros, I., 1921. Philosophical Terminology of the 'Guide of the Perplexed'. New York: Columbia University Press. Efros, I., 1938. 'Maimonides' Treatise on Logic'. Proceedings of the American Academy oflewish Research, vol. 8, pp. 1-136 (Hebrew), 3-65 (English). Feldman, S., 1984. Levi ben Gershom (Gersonides): The Wars of the Lord. Jewish Publication Society. Geach, Peter T., n.d. Commentary on the Prior Analytics. Mimeographed. Hamilton, W., 1860. Lectures on Logic. Edinburgh, London. Hayoun, M. 1983. 'Le commentaire de MOise de Narbonne sur la Terminologie logique de MOise Maimonides'. Daat 10:69-92 (Hebrew), 33-37 (French). Hintikka, J., 1972. 'Leibniz on Plenitude, Relations, and the 'Reign of Law", in H. G. Frankfurt (ed.), Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Press. Hintikka, J., 1973. Time and Necessity: Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality. Oxford: Clarendon. Keynes, J. N., 1894. Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic. London: Macmillan. Kirwan, C, 1971. Aristotle's Metaphysics: Books Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. Clarendon. Klatzkin, J., 1968. 'Ozar ha-Munahim ha-Filosofiyim ve-'Antologyah Filosofit [Thesaurus of Philosophical Terms and Philosophical Anthology]. New York: Feldheim (reprint ed.). Kneale, w., 1962. 'Modality de dicto and de re', in E. Nagel, P. Suppes, and A. Tarski (eds.), Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy ofScience, 620-631. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kneales, William and Martha, 1962. The Development o/Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. WORKS CITED 311 Knuuttila, S., 1978. 'The 'Statistical' Interpretation of Modality in Averroes and Thomas Aquinas' , Ajatus 37: 79-98. Knuutilla, S., 1982. 'Modal Logic' in N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kretzmann, N. and Stump, 1988. The Cambridge Translations ofMedieval Philosophi­ cal Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lear, Jonathan, 1980. Aristotle and Logical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Loemker, L. E., 1969. G. W Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht: Reidel. Lukasiewicz, J., 1957. Aristotle's Syllogistic From the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Manekin, C., 1985. 'Preliminary Observations on Gersonides' Logical Writings', Proceedings of the American Acadeny of Jewish Research 52: 85-113. Manekin, C., 1988. 'Problems of 'Plenitude' in Maimonides and Gersonides', in R. Link-Salinger, R. Long, and C. Manekin (eds.), A Straight Path: Studies in Medieval Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honor of Arthur Hyman. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press. Manekin, C., forthcoming. 'Logic and Its Applications in the Philosophy of Gerson- ides', in G. Dahan (ed.), Essais sur la philosophie de Gersonide. Paris: C.N.R.S. Mates, B., 1965. Elementary Logic. New York: Oxford University Press. McCall, Storrs, 1963. Aristotle's Modal Syllogisms. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Mignucci, M., n.d. Aristotele: Gli Analitici Primi. Naples: L. Luffredo. Mill, J. S. 1977. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Vol. 9. J. M. Robson and A.Ryan (eds.). Toronto: University of Toronoto Press. Parry, W., 1966. 'Quantification of the Predicate and Many-Sorted Logic', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 26: 342-359. Patzig, G, 1968. Aristotle's Theory of the Syllogism. Jonathan Barnes (trans.) Dordrecht: Reidel. Prantl, C., 1855-1870. Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande. 3 vols. Leipzig. rept. Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstait, 1953. Prior, A., 1967. 'Traditional Logic', in P. Edwards (ed.)., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan. Quine, W. V. 0., 1966. 'Three grades of modal involvement', in The Ways ofParadox. New York: Random House. Quine, W. V. 0., 1969. Set Theory and Its Logic. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 312 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES Rescher, N., 1966a. 'Averroes' Quaesitum on Assertoric (Absolute) Propositions' , rept. in Studies in the History of Arabic Logic, pp. 91-105. England: University of Pittsburgh Press. Rescher, N., 1966b. Galen and the Syllogism. England: University of Pittsburgh Press. Rosenberg, S. and Manekin, C., 1989. 'Themistius on Modal Logic: Excerpts of a Lost Commentary on the Prior Analytics' , Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 11: 83- 103. Ross, W. D. (ed.), 1949. The Prior and Posterior Analyties. Oxford: Clarendon. Shehaby, N., 1973. The Propositional Logic ofAvieenna. Boston, Dordrecht: Reidel. Stump, E., 1982. 'Topics: Their Development and Absorption into Consequences', in N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Treddenick, H., 1938 (ed. and trans.) Prior Analyties. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vajda, Georges, 1960. Isaac Albalag: averroiste juif, tradueteur et annotateur d' al­ Ghiiziili. Paris: J. Vrin. Zimmermann, F., 1981. Al-Farabi's Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's 'De Interpretatione' . London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. HEBREW-ENGLISH GLOSSARY (N.B. The order of the main entries is that of the Hebrew dictionary) hasarah: retraction 'ish: individual. 'efshar: possible (n.) , efsharut: possibility histaleq: eliminated 'efshari: possible (adj.) he' eder: privation. be' ur 'asher be-sibub: circular explana­ hippukh: conversion. tion. hefekh: contrary. bittul: absurdity. haqdamah: premise, proposition; haq­ batel: absurd. damah 'efsharit: possible premise; be-khoah: potentially. haqdamah meshulahat: assertoric pre­ bilti nigdar: indeterminate. mise; haqdamah hekhrehit: necessary be-muhlat: unqualifiedly, without quali­ premise, haqdamah musarit: ethical fication. premise. be-miqreh: incidentally. heqqesh: syllogism; heqqesh yashar: be- 'ezem: essentially. correct syllogism, direct syllogism; be-fo'al: actually. heqqesh hilluf: per impossibile syllo­ gebul: term; gebul' efshari: possible term; gism; heqqesh tena' i: conditional syllo­ gebul 'emza'i: middle term; gebul he­ gism. hekhrehi: necessary term; gebul m­ hurkab: composed. usar: retracted term; gebul mezu'i: harkabah: composition. existential term; gebul meshulah: a­ hashabah: reduction. ssertoric term; gebul nishneh: repeated hitba' er, yitba' er: become clear, shown, term; gebul miqri: accidental term; demonstrated. gebul azmi: essential term; gebul hathalah: principle. zedadi: modalized term. virdiz: verdigris. gezerah: statement; gezerah hekhrehit: hibbur: combination. necessary statement; gezerah 'efsharit: homah: quantifier. possible statement; gezerah meshula­ hiyyub: consequence, necessitation, affir­ hat: assertoric statement. mation. darush: quaesitum. hiyyeb, yehayyeb: affirm, necessitate. hebdel: differentia. helqi: particular. hora' ah: signification. helqiyut: particularity. hurkab: composed. homarim: materials. hekhrehi: non-contingent, necessary. hippus: empirical investigation. halazi: rhetorical. yahas: relation; yahas azmi: essential halazani: rhetorician. relation; yahas miqri: accidental rela­ hanahah: assumption, positing. tion. hiniah: assume, posit. kavvanah: intention. kolel: includes, inclusive. 314 THE LOGIC OF GERSONIDES kazav: falsehood. nose': subject. mebuqqash: desired thesis. nikhnas tahat: subsumed under. meguneh: repugnant. nimza': existent, exists. medabber: rational. nimshakh: consequent musar: retracted, ethics. nishneh: repetition. mofet: demonstration. nasu': predicate. moreh, yoreh: signifies. nesi' ut: predication. meyuhad: unique. segulah: property. min: type, species; min ha-heqqesh: syllo­ sug: genus, kind. gistic mood. soter: contradict, contradictory millah: word, particle; millot ha-yahas salaq, yistaleq: eliminate. ve-ha-shimush: prepositions and rela­ setami: indefinite. tional particles. 'ozniyah nifla' ah: griffin. melakhah: art; melakhah 'iyyunit: specu­ 'iyyun: speculation. lative art, melakhah moftit: demonstra­ 'inyan: meaning, content, nature. tive art. zadaq, yizdaq: true; yizdaq 'im: com- melizah: expression. patible with. minhag ha-lashon: linguistic custom. qodem: antecedent. meni'a: mover, moving (trans.) qiyyum: assertion. mezu'i: existential. qazeh: extreme; ha-qazeh ha-qatan: the maqbil: opposite. minor extreme; ha-qazeh ha-gadol: the maqif: encompass. major extreme. mequshar: linked. qishur: link. margish: sentient. re' ayah: proof. meshulah: assertoric ribuy: multiplicity. mishpat: sentence, judgment; mishpat shab,yashub:reduce, become,revert. 'ishi: singular sentence; mishpat helqi: shaveh:equal.