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Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt HSTAFM 162 Lecture 9.2 March 3, 2016 H A of Islam Spreads 31–40 21/5/04 10:48 AM Page 109 BRITISH, FRENCH, DUTCH, AND RUSSIAN EMPIRES of reform in Indian Islam. His aim of creating order, which had accepted Ottoman suzerainty, an Islamic state on liberated territory outside became the source of organized resistance after British control was frustrated by the Sikhs, who the Italian invasion in 1911. defeated him at Balakot in 1831. The Northwest The British and French encountered similar Frontier, however, continued to be the focus of movements of resistance throughout Muslim resistance to British rule long after Barelwi’s Africa. Abd al-Qadir, a shaikh of the Qadiriyya death. Between 1847 and 1908 there were no order, led the resistance to French rule after the less than sixty rebellions against the British. conquest of Algiers in 1830. He established an Many of them had millennarian overtones and Islamic state in the western Sahara. This lasted nearly all were legitimized as jihads against until 1847, when the French finally overwhelmed infidel rule. it and sent him into exile. In 1881 Muhammad Iceland 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 60° E M P I R E Okhotsk SWEDEN R U S S I A N 60° St Petersburg GREAT Moscow BRITAIN NETH. THE POLAND 50° EMPIRE Mongolia Paris FRANCE O Constantinople MANCHU EMPIRE Madrid T T JAPAN PORTUGAL O M Korea 40° A (CHINA) SPAIN Minorca N E M P ALGIERS I R Madeira TUNIS E PERSIA Nagasaki Eurasian Empires c. 1700 AFGHANISTAN Tibet Canary Is. MOROCCO 30° Cairo Spanish possessions Delhi EGYPT A Formosa r a MOGUL EMPIRE Tropic of Cancer b i Calcutta Portuguese possessions Sahara a Diu Macao Daman BURMA ANNAM 20° Gorée Bombay St Louis Philippine Is. British possessions Goa Masulipatam SIAM Albreda Mangalore Fort James French possessions 10° Quilon AssinieElminaAccra Colombo Atjeh Dutch possessions Fernando Póo Sumatra Singapore Borneo 0° A Danish possessions B Celebes I Z N Comoro Is. Makassar Loanda A Russian possessions S. Salvador Z Batavia Java Many of these movements against European Ahmad, a shaikh of the Sammaniya branch of imperialism were led by men trained in the dis- the Khalwatiya, proclaimed himself Mahdi in the ciplines and hierarchies of the Sufi tariqas. In Upper Nile region, and launched a jihad against the Caucasus the Imam Shamil, a leader in the the Egyptian government and its foreign backers, Naqshbandi tradition, waged a campaign who were penetrating the region under European against Russian penetration lasting from 1834 commanders. The defeat of the Mahdi’s succes- to 1839. Although the Islamic state he founded sor at Omdurman in 1898 was hailed by Winston was eventually incorporated into the tsarist Churchill, who witnessed the battle, as “the most empire, Shamil’s memory remained vibrant signal triumph ever gained by the arms of science among the peoples of Daghestan and Chechnya, over barbarians.” The “arms of science” on this who mounted successive revolts against the occasion were the British machine guns. Familiar Russians in 1863, 1877, 1917–19, during the weapons in small-scale punitive expeditions in Second World War, and against the post- much of Africa in the 1890s, here they were used communist administrations of Boris Yeltsin and for the first time against an army of more than Vladimir Putin. In Cyrenaica, the Sanusiya fifty thousand men. 109 The Irresistible Lure of Recognition | 41 figure 2. “Double portrait de Bonaparte, en Double Portraitturban de of mameluk Bonaparte, et en chapeau de général.” c. 1798-1801? Portrait of a Janus-faced Napoleon Bonaparte, sporting a French bicorne and a Mamlūk turban, c. 1798–1801? Estampes et Photogra- phie–res qb-370 (53)-ft 4–De Vinck, 7372. Copyright © Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Napoleon’s republican army was not the old Christian enemy of the Crusades. Critiquing Napoleon’s proclamation in his 1798 Tārīkh Mud- dat al-Faransīs bi Mis.r (History of the Period of the French in Egypt), an eyewitness account of the frst seven months of the occupation, al- Jabartī notes that Napoleon falls one step shy of embracing Islam in his “miserable letter,” since he elides the second half of the shahāda, the Islamic profession of faith: “Ashhadu anna lā ilāha illā Allāh, wa ash- hadu anna Muh.ammadan rasūlu Allāh” (“I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muh.ammad is the messenger of God”).20 Al-Jabartī’s account begins not on a note of attraction to the Sultanate of Mysore Ṭīpū Sulṭān (1750–1799) Napoléon’s Campaign • A large army of 40,000 troops and 10,000 sailors assembled in 1798 at the port of Toulon. • French land on the island of Malta in June, 1798, dispersing the Knights of Malta, a Roman Catholic military order formed during thr Crusades. Murād Bey, ca. 1809. Battle of the Pyramids, July 1798 Battle of the Nile, August 1798 Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904): Napoleon and His General Staff in Egypt (1863). Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904): Napoleon in Front at Cairo (1886). Baron Antoine-Jean Gros (1771-1835): Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa (1804). Baron Antoine-Jean Gros (1771-1835): La bataille d’Abukir (1806). Battle of Alexandria, 1801 figure 1. Arabic proclamation by Napoleon Bonaparte to the people of Egypt, 2 July 1798. Proclamation of NapoléonCopyright © The British Library Board. Bonaparte All rights reserved 1296.h.12.(1.) to the people of Egypt, 2 July 1798. In the name of God the beneficent, the merciful, there is no god but God, he has no son nor associate in his reign. On behalf of the French Republic founded on the basis of Liberty and Equality, General Bonaparte, head of the French army, lets it be known to the people of Egypt that for too long the Beys who govern Egypt have insulted the French nation and have snubbed our merchants: the hour of their punishment has arrived. For too long this pack of slaves bought in Georgia and the Caucasus have tyrannised most of the world; but God, the Lord of the Universe, the all powerful, has ordered that their empire come to an end. People of Egypt, you will be told that I have come to destroy your religion; it is a lie, do not believe it! Reply that I have come to restore your rights, to punish the usurpers; that I respect God, his prophet and the glorious Coran more than the Mamelukes. Tell them that all men are equal before God; wisdom, talent and virtue are the only differences between men. Now, what wisdom, what talent, what virtues distinguish the Mamelukes so that they have exclusively all that makes life pleasant and agreeable? Are there good lands? They belong to the Mamelukes. Are there beautiful slaves, beautiful horses and beautiful homes? They belong to the Mamelukes. If Egypt is their farm, let them show the lease God has given them. But God is just and merciful towards the people; and with the aid of the All Powerful, from this day on, no Egyptian will be prevented from acceding to an eminent post: the wisest, the most educated and the most virtuous will govern, and the people will be happy. Once there were great towns among you, large canals, great commerce. Who destroyed all this, if not the greed, the injustice and the tyranny of the Mamelukes? Cadis [Mohammedan judges], Sheiks, Imams, Tchorbadjis, tell the people that we are the true Muslims. Did we not destroy the pope who said that we have to make war on Muslims? Did we not destroy the Knights of Malta, because those madmen believed that God wanted them to make war on Muslims? Have we not, throughout the centuries, been friends of the Sultan (may God fulfil his desires!) and the enemy of his enemies? Have not the Mamelukes, on the contrary, always rebelled against the authority of the Sultan, whom they still repudiate? They do as they like. Three times happy those who are with us! They will prosper in fortune and rank. Happy are those who remain neutral! They will have the time to learn to know us, and they will side with us. But misfortune, three times misfortune, to those who take up arms with the Mamelukes and fight us! There will be no hope for them: they will die. H A of Islam Spreads 23–30 21/5/04 10:12 AM Page 88 H A of Islam Spreads 23–30 21/5/04 10:12 AM Page 89 HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1650–1920 The Ottoman Empire 1650–1920 0° 10 20° 30° ° 50° ° RRUSSIAN20° 40 EMPIRE G E R M A N Y 50° IA EA OL RIM At its peak in the sixteenth century the POD E C Dn TH iest 1699 OF Azov er TE C Ottoman system was highly efficient. But it B NA a Paris ES HA SA K 1774 s R N p M A SA D also contained crucial weaknesses, notably the B JEDI A i enna O G Vienna IA E a L 1792 S n D T system of succession. In nomadic societies the Y A A R A H U N G IA 1812 N H AN 1829 V C a u c a s T R I A - NSYLV u s 1723 A U S TRA I S F R SWISS A absence of a fixed mode of succession has a A N e C E CONFED.
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