CLEAR THE WAY
By Major General Robert B. Fl.owers Comnumdant. U.S. Army Engineer School
o tell you that Lhe Army and tbe Regiment wiU face ir. to MLC 70 bridge capability if we fail in our efforts to unique challenges and exciting changes ahead restore the Wolverine. would be an understacement. You know as T • Jmproving the ACE by increasing its dozing. armor well as J that the CSA's Transformation SLrategy, aJLhough prote<.:tion, and communication capabilities, as well as desperately needed to align Anny capabilities with known improving its maintenance and sustainability. threats through 2010, requires major paradigm shifts as well as tough resourcing decisions. • Modernizing the Engineer Squad Vehicle to a Bradley for greater survivability through lethality and commonalty with Central to ensuring that the Anny can achieve the desired the Brigade Combat Team. end state for the "fnilial Force" (present to 2003) were some extremely agonizing resourcing decisions that resulted in the • Continuing to demonstrate the requirement for an Engineer Presidential Budget Decision 745 remunation ofthe Grizzly and Brigade headquarters in the force structure or Lhe Force Wolverine programs. Since announcing the decision, we have XXT Heavy Division. secured Lhe backing and public support of key MACOM TheGrizzly and Wolverine situation, as well as numerous commanders, CINCs. and senior Anny leaders in the Pentagon. other issues affecting the regime nt. will be discussed during We now very much expect I.hat Congress will reverse the our upcoming Engineer Force (ENFORCE) 2000 Conference. decision this summer. The USACE DPW Training Workshop will meet l -3 M ay. With this understood, 1 assure you that your Engineer MACOM engineers wil l meet 2 May. We will all gather School bas beeufeverishly working to position the Grizzly and together as One Regiment for theremainder of the ENFORCE Wolve1ine program for success. Our strategy has already hegun 2000 Conference 3-5 May. The ENFORCE 2000 Golf Tournamenl is scheduled For 6 May. to reap some benefits. We wereable to s~cure sufficient FYOO funding to procure 14 Wolverines- enough to field an entire The ENFORCE 2000 Conference the me is "Engineers battalion ~et later this year at Fort Hood. We also feel that we Shaping the New Millennium." A key undercuITentofchis year's have positioned ourselves to rcstaJt the program with minimal conference is the remembrance of tJ1e 50tl1 anniversary of lhe effort by gaining support for placing the Grizzly and Wolverine Korean War. I will deliver the commandant's "Stale of lhc on the Army's l-N list of essential unfinanced programs. Jn Branch" presentation- a candid update of our branch. fact, both are in the top 20 andstand a greatchance for restarting Lieutenant General JoeN . Bal lard, our Chiefof' Engineers, will whenever Congress allows. We expect the first decision point conclude the formal agenda with a " S1a1e of the Regiment" on restarting by 4th qua11er FYOO. presentation. The conference finale will be the 12th Annual Additionall y, we havebegun efforts to evaluate alternatives Engineer Regimental Dinner, du1ing which the ltschner, G1inly, in case the Grizzly and Wolve1ine are not allowed to resta1t. and Sturgis Awards and the Gold de Fleury Medal will be Recognizing chat none will folly replace the phenomenal presented. capabilities of e ither the Grizzly or Wolverine. our initiatives This year's conference admini))trative information and include registration are available via the Imeroet on the Fort Leonard • Rescoring personnel and equipment-specifically 57 Wood home page. Spouses are invited to join the Regimental sappers, 9 ACEs, and an M 113- to the Force XXl Heavy Dinner and other conference social activities. Informati on Engineer Battalion force structure. outlining activities available for spouses during their stay <.:an also be found on the Fo1t Leonard Wood home page. • Restarting the MICLIC replacement prngram. specifically the Explosive Standoff Minefield Breacher (ESMB), to It is imperative thar wecontinue speaking wit.hone voice as provide standoff capability against aJI su1face and buried One Corp.I'. One Regimen/, One Team. Your input and a<.:tive minefields effective against all known threats through 2010. participation are critical to guide and strengthen our actions. 1 look forward to seeing you al Fon Leonard Wood. Be sure to • Reviewing hest alternatives co upgrade che AYLB by study for I.he lest! impruving its hydraulics and electrical systems, adding a new suspension, replacing the power train, and upgrading Essayons ! Volume 30 PB 5-00-2 UNITED STATES ARMY FEATURES ENGINEER SCHOOL 2 Transforming the Engineer Regiment By Lieutenant General Joe N. Ballard COMMANDANT 6 The Engineer Regiment in Kosovo Major General Robert 8. Flowers By Colonel Robert L. McClure 11 Cobra Gold '99 Tests the Eight-Step Training Model MANAGING EDITOR By First Lieutenant Matthew Luzzatto Lynne Sparks 14 Route Reconnaissance: A Lost Art By Captain Matt Pasvogel FEATURES EDITOR 17 A Guide to the U.S. Army Engineer Museum Shirley Bridges By Kim Combs CONTRIBUTING EDITOR 18 The Army School System: One Army, One Team, Mattie Kirby One Standard By Major Maurice E. Gissendanner GRAPHIC DESIGNER 20 The Army Engineer Diver JenniferMorgan By Captain James Kisiel and Master Sergeant Marcus King 22 Engineer Doctrine Hierarchy and Publications By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Renumbering ERIC K. SHINSEKI By Lieutenant Colonel Harry Rossander 26 Understanding AC/RC Assignments General, United States Army By Major Diane T. Cummins-Lefler Chief of Staff 28 Constructing Pavements W ith Recycled Waste Materials By James E. Shoenberger Official: 30 Sets, Kits, and Outfits: Technical Trades and Topography µ p!IJ__J By Alan Schlie 34 GIS - The Bridge Into the Twenty-First Century JOEL B. HUDSON By Lieutenant Colonel Tim Rensema. Mr. Craig Erickson. and Administrative Assistant to the Captain Steve Herda Secretary of the Army 40 EOBC and EOAC Update 0006106 By Captain Sam Hudson Front Cover: "One Aegiment"-Active. Reserve, Nationaf Guard, and Corps of Engineers work to revo· lutionize the way the Army provides suppo11. DEPARTMENTS
Back Cover. Soldiers of the 8th Engineer Ba/talion. Inside front cover: Clear the Way 42 CTC Notes 1st Cavalry Division. put logs under the weakened 24 Book Review 46 Engineer Update support of a bridge near Yangzi, Korea, to prevent its collapse until a lank retriever can arrive and remove 37 Past in Review 49 Lead the Way the M·4 tank. (28 Jan 5 1) 39 The Engineer Writer's Guide
ENG INEEA (ISSN 0046- 19890) 1s prepared quanerly by the U.S Army Engineer professional development. Views expressed are those of the author and no1 School. 320 Eng.neer Loop. Su11e 210, Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473·8929. Second those ol th e Departmef'\t of Defense or its elemen1s The contents do no1 Class postage 1s paid al Foo Leonard Wood, MO, and ado'1!1onal mailing offices. necessarily reflect ofhc1at U.S. Army pos1hons and do not change or super· sede information m other U.S. Army publications. Use of news items const1· POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Engineer Profsss1on;;/ Bullerin. tules neither affirmation oC their accuracy nor product endorsement Erlginee1 320 Engineer Loop, Su110 210. Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473·8929. reserves the right lo edit malenal. CORRESPONDENCE. letters lo the editor, manuscr pts, pholographs, ol· CONTENT 1s not copyrighled. Matenat may be reprinted 11credit is given to l1ctal uni! requests 10 receive copies. and unit address changes should be sent Engineer and lhe author to Engineer al the preceding address. Telephone· (573} 563-4104. OSN 676· 4104 Engineers e-mail address 1s· [email protected] Our Internet home OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION is 1argered 10 all eng1"eer and engineer-related unns page is located al: http //www.woo April 2000 Engineer J harle!\ Darwin once said. " It is : programs-the W olverine and the Initial Brigades Grizzly- have been put on the shelf. not the strongest ofthe speries I s h:is been well publicized. the that .rnrvive, nor the most I Second, the new Initial Brigade will have C ne w Initial Brigade calls for only one organic engineer company. And i111ellige11f, but the 011e nuw responsive I only one engineer company ro third, the rorce structure for engineer A to change." This quole is very ap- j be organic to it. We have become units that are echelons above ctivision propriate. given the changes occurring accustomed to a brigade having a full and corps will probably be reduced. inthe Anny. General Shinscki realized that battalion of e ngi neers. T he trans the Anny had to change. to transform These changes require our regiment I fom1ation is a fact of life, and it is unlikely itself to meet rbe needs of the current to do some innovative thinking to that the Jnitial Brigade structure will global environment. The Anny's vision determine how we will prnvide world- 1 change signi ficantl y with regard to its is to produce a more deployable force class engineer supporc to this more organic engineers. Tbis company wil1 that is lethal and survivable. As the Army deployable Army. What we need to do have many of the capabilities chat arc changes, so will lhe Engineer Regiment. as a regiment is get on board wirh the already found in a m.echani,ed engineer We can either swim with the current of I transformation and decide how the company. The chaUenge is to accompli~h change and make it across the river or . can Army I regiment best support the new all the mobility, countermobility, and swim against the currenc and drown. vision. survivability tasks for the Initial Brigade For the Engineer Regiment to properly I challenge you to consider how we that an engineer banalion provide!> now. support the new. more mobile Army. we can optimize ourperfonnance, given the TileEngineer School and TR.A.DOC are will have to revolutionize the way we structure already determined for the working to determine how this engineer provide ~upport . This metamorphosis Initial Brigade CombatTeam<;. We don't company will fight and how it will be will be even more difficult if we are not J have all the answers because tbe augmented during contingencies. There unified. transformation is still in its early stages. are still a lot of problems to be resolved. The Anny transformation has posed But in this article, l'd like to share ~omc Probablythe most important rhing that we several c hallenges to the Engineer of my thoughts on recent events and can do as a regiment is to influence the Regiment. First, two of our procurement where 1think the regiment needs to go. force ~truccure at the di vision level. 2 Engineer April 2000 We are continuing to \VOrk to keep the contractor resources thatwe can cap into. engineer brigade structure. This com Army It must leverage the capabilities ofCorps mand elemem is essential i.n order to "As the changes, labs, districts, and divisions. coordinate augmenting engineer forces. We have been working on several We are also working to ensun: that there so will the Engineer initiatives to provide this type of are augmenting engineers available al the support. One initiative chat we are division level. Our challenge will be to Regiment. We can currently working with the Army Staffts justify tothe Army what the right engineer aimed at improved delivery of engineer mix is to supportthe force. To do that, we either swim with the <;ervices above Lhe tactical level. This have co develop sound reasons for plan wi ll better use the resources and retaining force structure. current ofchange and command-and-control structure of che The Army transition strategy ha$ engineer MACOM. raised the questi on, "How do we provide tnake it across the river USACB division commanders are the best engineer services to the Army aggressively engaged with every CINC and DoD?" The regiment's place in the now, and we will increase planning staffs new Anny wil I be deceiminedby how well or swim against the to integrate with CINC operat.ions over we answer that question. cbe rest of this year. We are work.ing as a We mustuseourcollectiveexperience current and drown." partof the Army Transformation Team to and knowledge 10 define practical, dramatica]Jy improve how the regiment workablesolutions to these problems. We providesengineerservices to U.S. forces. will know more as thenew brigades begin whether they are in tracked or wheeled The engineer support to Kosovo is a to train and test their new force structure. vehicles, themaneuver forces will require good example of how engineer services Tchallenge everyone in the regiment to mobility support, and it is our can optimize Lhe effectiveness of the stay engaged. The results of these responsibility to provide that support. force. USACE's North Atlantic Division brigades' training exercises will affect How willwedo that, given the constraints wa.~ directly engaged with EUCOM to every engineer's future. placed upon us? deliver che required engineer services I above the tacrical level. By using the full Wolverine and G rizzly I Engineer Services I spectrum of engineer capabilities s l mentioned earlier, we have , t is clear that the Anny will soon be , available, wewere able to get U.S. forces Jost fun.ding for the Wolverine I a lighter, more deployable force. For I inLo winteriied billets within 90days (see 1 anicle on page6). A and Grizzly. l e looks as if one 1 I the Engineer Regiment LO be of the I battalion's worth of equipmenl will be greatest benefit co tbat force, we need to During this mission, we reachedback fielded in the case of the Wolverine. The I be able to bring the full capabilities of the co the USACE Jabs and district personnel Grizzly program will be stopped and I regiment to bear on any sinrncion. That to acquire technical assistance as well as positioned so that it can be restarted if I means we mustdo a fundamentaJ relooka1 I contractor support. Tt was truly a funds become available. These systems the full spectrum of engineer support to , coordinated effort between every aspect 1 are al the top of the Army's list of J 1he Anny and to our Joint forces. of the regiment. And it worked! unfunded priorities. We need to keep I The old ad hoc delivery of engineer USACE has sLructured itself to be pushing for them. I services lo the multitude of contingency theater-focused. A general officer from It is a facl that there is a lack of ca- ! operations around the world simply does one ofour major subordinate commands pability inside our current structure to n01 meet the standard that is expected is focused on each theater. Each CINC conduct gap crossings and breachings. ' from the regiment. We must have a clearly headquarters will soon have a USACE The transformed Army will be a full- I understood, well-coordinated doctrinal planning cell. This is a natural extension spectrum force. These systems are process for engineer support, from of the work USACE is doing around the needed to support a high- to medium- l minefields to theater operations. This world. The added planning resources will intensity confli ct. Engineer School process must better use the resources strengthen USACE ties and reinforce rhe personnel are analyzing otherequipment and command-and-control structure of existi11g ENCOM planning link for major that is more deployable. These newer USACE-the engineer MACOM. Itmusr theater war scenarios. Also, the USACE systems will be the first to the battlefield. leverage the strengths of our engineer planning cell will fill Lhe gap in Butthe larger, more survivable equipment troop units-both active and reserve engineering planning that exists for wi II still be required to preventcasualries while minimizing weaknesses. It must contingency operations such as the and ensure mobility. Regardless of leverage the tremendous worldwide flooding in Mozambique. April 2000 Engineer 3 The goals are to build on the current I by rhe time this article is p ublished, may structure a success. We must learn to interaction between each CINC's staffand already be determined. However. as a communicate with one another. USACE and to Lake advantage ofcurrent regiment, we need to focus on the deep Recently MG Halvorsen, commander engineer theater engagement under fight. After the structure of the engineer of the Texas National Guard's 49th programs such as foreign military sales forces is determined, how will we Armored Division, took charge of rhe and nation-assistance projects. The operate? Can we predict the challenges U.S. forces in Bosnia. Tb.is is Lhe first lime result will be better engineer support to and shortcomings of the new s1rueture d1e active-duly soldiers in Bosnia have a11 ClNCs across the full operational before lhey become crises? Some of this come under the control of a commander spectrum. will shake out as lhe new brigades stm1 from the National Guard. This is not an to train. But the integralion of these isolated incidenl-this is the future. For The Future brigades with division and echelon engineers, this is even more sig11ificant he future of the Anny is to be a above-division engineers will take the because under the new Army structure, more deployable force. For collectiveenergies ofrheentire regiment active-duty soldiers will find themselves T engineers to be of full benefit in to determine 1he best supp01t ratios aod working much more often with reserve that force, we need to be innovative and operating techniques. and National Guard e ngineers. To develop a force thal is agile and Lastyear, 1published an article in this provide seamless support, we must be synchronized across the battlefield and magazine challenging the regiment to able lo operate together. That is why the fu ll spectrum of conflict. Each focus o n working as a unified or communication. cooperatio n, and cornponenr of lhe regiment must work ganization. At a recent Senior Reserve informarion sharing is so critical. together as a focused team. We must Engineer Conference, the commanders The Army is c hanging. and the make reali ty. We the tem1 One Regiment a briefed some oftheir efforts co help fo1m E ngineer Regiment is going to change can concinue to provide a full spectrum a more unified te.cun. We have made some wilh it- there is no doubL about that. of engineer services to the Army with a progress, but we sti ll have a long way to There is a Jot we can wring our hands lighter, moredeployable force. To do this. go. about, but hand-wringing isn'l going to we must have seamless integration of all The transformation of the Engineer help matters. Now is the time for aspect.~ of the regiment. Our goal is to Regiment cannm be accomplished by a leadership. and for the entire regiment, maximize e ngineer support with th e small group of officers in the Pentagon to pull rogerher. No one is well-served if smallest footprint possible. or the Engineer School. It takes the ' the regiment is piece-meakd by All the changes and initiatives I just collective input of every component of equipment cuts here and personnel cuts mentioned are the close fight. These are the regiment to ensure that we capture there. We cannot afford to play catch-up actions that we are currently worlcing and, the ideas we can use to make our new as the transformation p lan for the Army Soldiers from the SOth Engineer Company, 1st Platoon, and the 2d Battalion, 9th Infantry, pull together two sections ofpontoon bridge on the lmjin River in the Republic of Korea. They are participating in the exercise as part of the U.S. Army Officer Professional Develop ment Program. 4 Engineer April 2000 Army engineers from A Company, 40th Engineer Battalion, and A Company, 20th Engineer Battalion, push a partially constructed Mabey and Johnson bridge into position at Camp Demi, near Kladanj, Bosnia-Herzegovina. vision is exectlled. We musl get out I engineer chain of command to the In conclusion, I would like lo share i ahead now with a solid engineer support I decision with you the words of President Dwight I makers. plan. We a ll must be engaged in this Be an active part of the dialogue at D. Eisenhower, who said, " Engineers planning for e ngineer support to the I • your level. Make sure your soldiers build.for rhe furure. not merely for the Army and the nation. [t is up to us to and junior leaders know what is needs of men but. for their dreams as ensure that these changes do not happening. Tt will affect their future. well. Thus. i11herently, the engineer :~ jeopardize the safety of our soldiers or work is a fearless optimism that lije • Talk to people al the Engineer School. the defense of our country. will go forward and that the future is They are rhe proponents for these worrh worki11g for. " Cha11 enges to the Regiment changes, and they need information concerning issues in the f ield. I challenge all of YQY lo go out and hese are my challenges to the work co keep the regiment ready to meet members of the Engineer Lhe needs of the Army. T Regiment: During my more than 35 years in the w Army, l have never seen the Engineer Essayons! • Be a student ofchange. Pay attention Regiment presented wi th the magnitude to th e results ofthe testing orthe new Lieurenam General Ballard is Chief of changes that are happening as wc structures and equipment. ofEngineersandCommanderofthe U.S. speak. Meeting the challenges chat the Anny Corps ofEngineers. He previously • Be .knowledgeable of how engineers Army transformation provides is an served a,1· ChiefofStaffofthe U.S. Army are integrating into the Army vision. opportunity for us to become more Training and Doctrine Command. Fort efficient: to be a stronger, more unified • Talk to the forces you support about Monroe, Virginia. LTG Ballard is n team; and to revolutionize our support their requirements and engineering registered professional engineer in civil ro the Army. We mu s t rise to 1he changes. Ensure that their ideas and engineering. concerns are relayed tbrougb the challenge. April 2000 Engineer 5 ne En81eer Be•ent ID IOSOYO By Colonel Robert L. McClure or the better par1 of 1999, much For engineers, that was a bit of a convinced decision makers to reach base of the world's attenlion was s hame because what happened in camp "end state" as quickly as possible. Ffocused on Serbian President Kosovo after June is just short of a Because of uncertai.nty about the Slobodan Milosovec's ethnic atrocities 1 miracle: two base-camp "cities" were Bosnian mission's duration, when the in Kosovo as well as NATO's 78-day erected in record time lo house the Am1y moved across the Sava River into bombing campaign that eventually American force and its allies before the Bosnia in 1995, soldiers were housed compell ed Milosovec co stop and accept onset of a harsh BaJkan winter. For me first in tents - in the winter! Only yea.rs deployment of an international peace personally, Kosovo after June 1999 was later were they moved to semipermanent keeping force in lhat beleaguered an engineer"s dream. While perhaps not Southeast Asia (SEA) huts (a theater-of province. American soldiers first entered news ro the rest of the world, in Kosovo operations design that first made its debut Kosovo on 12 June as pare of tha1 force the Engineer Regiment again proved its in Vietnam) on base camps. Engineer and began to establish a safe and secure versatility and worth to the Army and, planners knew it was much more cost environment. Tne media gradually began more importantly, to our soldiers. effective to forego this gradual approach co pull out of Kosovo, so by the end of in Kosovo in favor of building end-state the year, Kosovo, along with Bosnia, Planning SEA huts right away, and operational became essentially "backwaters" of commanders agreed with th is approach. ngineer planning for operations International interest. The Ru~sian war in Kosovo began months The First Infantry Di vision ( UD), in Grozny, the new millennium before the first bomb was known as the " Big Red One," was celebrations, and other issues com E dropped. At the outset, planners wanted tapped to be the first unit in Kosovo. The manded headlines. to use the lessons learned in Bosnia and division's Engineer Brigade would A view of Camp Bondsteel 6 Engineer A.pril 2000 oversee the sapper and construction engineer effort. A relatively new entity {engineer brigades within divisions were formed less Lhan JO years ago), the or ganization would prove its worth by in tegrating engineers from outside the di vision, indeed around the world, into the cnsk-force effort. The Engineer Brigade commander at the rime, COL Joseph Schroedel, and his staff worked tire lessly al a base-camp plan that would incorporate all tbe necef.sary requirc menu; and still be functional for the mis sion. Incorporating requirements from force-protection expens and safery spe cialists, Engineer Brigade personnel laid out a base-camp "template" that depicted where soldier living areas should bear ranged in relation lo helicopter flight Camp Bondsteet, 15 June 1999 lines, ammunition holding areas, etc. At tl1e same time, planners also Look geo logic dcita (obtained from rhe Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, Mis sissippi) that indicmcd possible under ground water sources and marched the data to possible camp locations that had been selecred from satellite imagery. The engineer force assembled in Kosovo in the summer of I 999 consisted of more than l ,700 personnel under the command and control of llD's Engineer Brigade. Foremost was the organic 9th Engineer 13:.iti;i li on, whose mission was lo provide direct support to I ID's 2d Brigade Combat Team. Attached construction units incl uded the 94th Engineer Combat Battalion (Heavy), wi ch the .'i35th Combat Support Equipmem Company from Germany; Camp Bondsteel, 15 October 1999 Naval Mobile Co1mruction Battalion 3 of uni ts and agencies on the camp, assist in the r. ask-force headquarters that (Seabee.~) from California ; A Company, with final design, and ensure that 864th Engineer Battalion from Fort maintained a database of all known and standards were being met by both suspected mine locations in sector and Lewi:< , Washington; and the 568th contractor and construction engineers. alo;o coordinated United Nations and Combat Support Equipment Company I This team came with its own video from Fort Riley. Kansas. humanitarian demining operations. teleconference sysrem back to districts A lso auached to lhe11D Engineer in the states and made the term "tele Mission Brigade were explosive-ordnance engineering" come alive, More than he mission was simple. daunting. disposal units and a team of about 30 once, the answers to cough engineering and as broad as any the Corps of military and civilian engineers from the questions were no more_than a celephone I T Engineers had ever faced. First U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers Baltimore I call away. A construcuon-management and foremost, it •vas ro provide direct Districc with expertise ranging from seccion atcached to the brigade staff engineer support to the maneuver structural to electrical to environmental assisted the construction battalions wich ' commander with mobility and force engineertng and more. The team's job design and layout of various projects. protection so rhat a safe and secure was to integrate the finaJ requirements The brigade staffed a mine-action center environment could be established in April 2000 Engineer 7 Lhe areas selected for the two base camps- Bondsceet and M onl.eith. In all, elements of the 9th built more than 17 kilometers of fence in Kosovo, I 0 ki lometers around the perimc1er ofCamp Bonds[eel alone. Additionally. the bacralion reconnoitered more than 320 kilometers of roads and c lassified 75 bridges for mi li tary use by s appers. Because of the magnitude of the overall peacekeeping mission, one company from the 9th was reorgani~ed as infantry and attached to a mechanized infanLry battal ion to conduct presence patrols near the city of Gnjilane (sec Engineer. February 2000, page 6). Ocber missions for the 9th included clearing mines and ordnance when they impeded maneuver Camp Monteith, 1 July 1999 and cons tructing force-protection bunkers on base camps to proLect against possible indirect fire. TI1e construction effort began in earnest around the first ofJuly with the affivat of lhe S eabee battal ion overl;md from Albania, where the battalion had been h part of Task Force Hawk during che air war. The Se abees occupied C R Engineer April 2000 Soldiers from the 9th Engineer Battalion set up concertina wire around the construction area at Camp Bondsteel. camp is also the center of tactical activity the staff planning conducted early on. Its ' about a company's worth-in a "quad" in the American sccror because of Lhe layout is very similar to the templated of SEA huts tha! were then surrounded mi xed ethnicity of the surrounding camp design, adjusted only for the terrain by a force-protection wall. We covered population and rhe camp's proximity lo and other factors. the plywood floors with linoleum and the Russian battalion serving alongside The numbers involved in building both hung plasterboard on the walls for fire other peacekeepers in Kosovo. Jndeed, Lhe camps were staggering. At the height of the resjstance. We installed smoke detectors, first American fire support for Russian effort, about l,\fX'J expatriates hired by Brown emergency lights, and eight electrical forces sin ce W orld War IT-J 55 &Root,alongwirh more than 7JXJJ Albanian outlets in each bay. The SBA huts had milliroeter illumination rouods- were local nationals, joined the l ,700 mililary vertical supports thar rested on concrete fired from Lhe anillery positions made by engineers. From early July and into October, footers placed on compacted earth and Seabee engineers ar Camp Monteith. con$truction at both camps continued 24 gravel. We used no founda£ions and did But Camp Bondsteel is the "Grande hours a day. 7 days a week. wi.th perllaps nol place footers on fill because of Dame'· in Kosovo of what engineers do. half a day each week for soldiers to perfonn settlement. We installed a healer/air Spread over almost 900 acres of rolling personaJ chores and equipment maintenance. conditioner and a small window at each wheat fields, ii was picked early on lo More than a quarter-million 2 by 4s were end of the bays. We routed electricity, become what it is today-the major ' used, along with almost 200 tons ofnaiJs and water, and communicalions utilities American base camp in theater. Within more than 100 miles ofelectrical cable. More underground and prefabricated walls and its fenced perimeter arc more than J75 tlJan ahalf-million cubic yards of earth were other sections so they cou ld be SEA huts, a 30,000-square-foot head moved on Bondsteel alone, and Lhe gravel constructed quick! y. quarters building, an ammuni tion used al both camps would cover a two-lane Toward the end of September, it was holding area, motor pools, chapels, road from St. Louis to Kansa~ City. taking about 18 days from initial site recreation and dining facilities for about Camp construction centered around preparation to complete a SEA hut for 5,000 American and allied soldiers, and the SEA huts. Each li ving-area bay was 1 30 soldiers. with dozens of them under a helicopter airport with more than 50 16 by 32 feet-almost exactly the size construction at any one time. In the end, parking pads. Water is piped into each of lhe familiar medium, general-purpose more than 700,000 cubic feet of living hut from huge holding bags filled by tent. In Kosovo, we joined five of these space had been built-equal to a several wells in camp. And there's even bays and a Jatrine under one roof. We subdivision of some 355 houses-all in a wastewater treatment plant. ll is Camp planned for six soldiers per bay. 30 less than 90 days! Bondsteel thal benefited most from all soldiers per SEAhut, and 120 soldiers April 2000 Engineer 9 Challenges Second, our engineer soldiers are Army's earlier experience in Bosnia, bviously. any endeavor this size trained and led well. a') evidenced by sold1t:r'\ deploying to Kosovo will have i), noL withouL its challenges. the broad range of missions they a warm. dry place 10 live. There, the OShortly after si te rrcpara1ion accomplished- from patrolling as Engineer Regiment came together a' one began at Camp Bondsreel, a 36-inch infantTy to major camp construct.ion. and, in 1ecord time, built base camps natural-gas pipeline was discovered However- and this i~ not news- their worthy of Amrrican soldiers, so they under the camp - right where we wantrd equipment ii- ouidateu . The 94rh could perlorm their criLical duries . to make a 3-fooL cut! ll was c~ier lo '1 Engineer Bactalion had some bulldozers Although the camps were by and large redesign Lhe camp around rhe pipeline 1.bat vendor-.; no longer l>tocked parts for complete when the world celebrated the than dig tl out, and that's why today a in theater. The only sourcec; for parts for new millennium. engineers were no1 lett "no-conscruction" '>triµ of land runs many of the plimc movers and trailers wirhuul a mission. Presence patrols by northwest LO southcas1 among the SEA were cannibalization points m lhe liniLed combat engineers concjnue around Lhe huts. The total absence of civilian States. dock. minefields and unexploded ordnance are still being marked, and SC'Wage-treatmenc facilities in Kosovo , Finall y. we need 10 pill some muscle forced euly diversion of c riti cal back into the sapper baltal ions. For a snow from main supply rouLc .~ horizontal eyuipmenl t.o bu ild 'iewage I variety of reasons over the past several throughout !he American sector is being lugoons, ~owe would not foul Lhe local years, lhcse baualions have heen cut to removed by engineers with more rhnn a water!.heds. the bone and arc on the verge of half-dozen plows and sail spreaders. Ycs, Outside the wire and at Lhc other end I becoming irrelevant on U1e baulefield. ' engineer; have been tasked co plow )now of the engineers' mi-;sion spectrum. Lhe According to lhc 1ahll' of organization in Kosovo. It is no surpri<;c 1ha1 1he 9th Engineer Battalion was given 'everal and equipment. the personnel strength clearest roads there this past winter were ethnically mixed villages to control. i for line companies in sapper battalions in the American sector. because :.omeone occasionally tcr- · is now Je..;s than I 00. Whrn such a unit With luck, much of the world will 1urn rorized the area with small-arm-; and is manned at lesr, titan 90 percent strength away anrl forget the terrible tragedy of mortar fire at night. Although the "mad (as was 1hc case in June 1999), and you Kosovo as time pa'>ses. However. 1hc mortar man" wa<> noc caught, he did stop subtract nondeployahlr ~oldiers (all units Engineer Rcgimem should nm forp.<:!r it-> after a section of tanks and a milita1y have them). you end up wilh 65-pcmm accompli shments but build on them :is police element were placed under rompanies patrolling sectors as infantry One Tmm. One RegimenJ. Ont' f iglu control of 1he engineer lieutenant in or trying gamely to conduct route active an I0 E11Rineer April 20on cobra Cold '99 Tests the Eight-step Training Model By First Lieute1um1 Matthew L11u.cmo or several years, the eight-step activity cencers furnished much-needed many of the challenges faced in the past training model has been a cla~srooms and functional meeting wo uld not arise again. F helpful gu ide that many units spaces to these remote and economically h<1ve adopted <1s their standard opernt depressed village~. ln addition, U.S. and Train and Certify Leaders ing procedure. Closely re~embling Thai soldier~ received valuable joincop o early January 1999. the ta~k croop-lcading procedures. the training I erations construction experience. force narrowed the concept of the model refined the existing standard into With a firm understanding of che I opera tion to four construction a -;traightforward method for conduct mission's scope. the 864lh began to ex sites-three would be completed by i\1 ing ciuali1y training. Thi~ past year, the ecute the eight-step training model early ph;i Company's two vertical construction 864th Engineer Combat Baualion on w as to use chis valuable training platoons. and Seabecs from the 5th Na (lleavy), Fort Lewis, Washington, put mission lo the fullest. va I Mari 11 c Construction Bau olion the eighr-srcr training model to the test wonlrl complere the fourth . Duri11g lhc and proved its effectiveness during the baualion's annual construction confer 84th's deployment to Thailand as pan Plan the Training ence, OIC~ and NCOJCs updated their of Cobra Gold '99. ne year before the mission' project-management skills. to include Cobra Gold '99 joined the U.S. and execution, 1he battalion S3 learning 10 use the new Sure Trdck soft· Thai militaries co build four multipur 0 attended a ('obr:i Gold '99 ware progcam by Primavara. More im pose village ~ctivicy centers in less then preplanning meeting in Bangkok and. ponantly this conference allowed bauaJ a month. Varying slightly in design, in July 1998, a Concept Development ion leaders co ensure that project lead each building rested on an 80 by 40 Conference was held in Hawaii . ers understood and adhered to che foot concrete pad with prccast concrcLe Throughout the rest of 1998, d1e battal battalion's high standards. columns. On wp of rhe columns was a ion staff continued to collect informa As ti final predeployment certifica steel-framed roof support sysrem wirh a tion and coordinate future contracts for tion, each OJC gave tbc battalion com heavy concrete tile cover. Each building the mission that was planned for ~1ay mander a preconstruction brief that in consio;ted of5ome variation of block con 1999. Meanwhile rhe bactalion·s con cluded details of how the OIC planned struction and might include end walls, struction section gathered everylhing it to accomplish each missjon. The briefs vanous rooms, or decorative block with could from previous Cobra Gold mis were of special importance because the steel-mesh enclosures. Built adjacent ro sions. After-action reviews and plans cons1ruc11on sites were located hours existing school compounds, the new from those exercises helped ensure that ! from each other and in some of the most April 2000 Engineer JI For example, the platoons had never constructed che type of roof they would. bui ld in Thailand, so for practice they rook on a small project in the company's motorpool. For years, Alpha Company's vertical platoons had practiced laying block on a small 16- by 14-fool pad. The battalion's construction section designed and built a roof for the pad that was simi lar to the roof design and materials lhc company would use in T hailand. In com pletingthe roof, AlphaCompany discov ered many of the challenges that might arise and resolved in detail how to mee t these challenges long before the com pany arrived in Thailand. The foundations of the buildings in Thailand were also unique. With con crete footers and precasc reinforced con crece columns as the structures' main support system, Alpha Company incor porated a grade beam system that tied Soldiers from the 864th Engineer Battalion construct the foundation system each of the columns LOgether. To re- for a multipurpose building in Thailand. hearse this particular task, the company constructed a similar foundation system remote areas of Thailand. This meanL Rehearse with only four columns. As an added that the majority of rhe command and o ensure che success of a mis- benefit, this foundation would act as the control would re ly on expertise of the sion, there is no substitute for company's new block training founda site OICs and NCOlCs. T quality construction rehearsals. tion, replacing che shed it had put a roof 1 So for more than a year before the ex- on earlier. Just as with the roof, the les Recon the Site J ecurion of Cobra Gold ' 99, the 864th sons learned from constructing this new n February a reconnaissance team sought construction missions that were I foundation system helped leaders avoid consisring of Alpha Company's similar Lo chose it would perform in I construction problems in Thailand be I executive officer, a site NCOIC , Thailand. In August 1998, Alph a fore they occurred. and pan of' the battalion' s construction Company's 1st Platoon completed a mis- Rehearsals such as these offered not seccion visired Thailand to get a first- I sion for the 3d Ranger Battalion that 1, only an opportunity for leaders to re hand look at the sites. The learn took involved constructing four different ! fine their plan but also gave the soldiers photographs and videos and established walls at one of U1e ranges so the rangers I and NCOs a chance to practice and de the basis of good relations with each could train on urban demolition. \Vhile ! tennine the best and most efficient way village leader. The team determined the I constructing three of these walls , the to accomplish each task. By conduct bes! means of providing each site with company placed more than l 500 con- ing rehearsals chat closely mirrored the essential life-support supplies and con crete masonry blocks-an o utstanding actual ffaining in Thailand, the task tracts. Meanwhile, the battalion's con rehears al for Cobra Gold. where it force ensured that all sites could meet struction team e<;tablished and finalized ' placed more than 3,000 blocks. Alpha the deadline for completing the construe. bill-of-ma1ecial contracts and met with Company's 2d Platoon constructed a 50- tion projects. its Thai army counterparts for each site. by J00-foot Butler building at the posr's Regional Correctional Faci lity. This Execute project involved pouring a 60- by I05 n 15 April, the task force sent Issue the Plan I 1 foot concrete pad, wbich was excellent · the conscruction sec iion and fter compiling informatio n preparation for the 80- by 40-foot pads I Alpha Company's executive from the reconnaissance ! O it built in Thailand. i, officer to Korat. Thailand, to ensure that team and rbe OIC's planning, A Before che deployment. Alpha Com coordinatjon the reconnaissance team the task force issued a comprehensive pany focused on some ofthe more unique had done earlier was still in place. On plan early in March 1999. construction challenges it would face. 20 April, the four-man advanced party 12 Engineer April 2000 Thai military and civilians join soldiers from the 864th Engineer Battalion at one of the Cobra Gold '99 projects. teruns deployed to ensure thatthe footers Although Cobra Gold '99 was quite had learned in a real-world rraining were placed and the columns erecled successful, everything did not go accord situation. The after-action review pro within 10 days. The main body of 85 ing ro plan during U1e exercise. All of vided quality feedback on what to main soldiers departed from McChord Air the sites experienced design c hanges, tain and \Vhat to change the next time Force Base, Washington, on 28 May and BOMshortages, and some weather prob around when the battalion retrain1· dur began che 29-hour flight to Thailand. lems. Yet, the effects of these ever ing Lhe Cobra Gold 200 l exercise. They had 20 days to complete the re present challenges on the overall mis Although tbe 864th was commended maining 90 percent of the project. By sion were minim.al because of the time for completing one of the most success the time the 864th lefl Thailand, it not saved and the lessons learned during the fu I missions in the 18-year hislory of only had built four outstanding struc battalion's execution of the eight step Cobra Gold, the success was also a trib tures but also had mengthened relations training model. ute to the effectiveness of the Army's with t.he Thai mi litary and civilians. eighL-step training model. W 1' Conclusion Conduct an AA R Lanning as much as First Liewenanr Luzza/10 is a verti hroughout the project, OlCs a year before executing the cal construction platoon leader, A Com mainta ined a log of after P nission limited the number of de pany, 864th Engineer Combat Batza/. T acrion-review comments, as sign changes. Training and certifying ion (HJ, at Forr Lewis, Washington. He built drawings, and a record of leaders gave them the confidence and served as ba11alion consrmction officer additional bill-of-materials (BOM) pur skill to make the rig.ht call in the face of for the 864th while deployed to Kosovo chases. When iL returned to Fort Lewis, adverse conditions and siruacions. Rt>- ! from July 1999 lO January 2000. First the construction section compiled tbis co11naissance of the site ensured that lieutenant Luz:atto is a graduate ofthe information with its own comments and leaders knew what to plan and could pro United States Military Academy and the those of the leaders inro a valuable pack vide soldiers what they needed to get the Engineer Officer Basic Course. age for the next Cobra Gold exercise. job done. issuing che plan ensured that eve1yone down to the lowest level un Retrain derstood their role in the training's ex ecution. Rehearsals revealed problems sing the lessons learned from to be addressed and trained soldiers on Cobra Gold '99, the 864rh tasks where they lacked proficiency. £>; Engineer Battalion staff already U ecution gave everyone an opporrunity has started co plan for the battalion's to see what they could do wilh what they involvement in Cobra Gold 2001. April 2000 Engineer 13 By C"1ptai11 Mall Pa.~vogel n 8 April 1999, Lhe f'irst elemencs ofAlpha Company, methods ror conducting the ·e missions and describe how to 40th Engineer Battalion, deployed from Germany with properlyfil l our the various reports. Our recon teams and squads OTask Force 1-6 Infanrry as part of che initial-entry force used these methods as guides for gathering route infom1ation to Albania. Based on the initial mission analysis, ourengineers and compiling ic in an understandable format ro pass on lt) were prepared to conduct high-intensity conflict and force higher maneuver and engineer headquarters. We developed a protection tasks. After the first few days in Albania, the situario11 checkJjst from these two manuals to remind team leaders of ilie and mission expanded from protecting the force to establi~hing va.iious aspects of recon missions (sec Figure I). Our crnTcnt a forward operating ba~e for future operations. This base was doctrine, coupled with some mission checkJists, contain!- sound more tllaii 150 ki lometers from our base in Tirana, Albania. While tactics, technique~. and procedures (TIP) for accomplishing pcrfonning initial route-reconnaissance missions, we realized romc-reconnaissance missions. that they were very different from the heavily rehearsed and trained engineer obstacle-reconnaissance missions. Recon Checklist/Limitations Itdid not take long to push forward the appropriacemanuals and equipment co support the initial-entry force before the rest ./'Curves < 25 meters or 82 feet of Alpha Company anived on 3 May. The company eventually ./'Gradients > 7 percent reconnoitered more than 500 kilometers of roads and several ./'inadequate drainage tunnels and ferry sites and classified more than 90 bridges in Albania. Because many of today's military missions initially / Poor surface conditions occur in countries with underdeveloped lines ofcornrnunicarion, /Road width < 4.0 meters engineers must be well-trained ill the vital mtssion of route recon. This article highlights some of the imponanl doctrine, ./'Overhead clearance < 4.3 meters training, leader development, organization, materiel, and soldier ./Bridge military load class (bypass possibilities (DTLOMS) issues as well as lessons we learned concerning and bridge degradation) route recon. /Shoulder softness/caving Doctrine ./Potential quarries, lumberyards, cement, and lime lp.ha Company personnel found that Field Manuals ./Turnouts/turnarounds (FMs) 5-170, Engineer Reco1111uissance, and 5-34, /Obstacles to movement Engineer Field Daw, are packed with infonnation that A /Rock slide areas is essenlial to conducting a successful engineer recon. FMs 5-170 (Chapter 5) and 5-34 (Chapter 3) outline several Figure 1 14 Engineer April 2000 Training validated. The TOC disseminated tha1 information to other lthough Alpha Company personnel did not focus on leaders during daily operations meetings or mission rehearsals. route recon before deploying, our junior leaders Conducling thorough rehearsals and sharing information were A developed training plans and constructed rehearsals very helpful to engineer leaders at all levels. while in Albania. The engineer battlelield assessment from the Organization mission anmysis and a map recon provided a g()Od starl toward lpha Company categorized its engineer recons as i ni~ial , determining the rcatures we needed to classify along the rouce. intermediate, or deli berate, dependmg on the time After deciding on the critical features lo be reconnoitered, we A allowed and the enemy situation. During the initial or used similar features within rhe perimeter of the Task Force leader's recon, mere was little Lime for engineers lo gather Hawk hase, if available, co conduct training and rehearsals. detailed data. These recons usually consisted of a senior NCO Within the base were many small b1idgc.s , ~h arp turns, narrow or plaroon leader riding with lhe task-force commander to get roads, and areas of insufficient drainage. Our sappers used an initial as~essment of the route. The engineer took digital spare lime between missions to conduct butcher-board classes phoLos lo use for making an initial assessment of whether a and walk-through exercises. Il may not always be feasible to feature might constrain vehicular movement. conduct training on actual features while deployed. but key After the initial recon, we tailored a team of four to six leaders must conduct rehearsals of anticipated features using engineers to conduct an intermediate recon. \Vhile on this rock drills and walk-through exercises. mission, the soldiers measured and collected data to help assess the route classification accurately. Leader Development Once the route was classified, engineers conducted one ith all tb ehigh-.intensity-con~ict training n.eeded at final recon, if it was needed. This deliberate recon consisted of the home station, we found 1t hard to dedicate the heavy engineers, heavy equipment transporter operators, Lime and resources needed to train soldiers a.nd W heavy wheeled-vehicle operators and, if they were available, leaders to standard on rouce-recoru1aissance tasks. Because V.S. Army Corps ofEngineers representatives to further assess of our level of training before deploying, we constautly whether calcul ated constraints could be eliminated by disseminated new TTP or lessons learned as they developed. constructing bypasses, upgrading roads, redticing curves, or Every time a recon team completed a mission, the leader back repairing andlor reinforcing bridges. briefed the engineers at the tactical operations center (TOC) concerning the team's compiled data. The back brief also Ac each stage of the mission, the daca gathered was passed included any new techniques the team discovered and on to higher headquancrs t:o help develop a route database for A soldier measures a bridge section during a reconnaissance mission. April 2000 Engineer 15 Task Force Hawk. I.n the future, whatever technique units use, could identify soldiers who possessed the skills needed to they must not create "cookie-cutter" teams. They must ensure conduct various rnsks. that recon elements are organized based on the task or mission. Lessons Learned Materiel s wilh many real- world deployments, units must lmostall ofthe recon missions involved high-mobility, develop training programs ro compensate for tasks multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs). At a A that are not a part oftheir mission-essential task li !> t or A minimum, the front and rear vehicles had mounted that they could not train before deployment. Alpha Company crew-served weapons during every movement. Each engineer personnel learned the following lessons during t.heir de team used similar equipment to help gather necessary data. ployment to Albania: The key pie..ces ofequi pment were a Global Positioning System, a digital camera, and a tape measure. These three items were • Doctrine. Learn our doctrine. because it is sound, and pare of the basic load any time a recon team went on a mission. use it. When these reams conducted trai ning and rehearsals, they • Training. Continue to develop training programs while developed a list of equipment that would help them execute deployed. their drills. We recommend that units develop recon kits that contain equipment essential to mission success. Figure 2 shows • Leader development. Conduct rehearsals and training to a sample checklist for a bridge recon. certify leaders. • Organi7,ation. Avoid "cookie-cutter" recon teams: railer Soldiers them to the task or mission. e found that soldiers need some basic skill s or • Materiel. Develop checklists to complete various types abilities to be part of a recon team. For bridge of recons. W recons, especially in the mountains, soldiers must • Soldiers. Identify soldier skills needed for critical tasks. not be afraid of heights. They must be agile enough to climb around or lean over the edges of bridges to measure various areas. In Alpha Company, each team identified its good Uni.ts should develop sound training plans that supporr swimmers in case the mission involved taking measurements their missions and develop SOPs as they are needed. Our Army over water. We picked soldiers who understood the types of doctrine provides an excellent foundation that will allow soldiers data we needed co collect and the formulas used to calculate and leaders to succeed. We must not send untrained soldiers constraints or the military load class of a bridge. We found il into harm's way in real-world deployments. .... necessary for a recun team lo lTain and rehearse so that leaders Captain Pas1·ogel commands Alpha Company, 40th Engineer Battalion, Germany, and re cently deployed to Bridge Recon .Checkllst Albania in support of Operution Noble Anvil. He was ./Global·Positioning System previously c1 trainins and doc1rine staffofficer in che Office of the Depury ChiefofStafffor Engineering, U.S. Anny Europe. ./Qig•tal camera CPT Pasvogel is a graduate ofthe U.S. Military Academy and ./Tape measure (100-foot) the Engineer Officers Advanced Course and hold.s a. masrer's ./Binoculars degree in engineerin!( management from the University of Missouri-Rolla. ./Safety rope ./Reportforms ./Radio ./FM 5-170 ,/FM 5-34 './Map sheet ,/Compass and protractor ./Calculator Figure2 16 Engineer April 2000 Bv Kim Comb.s he U.S. Anny Engineer Museum was established at as dynamite, C4, crntering charges. and bangalore torpedoes. Fon Leonar April 2000 Engineer 17 1• Al#IY Sc•ool Syst11#1: 01111 Al#ly, 01111 111""9, 0110 Sta111ftulf By Ma,ior Maurice E. Gissendanner s che Army trains its per onncl du ring the twenty • Teach fu nctionally aligned courses using only proponent firs1 century, it will use The Anny School Sys1em courseware (for example, TASS c nginccr battalions teach on Iy A (TASS) to ensure that Acrive Component (AC) and engineer courses). Reserve Component (RC) personnel arc trained to the same • Became responsible for training all cw;comers who reside standard. Active and reserve training institutions will use within their region (see figure, page 19). identical equipment, material. and cenified personnel to provide standardized training to the force. There are nine engineer RC TASS bacca l ion~. Seven reside w11hin CONUS and two reside OCON US (the Combat Support Over lime, each of the Anny components-Active, National Banalion in Puerto Ri co and the 4960th Multifunctional Tru.ining Guard (ARNG), and Reserve (USAR)-devcloped independent Brigade in Hawaii). All RC TASS batralions wi th in CONUS are school systems, which gradually developed separate standards. accredited. The two OCON US batcalions are scheduled for an The Army School System, fonnerl y known as the Total Army accreditation evaluation during FYOO and FYOl , respectively. School System, now creates one system with identical tasks AC TASS bactalions wi ll be incorporated into the TASS and standards for all three components. accreditation schedule during FYO::!. A composite of the AC. ARNG, and USAR inscitul.ional training systems, TASS ii. composed of accredited and TATS-C integrated AC. A1U'1G, and USAR schools that provide standard mplementation of TATS-C will ensure that AC and RC instito1ional training and education to Army personnel. rraining institutions train soldiers to the same standard. Using TRADOC Regulation 35 1-1 8, The Army School I TATS-C will replace the AC courseware and the RC System , as a guide, the Army's goal is to provide standardized confi gured courseware (RC3) !ha! was formerl y taught in training and education through the efficient use of USARF schools. RC3 primarily included Lhose tasks needed to • Facilities, equipment, personnel, and time. prepare reservists for mobilization, not necessarily all the tasks • The Anny Training Requirements and Resource Syc;tem for which AC soldiers trained . Performance standards differed (ATRRS), for encering training requirements and coostrajm:. and rrade-offs were made for reservists because of their time constraints. • Toca) Army Training System courseware (TATS-C). TATS-C will havelinle impact on how AC TASS battalions • Ti tle xr personnel (The Title XI Program is the operate. but it will significantly impact inactive-duty training congressional action that authorizes and require..'> the use of (IDT), weekend 1.irill, and phase 1 of military occupational active-duty commissioned and noncommissioned officers for specialty qualification (MOSQ) training for RC TASS bauali ons. dedicated support and evalu ation of reserve units. Ti tle XI Currently, under RC3, RC school battalions te.1ch only combat perso nnel are assigned to proponent schools, TRADOC engineer lraining (CET) during IDT. This is normally completed imegration elements, and the RC TASS bau.alions.) within two or three monthly drill periods. TATS-Cha;; addc.:d some technical training to phase I of MOSQ training, which TASS Battalions requires RC TASS ballaliom to conduct additional IDTs. urrentl y, TASS is focused on the RC training Annual training requirements for RC TASS battalions will not institutions. In 1994, RC TASS battalions began change. C to replace the lJ.S. Army Reserve Force (USARF) Engineer TATS-C is due oul co the Engineer Regiment no school ballalions. Since then. RC engineer TASS battalions later than 4thquaner FYOO (less tJ1e 51Tl0, 51TIO, 62N40 courses have reclassified I 2,287 soldiers into the Engi neer Regiment. and the Engi neer Captain's Career Course) and will be Command and conlrol of the RC TASS battalions resides implemenred no later than ISL quarter FY02. with the U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC) and the National Guard Bureau (!\GB). However, several major changes Accreditation occurred when RCTASS battalions implemenced the new school he Engineer School's TASS Division began official system. They accreditation evaluation~ in 1997. According to a • Became functionally aligned with their proponencs for T ~chedule set up by TRADOC, every three years accreditation and instructor certification (for example, the U.S. proponenc schools will evaluate the TASS bart<1lioos that are Anny Engi neer School aligned with Engineer School battalions). funcnonally aligned with them . 18 Engineer April 2000 TASS Battalion Locations Region G 1/3/104th Div(IT), Sioux Falls, SD 1/164th RTI, Devils Lake, ND Region A 1/3/98th Div(IT) New Windsor, NY During an accreditation year, an evaluation ream (comprised place and time. No matter where our soldiers are located, they of Title XI and RC personnel) evaluatei> at least one annual will be able to m .:eive the same training taught by proponent training period of a TASS battalion and at least one-third of its cenified instructors. lDTperiods. All training sites muse receive a "GO" rating for a To make TASS successful, we need your feedback on what TASS banal ion to become accredited. is working and what needs to be improved in our individual The evaluation team uses checklists from TRADOC training courses. These courses belong Lo you, an April 2000 Engineer 19 The Army Engineer Diver By Captain James Kisiel and Ma.<:ter Sergeant Marcus King es, the Army has divers. Unlike I instrucrion team at the Naval Diving and Tn addition to security and rive r the combat diver additional skill Salvage Training Cencer, Panama City, crossing missions, divers can dismantle identifier held by soldiers in the Florida. or create wate rborne obstacles, which Y 1 Special forces, engineers have milita1y I makes them a countermobility and occupational specialty (MOS) OOB divers. Capabilities mobility asset down to the task-force Apart ofcareer management field 51, MOS level. Divers can emplace precision I ive teams are a critical asset to OOB is a low-density MOS. The rank demolition charges to deny the enemy 1 commanders. Both Force XXI structure for this MOS ranges from private I access Lo key strnctures and facilities, and Army After Next uni ts will I to master sergeant. However, since there II D such as bridges and dams, and stop his have to cross rivers and overcome the is a constant need for new divers in the momentum. Divers also can emplace and problems that involve rivers in areas of j field, specialists and below mayqua!ify for remove mines in shallow-river mining I operation. Engineer divers can conduct rcclassi fication into MOS OOB. Ioperations. waterway reconnaissance, which will 1 DepartmentoftheArmy Pamphlet61 1 save time for bridging units and prevent j 2 l, Militmy Occupation Classification damage to their limited assets. Divers can Dive Teams and Structure, and A1my Regulation 611 provide nearshore and fars hore I he Engineer Regiment has four 75, Management ofArmy Divers, list the topographic and hydrographic reports, light 20 Engineer April 2000 Light Dive Teams Heavy Dive Teams The p1imary differences between the Engiueer light dive teams support tbe Engineer heavy dive teams support construction and salvage capabilities of scuba and surface-supplied-air diving the scuba and surface-supp1ied-air light and heavy dive teams are the focus (helmet diving with air hoses from the diving requirements of commanders in and the command-and-control assets. surface to the diver) requirements of charge of ports, harbors. and coastal Heavy teams have additional specialized maneuver commanders. Light teams zones. The;;e teams enable commanders j equipment and focus on construction emplace and reduce underwater tu construct port and logistics-over-the- I and heavy salvage in p01ts and harbors. obstacles andru.inefields; repair damaged shore structures and facilities ns well as j More experienced senior leaders of bridges, locks, dams, pipelines, canals, floating barriers. Heavy teams also can I heavy ceams are used extensively to plan and manage theater diving missions. and levees; aod construct underwater repair damaged piers, docks, wharfs, J bridge strncrnres. obstacles, and floating ,I seawalls. and breakwaters; clear and I 1 harriers. Some of these capabilities are mark inlandnavigational waterways: and Protecting the Force requi red in humanitarian-assistance collect underwater terrain and strut:ture I ive teams have been a paLt of operations but, inevitably, most will be information. . numerous operation<, but r~q uired in any theater during war. Heavy dive teams als o have I D often are overlooked because of Light dive leams have nonarmorcd f nonarmorcd vchides and are mobile. their size and relative obscuriry. The vehicles and are highly mobile. They can They can conduct many missions witl1out I performance of divers during th eir conduct many missions without external external aid but depend on suppo1t from deployments to Operarion Desert Storm aid but depend on support from other other unit~, such as e nginecr-porc and Operation Restore Democracy are units, such as scouts and mechanized construction and combat- support rwo prime ex<.1mples of how they have engineer and combat-support-equipment equipment companies. to perform protected the force. In Opemtion Desert companies. to perform construction and con!ilrnction and salvage missions. Storm, dive teams provided waterborne salvage missions. security for ports in Kuwait and Europe. They conducted hull surveys on cargo ships and barges to ensure that vessels were not mined. These surveys were critical because of the nature of the explosive cargo on many of the vessels. Similarly, in Opermion Restore Democracy, dive I.cams provided waterborne security for Army vessels that entered unsecured ports in Haiti. Engineer light and heavy dive teams are critical assets to th.e Engineer Regimenc. These teams assist maneuver and porl commanders in a variety of missi ons that focus on the onward movemenr and proceccion of U.S. forces. Water does not have to be an obstacle or a security threat to onr soldiers. Enlist che help ofengineerdivers, und command the water space! W Captain Kisiel formerly commanded the Engineer Dive Company at Fort Eustis, Virginia. Master Sergeant King is the Senior Career M01wgementNCO, CMF 51,for the Engineer Personnel Pruponency Office, U.S. Army Engineer School. He was previously the first sergeant f~f An Army diver decends into a partially sunken wreck. the 518th Engineer Company. Forz Kobbe, Panama. April 2000 En>?ineer 21 fir ~t number in the extension will be denored as shown in Figure I. This Enlllneer Doctrine exlensioa number will make it p~)'\S i ble for users to quickly derermine the tier and BlerarcbJ and the function of the manual. The -;econd number jn the exrcnsion will perm.i t further segregation of publkations by Pobllcatlons Renumberlnll subject maner. sorneching we have been unable to do in the past. The final number in the exrensioo wi ll enable us lC1 put more than one publicatiou in any category and By Lieutenant Colonel Harry Rossander wi!l allow for future expans1011. The new hierarchy and numbering Army School addresses multiservice combined he U.S . Engineer l and convention was specifically designed so and TRADOC revis ing arms operati ons. FMs 5 I 00, are Enginen publications can be cracked aero$$ all the Annv doctrine hierarchv and I Operations, and 90-13-1, Combined-Arms T tiers and fon ctional categoric~ . I n numbering to be more in wi th Rreaching Operations, are examples of sys te~ l i n~ I add tLi on, with this new sy~tern, we can manuals on this tier. The second rier th e Joint doctrine hierarchy and I more uniformly align with Cl\isling Joint n umbering system. Changmg the contains lhat are proponent pubLications doctrinal publications. method of numbering and riding Anny \ branch-specific and address how that doctrine manuals will ensure a seamless I brnnch fights or supporcs the fighr. An The plan for adopting The new link between Am1y and .J oint docLrioe. l exampie is FM 5-7 l -i 00, Division numbering system is to introduce il on TRADOC personnel anticipa te that Engineer Combat Operations. Third-tier publications as they are revised, these revisions will help groom young publications 22 Engineer April 2000 )>. ~ -. "'· FM5-100 FM5-103 Nc FM 90-13-1 FM90· FM90-13 FM20-32 FM20-400 FM 20-11 g (FM3-34) I I FM3-34 ..112 I I I I 8 I 11 I ~ .___ FM 5-1700 FM 5-100 FM 5-114 1 1 FM 5-116 FM 5-1 70 -~ FM 5-250 11 FM 5-490 FM 5-10 ·'~ ~ (FM3-34.210) (FM 3-34.211 ) -(FM 3-34.212) (FM 3-34.2120 (FM 3-34.21 4) (FM 3-34.216) .(FM 3-04.220) FM 3-34.2200) FM5-71-2 FMS-71-20 FMS-7-30 FM5-7-300 FMS-71-3 FM5-71-30 · FM5-71-1 00~~.£M 5-71-1000 (FM 3-.34.222): (FM 3-34.2220 (FM 3-34.223) (FM 3-34.2230) (FM 3-34.2.24J (FM 3-34.2240) (FM 3-34.225) (FM 3-34.2250 FM S-71-XX FM 5-100-1~~ ~ ...fM 5-100-150 FMS-105 1 1 FMS-104 ~Arrow publications will be inte (FM 3"34.226) (FM 3-34.2260 (FM 3-34.230) (FM 3-34.250) FM 3-34.221 ) grated in the next revision . Planning Combat Topographic 'd . and · · · Engineering Engineering 8 n ging Horizontal Vertical Specialty Management FM 5-34 11 FM 5-510 I I FM 5-150 1 1 FM 5-412 FM 5-430-00-1 FM 5-420 FM 5-415 FM 5-482 (FM 3-34.310) (FM 3-34.330)i (FM 3-34.340) (FM 3-34 .350) (FM 3-34.461) (FM 3-34.4 71) (FM 3-34.480) (FM 3-34.485) FM 5-125 l l FM 5-532 l I FM 5-152 1 1 FM 5-474 FM 5-430-00-2 / I FM 5-424 1 1 FM 5-484 11 FM 5-349 (FM3-34~ 31 1) (FM3-34.331) (FM3-34.341) (FMS-34.351) (FM3-34.462) ~ 3-34.472) · (FM3-34.481) {FM3-34.486) TC 20-32..S FM 5-540 FM 5-156 FM 5-431 FM 5-426 FM 5-488 FM 5-370 ;i (TC 3-34.320) (FM 3-34.332) (FM 3-34.342) (FM 3-34.463) (FM 3-34.473) (FM 3:.34.-:l82) (Ffv13~34. 4.8!) TC '2-0~32-4 TM 5-245 FM 5-446 FM 5-434 FM 5-428 FM 5-422 FM 5-400 (T"C 3-34.32~) .(FM 3-34.333) {FM 3-34.343) {FM 3-34.4 64) (FM 3-34.474) (FM 3-34 .483) (FM 3-34.488} FM 5-472 FM 5-432 FM 5-745 r FM 5-48() I l FM 5-401 I Pink - Current I 17 j (FM 3-34.354) (FM 3-34.465) {FM 3-34.475) I(FM 3.. 34:484) {FM 3-34.489) I Gray - Review i 26 I FM 5-436 11 FM 5-323 c-ri I White _ Working I 18 (FM 3-34.466) (FM 3-34.476) ;::s 1 §ed -Need rewril~ I 09 J· FM 5-499 ~ (FM 3--34.467) ...... "-> Figure 2. New Hierarchy for Publications Book Review / Flame On! US. Incendiary Weapons. 19I 8-1945, by German tanks) and the tactical flexibility inherent in the John W. Mountcac;tle, White Mane Books. Shippenbw-g, pioneer corps, the result was a highly effective combined Pennsylvania, l 999, 206 pages, list $29.95 (hard cover). arms Learn at the company and bactalion levels. Led by their Available on-line from http://www.Amazon.com. "sturmpionier," the German storm troopers were able to restore operational maneuver to the deadlocked wesrern front by using flexible, dismounted-infantry tactics at the same time the Allies were tumil1g tot.he tank, an invention of British Royal Engineer Edwin Swinton. Another item of note was the use of a specialized work shop unit to m aintain and modify the pioneers' equipment as necessary, further enhancing their flexibility and timeli ness. This stands in stark contrast to the standard develop ment processes of rhe American procurement bureaucracy. As Ja[ecomers to the First World War, the Americans had to play catch-up in a number ofareac;. In the American Expe ditionary Force, the Gas Service (the predecessor of today's Chemical Corps) was the responsibility of the Corps of Engi neers. TI1e 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) under the conunand of Lieutenant Colonel Amos Fries (Corps of This book is a detailed, scholarly work by the former Engineers) was formed to provide support in this new area ChiefofMilitary History for the U.S. Army, Brigadier Gen ofchemical and incendiary warfare. The 30lh Engineer Regi eral John W. Mountcastle. Beginning with incident" in the ment (renamed the 1st Gas Regimen1 in August l91 8) Old Testament, the author describes the early history of developed a close working relationship with its British coun flame weapons. He includes inf01mation on such interest terparts, the Royal Engineers of the "Special Brigade." How ing topics as the use of a primitive flamethrower by attack ever, Lieutenant Colonel Fries had a strong bias against ing Hoeotians during the siege of Dellum (424 B.C., during flamethrowers and prefetTed to focus on gas countermea the Peloponnesian War) and the development of "Greek sures. After the war, Congress authorized the establishment Fire" by the Byzantine engineer Kallinokos. However, the of the Chemical Warfare Service, with Fri.es as chief. During development of flame weapons remained episodic until the the interwar period, he continued to favor the development German manpacked flamethrower made its combat debut of chemical warfare agents over flame weapons. As a result, in World War. I. Lhe United States continued to neglect developments in this Richard Fiedler, a chemical engineer in Berlin, invented area. However, this was not the case within the resurgent I.he first modern flamethrower prototype in 1901. Early in Gennan military of the 1930s. the development, the German Army recognized that to Fune· German pioneers, as well as their British counterparts, tion effectively the ungainly .flamethrowers required care have historically maintained a strong interest in close fully trained operators and mechanics. When the Germans combat "assault engineering." This was demonstrated well mounted the first attack with flamethrowers on 26 Febru in the srunning German victories over the West in 1940. ary 1915 against French troops in the Malancourt Forest Once again, the German attack was led by che pioneers. near Verdun. the French fled in panic. As a re~ult , the Ger Indeed, a platoon of about 80 airborne pioneers (under che mans organized the Third Guard Pioneer (combat engi command of Lieutenant Rudolf Witzig, later the chief of neer) Baualion, under the command of Captain Redemann. the postwar Bundeswehr Pioneer School) made a dawn As the war progressed, the pioneers' flamethrowers glider assault on the 700-man Belgian fortress of Eben became an integral part of German "stonn-troop tac1ics." Emael. Th.is fort blocked the advance of the northern The early manpacked flamethrower was a difficult and German pincer into the Netherlands and was considered to dangerous weapon to use. However, when combined with be one of t he strongest forts in the world. Using other technical innovations (such as modern grenades, tlamelhrowers and shaped charges (the latter was a secret trench mortars, chemicaJ warfare and, belatedly, the Cirst weapon making its combat debut), the pioneers shocked 24 Engineer April 2000 the world by neutralizing the fort in 30 minutes. Through made their Pacifi c debut on lwo Ji ma, where lhe first eight the insightf1il writings ofCaptain Paul Thompson (U.S.Corps proved their worth. By the time the attack on Okinawa of Engineers), this victory served as a wake-up to Ameri was launched, the 7 13th Armored Flamethrower Battalion cans on the imponance of tlame weapons and close had been formed with 54 flame tanks. The battalion was combat a~sault tactics. credited with 4,788 kills, with no losses of its own. As one lndced, Thompson called for the American Corps of magazine summed it up, "There are few arguments about Engineers, which historically had a more construction-ser fire; it saves U.S. Jives and kills Japs." vice-oriented outlook than their British and German breth Although the US. m ilitary continued to use ren, to adopt a more aggressive role in combat and d1e new flamethrowers in Korea and Vietnam, these highly useful combined-anns philosophy. T he Chemical Warfare Service weapons were rcccnlly relegated to war stock (if not re responded by beginning to develop flamethrowers. Regret tired), apparently for reasons of "polilical correctness." tably, Lhe Corps of Engineers missed the opportunity to Indeed. flamethrower tactics were dropped from U.S. field thoroughly shake off the peacetime, civil-works mentality manuals when FM 20-33. Combat Flame Operations, was of the interwar period and did not formally develop any superseded by FM 3- 11, Flame Field Expedients, in 1990. specially trained engineer assault troops, forcing these to Given cbe increased likelihood of having co conduct opera be improvised by combat engineers serving in the field By tions on urban rerrain in the near future, it is a shame that a che time American troops entered the ground war during modern-day General Marshall did not stand up for the good Operation Torch (November L942). the Chemical Warfare of lhe American soldier and defend the retention of these Service was able to equip each divisional engineer battalion useful weapons. The unpalatable fact is that there is cur with 24 Ml flamethrowers. However, engineers Jacked the rently no antiseptic way w conduct these operations. In doctrine and training to use the new weapons effectively, fact, some of tl1e most successful operations on urban ter which also suffered from lack of care and proper mainte rain were undertaken by the Germans coward the end of nance. The development ofvehicle-mounted flamethrowers World War TI. These operations gave lhe Germans the op also suffered due to a strong aversion by the U.S. Army to portunity to implement a number of lessons learned from the development of special-purpose aimored combat the bitter batLle in Stalingrad. They employed small engineer vehicles (CEVs). combined-arms assault teams, which included pioneers The lack ofarmored flamethrowers in Europe may have equipped with flamethrowers and man-portable fuel-air ex contributed to the di ffic ulties Americans had on Omaha plosives. These teams were supported byStunnti gers (simi Beach on D ·Day. Indeed. durjng the advance across north lar to the old CEV), remote-controlled vehicles, and western Europe, they had to request support from British pioneer half-o·acks firing heavy rockets (nicknamed " Foot Crocodile Oarnethrower tanks co reduce Gennan fortifica Smkas"). tions. The Americans found that often just a demonstration Operations in urban terrain are- and probably wi ll of a flarnerhrower within sight of the defenders wac; enough remain- brutal, primitive, dose-combat affojrs. For our to induce surrender or withdrawal. In fact, General Patton national strategy to be more than a p iece of paper, the U.S. was forced Lo improvise tl amethrower tanks in the field Army must have the means of making it a reality at the and was quite pleased with the resulls. lactical level. Given the proven lack of public tolerance for ln the Pacific Theater, however, the prevalence of close U.S. casualties in strategically questionable undertakings in combat operalions against theJapanese in prepared defenses the Third World, we muse do everything reasonable 10 mini forced American units in the field to develop effective fl rune mize our losses. If we are to succeed in urban combal, tactics. As a result, thoroughly trained, properly led provi while minimizing the loss of American lives, we would be sional flamethrower units were developed in the field by well-advised to retrun the flamethrower. the infantry and engineers of the Army and Marines. In AltJ1ough tllis review focused on the flamethrower, the deed, the Marines stated that manpackcd flamethrowers book also provides an extensive discussion of air-dropped were responsible for breaching the Japanese defenses on incendiaries and the moral issues involved in using fire Tarawa in November 1943. When some soft-hearted Ameri bombing, particularly against cities like Hamburg, Dresden, cans protested the use of flame weapons, General George Yokohama, and Tokyo. C. Marshall stood up for the lives of American citizens Combat engineers should tind this book to be fascinat serving on the line in combat and stated, '·Vehement pro ing reading. Tt .is recommended to all combat-arms leaders. tests I am receiving against our use of flame throwers don't indicate an understanding of che meaning of our Lieutenant Colonel William C. Selin.eek, PE.. commands dead on... Tarawa." American armored flamethrowers the 276th Combat Engineer Baitalion, Vi.rginia Army Na (fabricated in workshops on Hawaii using Sherman tanks) tional Guard. April 2000 Engineer 25 Understanding AC/RC Assignments By M"jor Diane T. C11mmin 1-l.efler " My next assignment will probably be an Active engineers depentl on for support reside in the RC and deploy Compnnent!Rt1servr· Component (ACIRC)joh. Isn. 't that taking with us when we fight. To Irain these units. there are six engineer me away from soldier.\?" training support baualions that work directly wiLh combat engineer and bridge un its. T hese bactalions are devoLed to any of us. officers and en lisced, filld ourselves helping engineer units reach and maintain combat readi ness. repe 26 Engineer April 2000 annual rraining (AT) rotations. Mobile training teams focus on cra.in the-traincr sessions. This method reinforces 1be llnits ' chain of command by allowing them co teach their soldier<; the tasks instead of having rhe OCffs do it. We insrruct comp<.rny and platoon leaders in doctri nc or specifo:: mission-crau1ing plan rnsks. A L cimes, mobile training teams may also generate some individual or crew-level training on systems such as the MK19, Volcano, Modular Pack Mine System, and armored vehicle-launched bridge. Whi le these systems have been in rhe AC inventory for years, many RC units are ju!\t now receiving chem. Mobile trainin g teams normally consi:-;t of two or three soldiers who go to a unit and provide iustn1ction Soldiers conduct an after-action review with the 395th Battalion command group_ usually in a classroom environmenc. IDT is geared to collective-task Janes training, which focuses NCOIC's duties are similar to those of a first sergeanr. Every on the sapper platoon and takes the unit from the concept-of soldier in AC/RC assignments brings a wealrb of knowledge. the-mission u·aining team to at least thecrawl - and-walkph~e . A OC/Ts are picked based o n their performance and normal IDT lasts two days. from 0800 Saturday to 1600Sunday. experiences and go through a series or classes and testing AT is the premier training evenl ofthe year, and everytbing we before being certiJied. In our brigade, the ce1tification process do is geared toward this craining. Ideally, this is where we bring it is a five-phase program rhat i!; monitored and tracked annually. all together in a combined-arms exercise. Each OCff covers a In addition, we certify each ocrr on an extensive list ofcombat platoon, and the NCOIC and conm1ander cover the company engineer skills,to include using modernized demolition initiators headqt1ai1crs. Nonnally, the operations tempo allows OCffs to and live mine~. The fina l phase of our battalion's ocrr training rotate out of the field every third day for resupply runs. is a "righr se April 2000 Engineer 27 Constructing PovemenH With Recycled Waste Moteriols By Jame.\ £. Shoenberger he safe disposal of wascc materials is an increasing rescinded because of significant opposition from many states. concern in the Uniled Stares and around the world. Unfortunately, most state DOTs and other agencies handle T Even with the heightened a\.varenes1' of the importance requests for u~ing waste materials on a case-by-case basis. Su of recycling. rhe difference between the volume of waste without the benefit of an established approval procedure, it is macerials generated versus the amount recycled continues to uflcn diffi cult to use the mate rial ~ . grow. Although many existing disposal facilities are reaching Using waste mater i a l ~ in pavement construction not on ly capacity, approval for addiuonal facilities is becoming more reduces the amount of waiae materials re.quiring disposal (which difficu lt to obtain because of rc1' tricrive environment;il regula is cosll y) hul also provides construction materi als with possible tiom and objection!'> by local residents. To help address these savings over new materials. Becau~e of the large volume of issue~ and provide infonnntion on one po~~ible solution to the marerials required for constructing pavemen~. they ure problem. the C.S. Army developed Engineering Technical Letter favorable strllctures for recycling a wide range of waste CETL) 1110-3-503, U.1e of Waste M01eriafr; in Pavemen1 materials. Cmurruc:ti011. Recycling may mean the reuse of materials removed from Swte and federal government regulations and policies have previuu-; pavement struclurc-;. "uch as recyclable ac;phalt a strong 1nl1uence on whether waste materials are used in pavement, recyclable portland cement concrete, and vanouc; pavement construction. Federal programs -.uch a.<; the 1976 base cour~e material-:. Recycling may also involve u-;ing Resource Conc;ervation and Recovery Act and the 1984 materi:i\s that do not originate from pavement-;: examples are Hazardou" and Solid Waste Amendment<; promoted the u.<;e of slags. ashes, and various polymer materials. Existing design wa.-.tt! materialc; or recycling. Federal intere~t in recycling was and analysis procedure' arc often inappropriate for mixtures exemplified in the 1991 Jnte1modal Surface Transpo1tation containing waste materi als; therefore. new procedures muse be Efficiency Act that initially re.quired all state Deparnneots of developed or existing procedures must be modified to make an Transportation (DOTs) to use a certain percentage of crumb application ,~uccessfu I. (ground) rubber in as phalt mi>.turcs. This requirement was later 28 Engineer April 2000 Specifications effects of the waste-rnaleria.l recyclability of the pavement pecifications exisl for reclaimed asphalt and concrete materials at the conclusion of its useful life. pavements, scrap tires, iron and steel slags, Ay ash, and Splastic wastes. These materiafa have been widely used, Types of Wastes particularly in areas of 1hc country where they are produced. he various types of waste material~ can be divided Comtmction specifications for using materials such as foundry generall y into four categories: industrial, domestic, sands for fills are lhe same as those for granular backfill T rnineral. and agricultural. With time and changes and materials. These specifications provide requirements for lift developments in technology, some of these materials will uuckness and compaction. One requirement for satisfactory disappear from production. while new types will appear. specifications is tha1 suitable les1 and evaluation methods are avaihihle. In many instances, test methods developed for design Industrial Wastes. As a group. these waste materials Rre and construction speci fical ions are not readily usable in probably the most widely reused. Industrial wastes generated standard specifications. in tbe United States exceed 400 million tons annually. The Corps of Engineers has a guide specification that covers Domestic Wastes. The United Stares generates more than the use ofreclaimed <1sphall pavement in hot-mix asphalt (Corps 200 million rons ofdomestic wastes annually. About 185 million of Engineers Guidance Specification 02749). Technica! tons are household or commercial wastes (trash or garbage). Instruction 822-08 and Technical Manual 5-822-7, Standard Ofthis amount, about 75 percent is placed in landftlls, I l percent Practice.for Concrete Pavements, address the use ofreclaimed is recycled, and 14 percent is incinerated. asphalt and concrete pavements, iron and steel slag!', and fly ash . The Corps of Engineers Handbook for Concrete and Mineral Wastes. These wastes-about l .8 billion tons Cement contains standards CRD-C 255 and CRD-C 256 that annually in the United States-are by-products of various pertain to specifying, sampling, and testing fly ash These mining processes. They have had limited use in pavement standards are also available in American Society for Testing construction, mainly because of transportation costs. and Materials C 618 and C 31 l . Agricultural Wastes. Produced in the United Stales at a rate of more lhan 2 billion tons annually, these waste materials Environmental Considerations are generally used where they are produced. They have a very ossible envirortmentaJ effects of using waste materials limited use as part of a pavement structure. must be considered when planning pavement projects. PThis includes the effects of preparing the materials for Summary use as well as the effects ofconstnicring and using pavements. aste materials can be recycled to produce valuable Investigations have been conducted inco the environmental construction materials for pavements. M11ny effects of many waste materials during pavement applications. W different types of waste materials have been and The$e materials require special consideration since many of a.re currently being used in lhis application. The challenge is to chem are considered hazardous when used or $tockpiled in recognize potential 11ses of the various waste materials and to nonpavemcnt applications. apply engineering solu tions for their use in pavement construction. Specifications that are developed should address Cost Considerations che environmental aspects of using particular wastes. he economics of using waste materials i11 pavement The availability and generation of waste materials is not applications must he favorable for their widespread constant. While some materials will cease to be produced, new T use to become a reality. Economic benefits ones will appear. The satisfactory use of larger volumes of can be obtained through improved pavement performance these and other types of waste mate.rials through proper design or from reduced landfills. Consideration must be given to and construction procedures can provide enormous economic the effect that waste materials may have on pavement once and environmental benefit~. Ill it deteriorates to the point ofrequiring rehabilitation. Using waste materials in pavement construction wi fl hinder future Nfr Shoenberger is a research civil engineer in the recycling if it means tbat the entire pavement structure must Materials Analysis Branch, Airfields and Pavements Division, be considered hazardous. Geotechnical Laborato1y, Waterways ExperimentS1a 1ion, U.S. Many claimed cost savings are based only on initial rather Army Engineering Research and Development Cente1; than life-cycle analysis. Accurate life-cycle cost analysis for Vicksburg, Mississippi. He holds a master's degree in civil most waste materials is difficult because of the limited number engilleering from M ississippi State University arid is o ofapp]jcations ofa particular material. True life-cycle analysis registered professional engineer in Mississippi. must include the initial cost, increased performance, and the April 2000 En.gineer 29 Sets, Kits, and Outfits: Technical Trades and Topography By Alan Schlie In rhe final ojfour ar1ides on sets, kits. and. owjits (SKO), Land Warrior, the need for this set in combat units is limited; the .foc11s is on the technical trades and topography. The first but in units that cannot expect tu receive Land Warrior, some article disCll.\'Sed tool sets for ronstruction trades; 1.he second type or field-sketchi ng capability is a must. The set js being c;onc:entrated on pioneering, mine waifare, ond demolition completed revised and is awai ting software-integration funding. tools: and the third. addressed bridging, diving. lightinR. and The set will contain a belt-wearable computer with pen tablet; fire-figh1ing tool sets. laser range fi nders with digital compass and vertical angle capability: a digi!aJ recording device; and numerous software applications for surveying, draning, earthworkestimation, and General Engineering construction p lanning. he Field Sketching Set, T63238, is a collection of The Drafting Set: Battalion Charts, G44569, contains both pencils, protractors. drafting scales, paper, and the older. manual drafting implements and a newer com.pule.r T:erasers in a box, with a small drawing board mounted on aided design (CAD) capability. Next scheduled for review in a coll apsible, wooden tripod. The set's most technological 2003. this set is critical to commanders' construction-planning component is a solar-powered calculator. With che advent of capabiliry. Supporring lhed.raft:i.ngset is lhe. Reproduction Set: Diazo Process, R84689. which provides a capability to produce engineering drawiilgs and prints in the field. The Diazo process requires an ammonia-based chemical, w hich complicate> its use within enclosed areas and makes cleanup in the field difficult. Newer, multiple-scale engineering copiers are available commerciall y and have other advantages in addition to their environme ntally friendly I.o ner\ and developers. The next generation of engineering plotters will be digital. falI-color, multiple-scale. and scanner-capable. The reproduction seL is bei ng reviewed at this cime. Material test sets inclu 30 Engineer April 2000 General -Purpose S urveying Set, U70179, is used by repairing hydraulic systems. The operator can fabricate hose soldiers Lo conduct surveys essential to road, airfield, building, and tube assemblie:., measure pressure, flush and clean a11d utility wnstruclion. A three-soldier surveying team colleccs hydraulic Ouids, and rransfer lluid. lt will be reviewed in 2003 point data in the field using the automated integrated ~urvey wirh the inLent Lo mount it along with the contact maimenance instrumenL (AISD. The data is downloaded and manipulated truck on the chassis of one of the family of medium tactical by Terramodel software and provides the products necessary vehicles (FMTVs). for constrnction planning. designing, and csLimating. The set. which is capable of producing third-order surveys, was Pipeline reviewedin 1999. ntil the decision ilS made on whether Lhe Army will use only aluminum pipeline and speed couplings for Maintenance U April 2000 Engineer 31 Soldiers from the 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power) unload a 750-kilowatt, lightweight generator. Rai1road Track; R05441 . And the Railway Equipment drawings, and maps and fomishi ng geodetic control to the Mainrenancc Sections repair rolling stock with the Railway field artillery. The most recent supply catalog combined this E quipment Maintenance Tool Set; W63281. The next set and the Topographic Platoon Surveying Set: Supplement.al) scheduled review for these SKO is 2.003. U71138. The set was reviewed in J999; the next review will consider consol[dating rhe construction surveying set and Prime Power drafting set wir.h this set. l a recent conference, prime-power subjcct-malLer Transportable Lightweight Printing Plant: Special experts conducted a comprehensive review of the Warfare, P61665, is used by psychological operations A SKO supporting Lheir missions. The battalion's mission (PSYOPS) teams to create , photol ithogra ph, and print is to provide up to 18 megawatts of elecrrical power for facilities pamphlecs, leanets, and posrers. Mounted on two trucks towing such as command-and-control sites, hospitals, weapon 15-kilowatr generators, it is capable of printing 8.000 single sy<:tems, and logistic-support areas. The power plant operation color, J 1- by 17-incb products per hour. It is now one of three and maintenance teams rely on the Power Pla11t Servicf Kit, modules developed for the PSYOPS Modular Print System. S78722. lo establish, operate, and rn ainLain power plants. Proponency will be transferred to the Special Warfare School. Power-I ine teams construct and maintain up to 60 miles of high The Topographic Support System (TSS) consists of 22 volrn gc lransmission line. To complete their mi s~ ion, they use separate sets, each mounted on a semitrailer. I.I successfu ll y the Power-Line Mainuna11ce Servicf! Kie: Transmission-Line mobilized what had been an immobile plant operation for P1,wer-Li11e Team, S78712. and the Electrical Power creari ng, updating, and printing maps and other terrain-analysis Transmission Tool Set: Railway Maintenance, W60952. The products. The TSS has done a yeoman 'sjob since iJ1itial fielding Power-Line Maintenance Service Kit: Distribution-Line in 1987. but it reflected the 1echnology of the 70s when it wa~ Util.ities Team, 578702, is used for construction and developed. Some of the ~ets are already being turned in, blll a maimenanceoflinc:, between transm ission lines and bulldings few will be retained Lo meet speci fi e contingencies, such as and structu res. Tbese S KO will be reviewed in 2002. map production. The Digit.al Topographic Support System (DTSS) will Topographic provide timely anti accurate digital and hard-copy geospatial he Topographic Section Surveying Set, U71275, information to meet commander and staff real-time requirements provides surveying, drafting, computing, and for topographic supporL The DTSS suppon:s the collection, T office equipment for use in preparing sketches. extraction, and exploitation of the physical characterisLics of 32 Engineer April 2000 the surface of the earth in order to build a foundation for the Comments common knowledge of the battlespace. The DTSS provides he Tool Improvement Program Suggestion (TlPS) has the commander with tools to enhance b<1ttle-managernent been combined with the Supply Maintenance capabilities. The benefiL is Lhat the commander's situational Assessmenc and Review Team (SMART) suggestion awareness of the balllespace is visualized as never before. program. TIPS still focuses on tools, while SMART focuses on The DTSS consist of four configurations to provide specific organizations and processes. Use TIPS lo rcporr tools that products at different command levels on the battlefield. The should be deleted from the system, added to the system, can't DTSS-Lighr provides digital equipment to respond rapidly to the sland up to use, or need to be modified to work better. Both commander's need for topogxaphic produces and to quickly programs provide monet.ary awards in many instances. Put your process low-volume reproduction of large-fonnat, high-resolution, SMART ideas on a DA Form 5533 and TIPS on DA Form 2233, multicolor lopographic products. The DTSS-Deployable was or on plain paper, and send them to Project SMARTrflPS, previously known as the MultiSpectral Image Processor (MSIP). Director of Combat Developments for Combat Service llmanipulates digital terrain data and provides it to commanders Support, 390J A Avenue.:, Suite 220. Fott Lee. Virginia 2380 1 to support tactical decisions. The DTSS-Heavy consists of a larger 1809. You can also call DSN 687-0363/2406/2399 or e-mail mix ofequipment to support more workstations. The DTSS-Ba.se, [email protected]. The web site is http:// also called the Terrain Imagery Integration Prototype (TIIP) www.cascom.army.mil/mul1ilproject_smart/. provides equipment enabling the echelon-above-corps Comments on rools within engineer SKO can also be topographic unit to respond to the commaoder in chief's addressed to the Directorate of Combat Developments, requirement for generating terrain data, analysis. and production Engineer Division, ATTN: ATZT-CDE-0. 320 Engineer Loop, of graphics, maps, views, and orher products. Basis of issue plans Suite 141. Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. have been completed, and fielding of tl1e various systems is Telephone numbers are DSN 676-6191 or commercial (573) underway. Although DTSS are issued in set configuration. they 563-6 19 l. You can also e-mail your comments ro are not true SKO in that reviews and supply catalogs will not [email protected] or the web site at http:// follow SKO procedure.~. www.wood.army. mil/WebCommentForm.Jum. We don ' t give monetary awards, but there is a fast.er response. Miscellaneous The Army is always looking for better, faster, cheaper, and ngineers are proponents for some unique SKO. Fire safer ways ofdoing business, whether it's supply, maintenance, stations are tasked to repair the hoses and refill/ transportation, or engineers. E recharge carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Th.is is accomplished using the Repair and Refilling Kit: Carbon Summary Dioxide Extinguisher, R72484. In circumstances where deployment is likely to an area where native timber can be his final article of the series gives a glimpse of' the harvesLed for theacer-of-operation conslruction, a magnitude and diversity of the SKO managed by the Engineer School. And it hims at the impact SKO have Supplementary Equipment Set: Forestry, US9373, provides T: on the battlefield as each soldier's tools of the trade, the pioneer hand tools 10 support the forestry team's 60-inch diameter sawmill. (Numerous combat-engineer battalions were absence orwhich would result in less mission accomplishment. operating sawmills in the Ardennes when called on to contain As the four articles have discussed, considerable effort is being the German offensive, referred to as the Battle ofthe Bulge, in expended to update engineer tool sets. Much work still remains if we are to provide the right tools for the job. Unit commanders the winter of 1944.) The Tool Kit Rigging Wire Rope: Cwting, have been given the task of obtaining Lhese tools within the Clamping, andSplicing, W50266, is found wherever wire rope or cable is used on winches, anchorages, or slings. It contains constraint:. of operating hudgets. There is oo requirement for a the items necessary to cut, clamp. or splice 3/8-, 1/2-. and 5/8 unit t.o have all the newly configured set~ immediately. The inch-<.liameter wire rope. Soldiers involved in driving piles use intent was to neither cause readiness problems nor break the the Portable Jetting Set: Pile-Driving Operation, L16026, to piggy bank but to provide tools for soldiers to accomplish aid in the final positioning and aligning of piles before they are their designated tasks quickly, professionally, and with pride. capped for work platfonns, or bents, or as posts for retaining w walls, dikes, levees, breakwaters, abutments, or footings. The Mr. Sch.lie is a force development analyst with the Sign-Making Kir, 570984, is found in every unil with a need DirectoraJe of Combat Developments. U.S. Army Engineer to provide information, instruction, or directional signs. The School. A retired command sergeant major: he has served in oddest set in lhe engineer arsenal of soldier tools is the various capacities in Europe, Korea, and CONUS throughout Amphibious Lighter Tool Set: LARC V Organizational his caree1: Maintenance, W31223. No longer an engineer responsibility, it is at the top of the make-it-obsolete list. April 2000 Engineer 33 GIS - The Bridge Jato the Twenty-First Century By Liewenant Colonel Tim Rensema, Mt: Craig Erickson, and Captain Steve Herda "Terrain visualization i~ the respo11s1/Jility of co111J1wnders wid ftqf(s across the .1pec1rum of today'.~ Army. To effeuil'e(\ ~ee the imp11e1 1/w1 termi11 has on uni/.\ conducting cu1d rnpponing miliwrv opera1io11s, all cnmmwulers wul src!tT~ n·111sr l>e mrnre nf the effects of terrain. /11( terrain e\pert ij the enginee.i:" Major General Rohcrt B. Flowers Conu1umdam. U.S. Ann.' En t is the responsibility of engineers ! and bridge capacity may be analyzed. The Integrating administrat.ive data layers to advii:e leaders of the effects that GlS databases can be accessed, with the tactical requirements of I terrain may have on unit operations. manipulated, and transformed in an maneuver commanders is a concept The U.S. Army Engineer School offers interactive process that al lows com worth testing. The Integrated Training valuable training in understanding rhese manders. decision makers, and planners Area Management (ITAM) program has effects and 1.he tools thac are available to to explore the baulefield and obtain lhe already established an experienced analyze terrain. Among these tools is the range of consequences of a plan before operacor base with the equipment to PC-based TerraBase II, version 3. which misrakes are irrevocably made. apply GIS to environmental, facility, and performs terrain-evaluation functions For the majority of unit5 in rhe Army rraining-site management. Most such as line-of-sight di!;p[ays, weapons Reserve Component, access to the installations already have ArcViewl!I to fans, slopes. oblique and perspecrive I benefits of ors may 5eem out of reach. analyze data layers for their training viewi., fly-Lhroughs, sunlight/moonlighc I However, this capabi li cy to move from areas. Through ITAM. active and reserve dutu. and distance mea&uremencs. Army · acetate and grease penci Is to a computer installations can provide spatial-analysis tnpographi c units have the Digital maintained, digit.;o.l spatiaJ -management systems co maneuver commanders Topographic Support System (DTSS). system is within our grasp today. wanting Lo expand thei r battlefieJd Engineer terrain-analysis teams ! analysis capabilities. (military occupational specialty 81T) uf\e Advantages the DTSS to provide Geospatial he potential advantages of the Testing the System Information and Services (GlS) support. GIS go beyond jusc viewing he Mim1es0ta Army National The terrain teams are 1hc critical support T terrain information. By using Guard at Camp Ripley has one clement for rerrain complex analysis in spatial data from a variety of sources, T of the most advanced GJS support of the military decision-making GIS programs can reduce analysis time. databases in the Army National Guard. process (MDMP). The terrain teams are simplify complex decisions, and reduce Personnel th ere have created more than currently allocated down to each division the time on the objective for recon 75 data layer~ to better support Lraining in the Army. Jn the digital force, lhe naissance reams. GIS data layers afford site personnel. During its J999 annual DTSS has a much-expanded role that I additional functionali ty in expedi[ing training at Camp Ripley, the I 64th includes digital terrain dala manage various dec i ~ ion matrix.es required by Engineer Battalion (C)(M) from Minor, ment and dissemination. ln the staff elements. A::. an example, these North Dakota, used a Mississippi River expanded role, terrain teams and equip programs could support obstacle-plan crossing operation conducled by its ment are allocated lo each maneuver development. route reconnaissance, 957th Engineer Company (Assault Float brigade. force protection, and ocher Lac1ical B1idge) from Bismarck, North Dakota, High-end GIS tools like the DTSS operations. co develop and test the concept of using comhine remotely sensed data , l Another benefit of Che GlS is its administrative GIS data layers to support conventional grou nd surveys, and abi lity to evaluate all availabl e dala tactical operations. Camp Ripley's cartography on various compucer-bascd (including elevation), which increases hardware, software, and personn~ I were systems. Tbe Army's GlS, which rhe potential to provide spatial decision used to develop this exercise. Using Field contin ues to evolve, relates real-world criterion to commanders. Addi[ional Manual (FM) 90- l 3, River-Crossing positional data from lhe battlefield to data can be incorporated into 1he GIS Operations. as a refere nce, battalion positions on a known grid reference so I database to allow more accurate analysis personnel identified data necessary to that attributes such as slope, vegetation. at tactical operations centers. determine the best crossing sites. 34 Engineer April 2000 Perri nertl evalun1 ion informaLion for river crossings includes slopes, soil types, river width and depth, current velocity, vegetation cover, ob<;tacles. and the enem y situation. Working with the Minnesota Army National Guard GlS staff. 164th personnel reviewed existing data layers to determ ine the ~upporl data that v1as available for developing a river-crossing scenario, using the analytical ArcViewt' capabilirjes with che spatial-analyst extension. We found that most of the evaluation information needed wa:, L\\•a ilub!e within ex isting data layers obtained through remote sensing. Wh ile 1he capability to determine water depth and curren t velocity is cu rrently not avai Iable, software is constantly being _.::.::tll___ improved to obtain these variables based Figure 1. The corridor outlined In black depicts the area considered on factors such as drainage basins, slope, for river-crossing site analysis; this area is a 3·kilometer buffer of the and discharge of the river. main river channels adjacent to Camp Riley training lands. Figure l shows a layout for the river crossing exercise that was produced by usi ng the GTS. It depicts the corridor considered [or river-crossing site analysis-a 3-ki lome ter buffer of the main river channel adjacen t to Camp Ripley training sites. This buffer defines the area to whi ch analysis programs will be limited. While the entire area cou ld undergo analysis, this buffer area reduces analysis time and represents all possible crossing sites. The second analysis phase involved developin g crossing-site evaluation criter ion. We applied a suicabili1y analysis method that combined slope, rc.iken from a digital elevation model (DEM), aud soil texture data co evaluate areas along the entrance and exit banks that met FM 90-13 requirements. Figure 2 shows the terrai n-rating layer, th e resu JtanL data layer of this analysis. Figure 2: This terrain-rating layer, created from slope and soiHexture data, was used to evaluate the area along the entrance and exit banks From the terrain-rating tiara layer, the that met slope and soil requirements. The circled areas were consid best river-crossing sites were visually ered potential crossing sites. identified. Other potential analysis requirements for s ite selection were Mapping Agency. Road networks, which I weather, an d ident ifies what we identified also, such as river width, road define how weJI a site can support a I determined to be the best river-crossing. networks. cover and conce April 2000 t::ngineer 35 (conrimmlfrom pa~e 17) 1943, the peak year of training at Fon Leonard Wood. The interior of one of each type of building has been restored. Also, the interior of one barracks building bas been restored to interpret basic training barracks in J 967. This Cold War interprcLation dramatically illustrates the adaptive reuse of World War II 1cmporary buildings to support the training boom of the Vietnam conflict. Other restored buildings in the complex house a variety of exhibits supporting the history of Fon Leonard Wood. One restored dayroom has a display dealing with the life and career of MG Figure 3. Road networks, lakes, rivers, wetland~ , and w~od Leonard Wood, the instal lation's lands were used to individually evaluate potential crossing namesake. In another restored barracks sites. This is a close-up view of the southernmost potential crossing site. is an interpretation of the German and Italian prisoner-of-war camp. which Other helpful informaLion used in J trai11iug-site management. It contains operated at Fort Leonard Wood from 1943 determining risks was obtained through "core" data layers that are also conducive to 1946. The most recent addition to chis DEMs. Thi:. included line-of-sire to tactical operations. With the addition area is a hiscoric chapel. By preserving analysis, which enabled us to determine of layers and modifications provided by this collection ofWorld War D buildings, where the bridge site was exposed to analyses of other units. many different fort Leonard Wood has created a time enemy direct fire and to identify enemy tactical scenarios can be "played" using capsule of the history of the lrainiog positions in defilade on the opposite existing GIS operations. TerraBase n experience from 1941 to the present. shore. Once enemy emplacements of provides terrain-evaluation tools based artillery and mortar were known, the on elevation data, digital imagery data. Regimental Store artillery range could be overlaid on the and digital map data. For more complex ocated in rhe lobby of the projecc location using the GIS program. analysis requirements, an interactive museum, the Regimental Store 0 We used rhis tool co determine whether GIS program like ArcVicw can help L (which is operated by the A11J1y o ur crossing si te came under indirect fire I maneuver commanders benefit from G IS I Engineer Association) offers a unique from known enemy divisional and 1 even if the DTSS has not been fielded to hne or gifts. Merchandise primarily regimental anillcry groups. Our selected their unitl>. w features engineer regimental crt:st.s and site was out of the effective range of the the engineer castle. Proceeds from Lhc regimental artillery group but within the Lieute11w11 Colonel J< ensema is a War store help support the adjacent engineer divisional artillery group range. Our College Fellow at rlie Army Regimental Room. Steeped in engineer friendly fire support also could have Environmental Policy Institute i11 history, the Regimental Room proudly been included as a data layer ro Atlanta, Georgia. He previou~lv , displays colors and spec.:ial plaques of determine the direct- and indirect-fire- : commt.indt'tl 1he /641h Enginu r deactivated engineer units. support coverage we could expect. ! Banalion (C)(M), Minor. Nonh Dakota. Come and visit your Engineer fapcciallycrucial tothesuccessofthis ! Mr. Erick.um is the GIS Specialist tJI Museum. w test was having the proper requirementi; ihe Camp Ripley Training Site M1: Combs is 1h e Engineer Museum in place. such a!> a well-defined oper- Environmental O.flice, Li11le Fall .~ . ational i;cope. appropriate hardware and Minne.ww. curator. software. a GIS-competent operator, and Locatedat the comernfSouth Dalwra a resident database. Capwin Herda commnnds the 957th a11d Nebraska Avenues, the museum is AFB Company. Bismarck, North open LO the public, free nfcharge. from Conclusion Dakow. lie previously WtH the plans 1000 to 1600. Monday through Saturday. he Deputy Chief of Scaff for officerfor the /64th Engilleer Baualion T11e telephone 1111111ber is (573) 596-0780 Operations has organized (C)(M). (DSN 581-0780), the e-mt1il addres.~ is T regional. s upport <.:enters _to I [email protected], and 1he web site provide a cons1stenr database tor is www.wood.am1y.millmuseum. 36 Engineer April 2000 Past in Review A Genius for Fortification: Vauban and the Future of Positional Warfare By Di: Burton Wriglu /JI oday positional warfare is a long Before Vauban '!l time, foitifications l opposition Lo the king's dynastic plans forgotten art. Am1ie.s ofthe furnre were somewhat primitive and consisted for Europe. Most of the major fighting T wi ll never allow 1hcmselves to of high walls protected by a moat or during his numerous connicLs with his become bogged down in reducing ditch. In the Middle Ages. simple linear neighbors took place in and around fortre:.ses or. for that matter, in building walls ofstone were enough LO keep those Belgium and the Netherhrnds. Both them. Such anachronisms can he bypassed 'I inside safe and sound. Bui with the nation~ have terrain that is more by vertical envelopment or destroyed by invention of the cannon, the idea of adaptable to Lhe use of fortifications 10 precision munitions.1 Speed and violence fortifications took a new tum. Walls d e ny an invader entrance than to of execution are the tenecs of today's becrunemassive and impecviou!; co direct maneuver warfare .~ le was for this type of doctrinal manuals. Picks and shovels infantry assault. Engineers ofLouisXJV's wa.r Lhat Vauban was most suited. belong in museums. Or do they? day went even further in developing One of Vauban':-. defensive tech defensive positions, ma.king il much more niques was to build forts in the shape of difficult to conquer a city in a short ti me. hen he becameking, France's a star and place them on critical terrain in Sieges became long and bloody affairs.~ Louis XlV joined with advance ofrhe main walls ofLheci1y (see Inspector General Jacques France's principal e nemies during Figure l ). This forced an enemy to reduce W2 Martinet and the Minister of War. the Louis XIV's reign were the English and the fore before tak.ing on the city. The MarquisdeLouvois, to creaie an excellent 1 che Dutch. Both provided formidable star shape allowed the garrison to use standing army of200,000 men.' Although it was the best-drilled and best-equipped in Europe, in the long series of dynastic In addition to strong construction, the abUity to mass fires was one of the most wan: that followed, Louis' army became formidable means of defense. very adept at maneuver and fortifications. This expertise was the result of the genius or nne man-an engineer named Sebastian le Prestre de Vauban. Born ofpoor landowners, Vauban was < orphaned in childhood and brought up by peasants. He retained many aspect-; of their culture throughout his life. At the age of l 7, he enlisted as a private soldier and was eventually commi ssioned a lieutenant. His talents were so omstanding thar he att racted the aLtenLion of the Marquis de Louvois, who did not let the lack of blue blood stand in the way of promoting good men. 4 Through his bri lliance and professionalism, Vauban worked his way Most forts had cleared fields of Star forts were surrounded up to the rank ofMarshal ofFrance. Over fire for hundreds of yards around by ditchesand/pr moats, four decades, this engineer cornpiled a the fort to make it difficult for the which were drfficult for enemy to emplace artillery or attacking infantry to cross. series of spectacu lar victories-in both achieve surprise. attacking massive forts and in defending them from attack- that has never been matched. Figure 1. A star-shaped fort. April 2000 Engineer 37 rroops and supplies. Several months later. First Parallel Vauban successfully forced the surrender ofTrier. This gained for France the control of the Moselle River and enabled the counlry to s upply one uf her great.esr Second Parallel generals, Turenne. while be campaigned inGe1many. Tnward the end ofseveral great battles Third Parallel between the French army and the army of the Duke of Marlborongh. lhe French built a ~eries offo rtified lines in Belgium that was ton strong to directly attack. Vauban's genius helped to fashion those lines, and they were never pendrate,d to any e>.tent. The French army, under the aged but crafty Marshal Vi liars. was able ro use the lines as an area to retrem to Figure 2. The parallel method of attack. when pressed by the British and Dutch flanking fire and to sweep lhe glacis of fort, guns were situated so as to put thar forces. The army rarely ventured beyond atlacking infantry. The defenders ' part of the fort under fire. then th e second these lines. cannons were placed in embrasures to parallel was begun. Ac cbe end of the Defensive warfare can help preserve give tbern proccction while chey fired. second parallel, more powerful and an army from disaster when time is the Star-shape.d forts had both inner and , shorter-range gun!> were placed to most important fac tor. The French knew outerdefense<;; ifone was breached, lhen l support the diinl parallel. This brought that evencually both the Dutch and British the 01her provided afety for the garrison the infantry near the walls. which allowed 1 wo uld tire of rhe war and seek a ncgociated to continue the resistance. (Note: Tf you a direct allack. This system could take I peace. Queen J\ nne dismissed Marl fly over many angles to a line of forrificalions and then critical canals could. mean the difference 1· For example, during World War lJ in rumed ai ri ght angles. much like a zigzag I between defeat and victory. Year after year, Italy, Field Marshal Alberc Kesselring design (sec Figure 2). Gibbc.ms (round, ' France foug ht England and Holland for I conducted woven rope or straw) were pushed in I Strategicalcontrol they offered.The capture te1Tain and annihilating the Allies as they front nf those digging the parallel. When of Maestrichl al lowed the French to use j attempted to rnke ir. And during the long, the parallels were close enough Lo the ' the inner waterways of Holland for moving ; bloody battle to take the domjnanr heights 38 Engineer April 2000 of Monte Cassino, the British, American. II D1: Wright is rhe Chemical Corps ' armies of the period were not as large and Polish armies were all forced back. hisrorian uf Fon Leonard Wood. and usually were the king's or emperor's Finally, the Polish army hroke through, but personal guard. Soldiers were formed the cost in casualties was enonnous. Endnotes: only when needed. They also wore In Vietnam in 1967, the U.S. Army's specific uniforms for specific duties as I 73d Airborne Brigade faced dug-in and 'Clearly from cxpe1ience during Lhc Gustavus Adolphus ha The Engineer Writer's Guide We chink engineers tnke a special pride in their profession, and Contribumrs are encouraged to include black-and-white or color Engineer i'.l always looking for aiticlcs from readers who want lo photo~. April 2000 Engineer 39 EOBC AND EOAC Ul1DATE By Caplllin Sam Hudson n the past several years. rhe EngineerOfficer Basic Course knowledge and skills, new officers must receive guidance, (EOBC) and lhe Engineer Officer Advanced Course (EOAC) memoring, and professional development from fellow officers I have undergone several changes. Because of these in their new unit. changes, many officers in the field 1nay be unaware of the specilic types of skills and the actual depth of knowledge that EOAC recenr graduates of the EOBC and EOAC possess. This article nder TRADOC's Caprain'i; Professional Military ouilines the EOBC and EOAC programs of insrruction and Education (CPT PME) plan. the EOAC is now bricny explains recent and proposed changes in the courses. U considered Phase I of the E ng ineer Captain's Career Course (ECCC) and is primarily designed to prepare EOBC engineer captains to command engineer companies and serve he EOBCprovides general instruction on the basics of as staff officers in combined-arms task forces. While many Army enginceting. The l 7-week course, which includes officers perceived the old 22-week EOAC as a "gentleman's T two weeks for in-processing and out-processing. is course," this is no longer the case. As of 1999, the cow-!ie divided into four phases: length was reduced to 18 weeks but maintained essentially the • Common Core. This three-week phase consiscs of J20 same amounc of material. Thus. current EOAC students must hours of instruction and covers topics in leadership. cover a comparable amount of information in fou r weeks less military justice, lraining management, and supply than their predecessors. managemenr. Engineer student::; receive inscruction Jn an attempt to integrate the branches and services of our alongside chemical and military police officers in many rumedforces, and to improve cooperation with othercountries. a of the classes. typical EOAC clac;s consists of aboul 67 percent active-ducy • Combat E ngineering and Tactics. Th)s six-week pbase engineer officers, 16 percent international students. 8 percent consists of 238 hour!> of instruction, wbicb includes noneogineer officers, 5 percent Reserve Component (RC) officers, bridging. demolitions, mine warfare, and combined-anns and 4 percent Marine Corps officers. Under !he CPT PME plan. Lac tics. aU active-duty officers (except some who are pursuing advanced degrees) attend the six-week PhaseHofthe ECCC(the Combined • Battalion Field Training. This three-week phase consists 3 Anns and Services StaffSchool, or CAS ) at Fort Leavenworth of 345 hours of instruction and includes land navigation, immediately following completion of EOAC. Sapper Slakes, a four-day situational Lraining exercise (STX), and a five-day field training exercise (FI'X). EOAC is composed of five modules, with one week devoted to out-processing and graduation: • Construction E ng ineering. This three-week phase consists of 120 hours of instructio n, which covers bolh • Leadership Founda tions. During this three-week module, horizontal and vertical construction. sl'udems receive instruction on leadership. Army values/ ethics, and unit cohesion/team building. In many of the Focusing more on the "hands-on" application of !he classes, engineer officers are grouped with chemical and students' newly leamcd skills, only 37 percent of the total military police officers. coun:e comes in the form ofclassroom instniction. The remaining 63 percem is practical exercises (PE), theSTX, aud theFTX. ln • ConstructionEngineering. During this five-week module, addition, a basic two-hour offensive/defensive computer students are taught the basics o f designing, planning, exercise (CPX) allows students to integrate their tactical plans and procuring materials for construction projects in a inLo a cask-force plan. theater of operations. The climax o f thi~ module is a construction capstone PE using a .. real-world" Probably the most significanc change to the EOBC was the project scenario. switch from a '"tracked" to a "stTaight-lined" program of instniction in 1997. Until then, students received two weeks of • Common-Core Tactics. This two-week module provides specialized inscruction based on rheir follow-on assignment the tactical fou ndation necessary in a combined-arms (such as combat engineering and tactics for combat engineers environment up to the brigade level. Students also develop vs consm1ction training for combat-heavy engineers). Now, a company mission-essential msk List and plan a company instead of specialized training, sLUdents receive general STX. instruction in all areas of engineering, regardless of their • Engjnecr-Specific Tactics. This six-week module focuses upcoming assignments. So il is important to realize rhat none heavily on the military decision-making process, knowledge of the sLUdents arrive at their first unit with an in-depth of opposing-force equipment and capabilities. intelligence knowledge of any one area. To more fully develop their preparation of the battlefield. and the engineer battlefield 40 Engi11eer April 2000 EOBC Week 1 2-4 5·10 11·13 14·16 17 c - o c c c - Combat Battalion °'·~ ~ o Common Construction +; ~ Engineering Fleld .,Q. i::., Core Engineering 8 ~ o~ Tactics Training e -g Q. ~ o::-o., "' :; 0 Ill 0 EOAC Week 1.3 4-8 9-10 11-16 17 18 c Module A Module B Module C Module D Module E ,!;! iO :i Leadership Construction Common- Engineer Warflghter Ill Foundations Engineering Core Tactics Specific Tactics Simulation "'~ ussessmenc. in addfrion, based on the premise that all (CAS3} after EOAC. Once ECCC, Phase 11, has been completed, engineers are "terrain experts," this module places sludents pursuing_ advanced degrees return to Fort Leonard increased focus on TerraBase II terrain analysis and Wood for various kngLhs of time lo complete r:heir studiet:-. reque!;ting terrain-visualization and imagery products. with the <::xception of sLudents obtaining de&>rees in ci vii and Students ultimately upply their newly gained know environmental engineering. These studems fini sh their degrees ledge and skills to produce oral and written engineer before attending ECCC, Phase IL company operatiou orders (OPORDS) and engineer annexes to task-force/brigade OPORDS for both de fensive EOAC-RC and ECCC-RC and offensive operations. he Engineer School divide~ the EOAC for Reserve • Warfighter Jll Simulation. During this one-week module, Component officers (EOAC- RC) into two phases. Thes.e students serve as maneuver and engineer battalion T lwo phases conslitute the first half ofa four-phase ECCC commanders and staff. where they plan both defensive and for Reserve Componem officers (ECCC-RC). Phase J consists offensive combined-arms ballles using the deliberate of 207 hours of cuiTespondence courses and is completed at military decision-making process. Once the plans are lhe officer's home station. Phase Tl is a two-week resident course complete, they execute them in two separate CPXs. at Fon Leonard Wood designed Lo reinforce the kn owledge The EOAC is structured so that roughly half of the insuuction and skills .learned during Phase I through application and PEs. i'> lectures and discussions. The second half is small-group According to the CPT PME. officers must begin Phase JI within instniccion, with a teacher-to-student ratio of no greater than one year after com piecing Pha,~e 1. During Phase III of the ECCC RC. officers rerum to thei r parent units and conduct annual L: J6. The military decision-making process i<; continuously empha:.ized in all aspects of train ing, and while studenrs are Lraining. This helps allev iate the possibility of an officer's ultimately evaluated on the final produc1s they produce. much extended absence from his/her unit. Phase IV of the ECCC-RC is equivalent Lo Pha ~ c Tl of the ECCC. StudenL'> attend either artention is paid [O the process by which staffs produce their products. the six-week resident course al Fort Leavenworth or at U.S. Anny R >serve schools in their area. Students should complete There are several proposed initiatives to increase the quality Phase.: rv within two years afrer completing EOAC-RC. and relevance of Lhe EOAC program of instruction. For instance, there are plans to better incorporare military Swnmary operations in urban ten-a.in and stability and support operations oth the EOBC and the EOAC will undoubtedly undergo into lesson plans. Adclilionally. there are plans to increase the more changes in the upcoming months and years. Bm empha5is on light engineer operations and update lhe practical with the information contained in this article, officers exercises to better represent some of the current operaliomd B in the field. especially company and battalion commanders, environments. Finally, with rapid increases in technology. fucure will bave a better understanding of exactly what these new students may cover some course material via distance leaming. orficers have r.o offer their units. W In conjunction with the EOAC. selected scudents have the o pportunity 10 earn a master's degree in engmeering CPT fl11d.1 April 2000 Engineer 41 J CTC Notes I Battle Command TrainingProgram a1Tected uniN before emplacement. However. Chapter 8, page 8-24, states that a SCATMINWARN can be sent eithe.r before Scatterable l\llincfield Request and Report Procedures or immectiately atier mines are emplaced. FM 5-3tl, Enginur Field Data. 30 August 1999. describes the same scatterable By Major Fred Erst minefield request and report requirements as shown in FM omba1 engineers are increasing their reliance on 20-32. sca11erable mines lo sllape the battlefield. However, A recent publication, FM 101-5-2, U.S. Army Report and C 1m less corps and division commanders specifically Message FormaIS. 29 June !999, established a new report. delegate emplacemenr authori ty to them. current Army doctrine the scatrerable-mincfield request (SCATM[NREQ) that is does not provide brigade. and cask force commanders the authority used to request auLhority m plan emplacement of scatterable to employ scatterablc mines a:; tactic.al or situational obstacles. mines. However, the SCATMINREQ ls not addres~ed in any Should the corps or division commander withhold scatterable currenl engineer publications. Additionally, Lhe fo rmats for minefield emplacemenr authority, existing doctrinal publications th e SCATMINWARN and SCATMTNREC specified in FM do not provide a consistent procedure to request planning or I 01-5-2 are different from the reports outlined in FMs 20-32 emplacemenl authority from the authorizing headquarters and and 5-34. While FM I 01-5-2 srates tbat the report formats are do not clearly require units to submit scarterable-minefield directive and prescriptive, it a1so srntes that branch-specific warnings (SCATMLNWARNs) before emplacing a scatterable or technical reports complement the report forma1s specified minefield. As a result, engineers al corps, division. brigade, and in the manual and are not considered superseded by it. task-force levels often have a wide interpretation of the FM LOl -5-2 does attempt to establish a procedu1e for units requirements for requesting and reporting scatterable minefields. to request and report scatterable mi nes in the geueral A recommended solution to this doctrinal problem is for units to instructions of each report. The problem is that FM 101-5-2 c~tabli~h procedures that incorporate a report matrix for tracking does not clearly describe the overall process and does not scallerable-minefield requesls. warnings, and records. specifically require units to disseminate a SCATMJ.NWARN Doctrinal Considerations to subordinate units before execution. As a re~ult of these differences. in Army doc1rinal publications, the lack of a clearly urrenc doctrinal publications do not clearly and defined request and report procedure often compounds the consistently define scaLLerable-minefield requesc and problems that mos1 brigade and task force engineers already repon requirements. PM 5-71-2, Armored Task Fonc C have with planning and reporting scatterable minefielus. Engineer Combat Operations. Change I, 13 November 1997, includes a ~ituarional - obstacle execurion matrix but does not Brigade. Wartighter Exercises specify scatterable-mincfield dimensions, planned life cycle. ecent BCTP Brigade Warfighter exerc ises have criggers. observers. or purpose as required planning information. shown that many brigade and task force staffs do FM 20-32. MineJCoun.tnmi11e Operation. 29 May 1998. ~ta les R not adequately plan and synchronize employment that the SCATMlNWARl\ and che scauerable-minefield /muniLion of scatterable 111.i nes as tactical or situational obstacles during field report and rci.:ord (SCATMINREPORT/SCATMTNREC) are the military decision-making process. During the fight, this the only two reports required for use with scatterable minefields often causes brigade and task force engineers to develop or munition fields. The probkm is rhat FM 20-32 combines the anu submit o:idditional "91 1'' emergency requests for 19-line SCATMlNREPORT/SCATMINREC work sheet into one unplanned scatterable minefields or else to ex.ecuie document (Figure 8-7, page 8-23) withom adequately explaining scallerable minefields without receiving emplacemen t that it can be u~ed <'.Is both a report of inlenlicln co requesl i1uthority. Staff engineers often have difficulty complying emplacement authoriLy aod a re<.:ord after a scatterablc minefield with scanerable minefie ld reporting requirements and is emplaced. The formal is very effective when it is used a>. a struggle wirh tracking the statu!\ of SCATMlNWARNs and SCATMJNREC. However. when it is used as a repon of inten1ion SCATMINRECs. Typicall y. the res ult is an increased or as a request, the format does no t provide authoriz.ing occurrence of minefield fratricides because of limited headquarters wich the essential planning information Lo command siiuational awareness and a decreased obstacle effect on che and control scaccerable-minefield employment. This planning enemy's maneuver. information include~ triggers. observers, overwatching unit, purpose. and the field-rutillery target number if the scalterable BCTP Procedures minefield is an area denial artillery munitions/remote antiarmor he procedures adopted by BCTP's Operaiion~ mine system (ADAM-RAAMS). Group C to manage scanerable-mioefield requests Add1tiona1J y. FM 20-12 does not consistently require units to T and reports during Brigade Warfighter exercises provide a SCATMINWARN hefore emplacing minefields. Chapter i.nclude a three-step process that parallels Lhe doctrinal 3, page 3-10, directs that a SCATMTNWARN will be sent to all repo1t fl ow for conventional minefields found in FM 20-32, 42 Engineer April 2000 Chapler 5. Tim proces' uses a standard format for -canerable previously approved for planning. The unit may submit a mincfield request<;, which i' based in pan on the 52d Infantry SCAT\i11NWARN anyume after receiving approval but should Division's <;ituauonal ob'tacle requesc form that th:: Sidewinder submit it at least 30 minutes before execution. This technique Team u!.e!> to train bngades al the '\arional Trainin!! Center ar provide<> obstacle control to the authorizing headquarter:. so Fon Irwin. California This three-<:tep process ts also~ompatible rhe commnnder can rapidly delegate or withhold emplacement with the ~tandard formats and general instruclions for the authonry based on the current situation. IL also allows both SCAT.MINREQ. SCATMt"WARN. and SCATMINREC repom headquarters sufficient ume 10 further diso;eminate the ourlined in FM 101-5-2. Unit.; can use 1hese procedures when SCATMr.\-WARK The unit then receives authority co emplace che division plans to \\iiLhhold emplacemenl authority for all a scatternble minefield after the authorizing headquarters 4-hour-duracion scuuerable mmefields and the corps withholds acknowledges receipt of che SCATMlNWARN. The unit can emplacement au thorily for all other•. Units can also apply or cancel a SCATMlNWARK for any minefield ac any time and modify the ~am~ procedures 10 maintain obstacle control when submic a new SCATl'v11~WARN for other scauerable minefields scatterable-minefiel April 2000 Engineer 43 BCTP Brigade Warfighter Line 1: DTG of Request 101500NOVQt_ Scatterable Minefield Request and Report Matrix Sheel # ___or ___ Line 2: Un11 Subm111ing Reques1 ~WQ.LM.L -ll. Scatterable Minefield Reauest (Lines 1-17) Reports flines 18-22 Lino Line Line Lil'e Lme Line Line Line Line Line Lire "" u ne Lne line Lino Line Line Uno Line Une Line Lmc Line 13·B 16-A f6·B 16 ·C 18 19 20 21 22 ~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9·A 9-B 9·C 10 11 12 13·A 14 z ~ 0 u~ <; CD a: ~i ti Ol .u "O NK None TM/\ lsolale 4 Easlem CO CO\.T 1001 ADAM· Ye s Yes 0 400 NK NI< 1500 OBJ FLA hrs (I) c 3·T8018·BMP lM-1 E1·sF01 RMMS mils x 505929 509929 550927 )( 1· 121·1N from OBJ - co Reposit1oos 10 (/\LT) Modium 400 m 1500m TEXAS vie :! ~ Wesl vie N /\1·2 COL'f AE100i Density NK NK 505925 509925 ili TAl·20 (NJ5490) TM-2 NK 235 m None TMD Disrupt 4 Enemy Res 2-251 1001 l),ir Yes Yes NIA 1110 NK NIA All 2·251 IN Enemy hrs 3-T80/8·BMP Seoul Volcano x 500940 511941 ~ c3 E2' SV02 CATI< v,c NAl·6 TM·1 ioO 140m s11Jes CAl K VIC !!! s TAl·25 !D <( (NJ5595) Camsl ers NK NK 500939 511940 ~ Decision PT-3 Nono TF Separate \ & 2d h·s 0) c 3·T80/8·BMP TM-1 Bl'SF01 RAAMS m ils x 528925 525925 x -Cll 400 m 1500 rr Echelons '7 <( Repos111ons lo (ALT) 1\iled1um q lL NK NK by 30 min Wesl VIC NAl·2 COLT AE2001 Density 523925 52592.1 ili VIC TAl-22 (NJ5490J Tlv1·2 555 NK NK N/A 235 rn 4- TMB Tuin 1SI 48 4-Sided Frat NfA 1001 Ground Ye s Yes NfA 1ii c x 550850 556850 All sided 2-252 IN Echelon hrs Fence complelo. ~2ASV 0 1 Volcano ow- al 440 m sides into EA l/) O> Execute NLT 160 Frat - c Viper 121400NOV Canisrers NK NK Fence April 2000 Engineer 45 M ENGINEER UPDATE Commercial numbers are (573) 563-xxxx and Defense System Network (DSN) numbers are 676-xxxx un'ess olherwise noted. Deputy Assistant Commandant (DAC) Engineer School Organization Under the MANSCEN. With the formation of the Maneuver Support Center (MANSCEN}, the Engineer School has undergone a significant reorganization_ The charts below show which organizations fall directly under the Engineer School and which fall under the MANSCEN, which provides general support to the Engineer School. The commandant of the Engineer School retains proponency for all doctrine, training, leader development, organizations, materiel, and soldier (DTLOMS) issues. It is through a matrixed organization-MANSCEN that this support is provided in a synergistic (win-win) manner to the Engineer School. POC is COL William Van Horn, -6192/8060_ USAES Organization Under MANSCEN CMOT AC OAC Rog CSM USAES C3 DAC· USAR Musoum DAC-NG l----.J- ---1 Historian DOT TSM 1st ENGR BOE Doctrine ~ rEP~O Grt»•y S l AMIOS G ~ 1 Wn!vcnnf' Hornet B G Eb EOBC GsOSUTI CSUTI Co106 sec lns1 ECCC AIT AIT Mll DAC • Deputy Ass1s\ant Commandam EOBC • Engineer Officer Basic Course DOT • D11ector or Training ECCC Eng1naef Captains Career Course TSM • TRADOC Systems '-1anager for Combat Systems WO • Warrant Officer 001 - Oepart111en l or hlstruct1on AIT Advanced ln01V1dual Trainmg TASS • The Army School System osur - One-Stalton Ur.it T r airung EPPO - E.ngineer Personnel Proponency Offica CTSC • Countermone Tra1n1ng Support Center STAMIOS - Slardnff Minefield De1ec 11or'I System t-tOrc • Humannaria n Oem1111ng Tra1nmg Center' SLC • Sapper Leader Course MANSCEN Matrixed Support CG MANSCEN oco DCLT DOTO MSBL DCD • Director of Combat Development DCLT - Director of Common Leader Training DOTO -Director of Training Development MSBL - Maneuver Support Battle Lab MANSCEN Web Site: http://www.wood.army.m11/ USAES Web Site: hftp:llwww.wood.armymif/eschooll 46 Engineer April 2000 Directorate of Training Development (DOTO) Field Manual Update. The following fi eld manuals are at ATSC awaiting printing and distribution. They are currently available on the MANSCEN Publications Page at http:llwww.wood.army. mil/PUBS!newpubs.htm. • FM 5-472, Materials Testing. This manual supersedes FM 5-530, dated 17 August 1987. It contains up-to-date technical information on how to obtain samples and perform engineering tests and calculations on soils, bituminous paving mixtures, and concrete. Many of the DD forms used to record and calculate samples have also been updated. • FM 5-436, Paving and Surfacing Operations. This manual supersedes TM 5-3310, dated 21 April 1969; TM 5 337, dated 21 February 1966; and TM 5-337-1 , dated 29 March 1971. It contains current information on 1 construction materials and equipment and the mix design, production. placement, and repair of concrete and bituminous pavements. • FM 5-434, Earthmoving Operations. This manual supersedes FM 5-434, dated 26 August 1994 and FM 5-164, dated 30 August 1974. It contains current methods and equipment used in planning, designing, and constructing earthwork in the theater of operations. POC is Sandra Gibson, -4100. Draft Changes to Doctrinal Publications. Another addition to our web site this month is seven draft changes to doctrinal publications supporting the 4th Infantry Division and the Division Capstone Exercise. Each draft change document addresses tactical operations conducted in a Force XXI (FXXI) digital environment. They seNe as guides for FXXI engineers who use digital systems to plan, coordinate, and conduct digitized engineer operations. The draft change documents posted to http://www.wood.armymil/PUBS/fxxi.htm and listed below are not stand-alone manuals (except for FM 5-105, Topographic Operations) . • C1 , FM 5-71-100, Division Engineer Combat Operations (Digital - CD) • C1, FM 5-100-15, Corps Engineer Operations (Digital - CD) • C2, FM 5-71-3, Brigade Engineer Combat Operations (Armored) (Digital - CD) • C2, FM 5-71-2, Armored Task-Force Engineer Combat Operations (Digital - CD) ::i C1 , FM 5-10, Combat Engineer Platoon (Digital - CD) • C2, FM 5-170, Engineer Reconnaissance (Digital - CD) • FM 5-105, Topographic Operations POC is MAJ Ron Zimmerman, (573) 596-0131, ext 3-7332. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) Web Site. To provide units with updated information and gain unit input to current doctrine, we have created the following web site for posting newly developed TTP that support the various working axes (OCX, JCF, LCD, 1-BCT): http://www.wood.armymil/PUBS/ttpslengrttps.htm. In the near future, we will be posting survivability TIP from the Waterways Experiment Station for various types of equipment. Please send comments and recommendations related to these TIP to [email protected]. POC is MAJ Ron Zimmerman, (573) 596-0131 ext 3-7332. 2000 Engineer Unit Directory. The directory, which is updated periodically, is available at http://www. wood. army.mill PUBS/dsd/dsd.htm. Units may submit changes/corrections at any time via e-mail to Jennifer Morgan at [email protected]. POC is Jennifer Morgan, -4104. April 2000 Engineer47 1st Engineer Brigade Engineer Diver MOS 00810 Course, Phase One. Previously taught at Fort Eustis, Virginia, this course has moved to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.The first nine-day course began on 20 February 2000. Phase Two, a 26-week course, is taught at the Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center, Panama City, Florida. For all reclassification requirements, see DA PAM 611 -21 , Military Occupation Classification and Structure; AR 611-75, Management of Army Divers; and AR 614-200, Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management. The web site is www.wood.army.mil/mosoob.htm. POC is SFC Patrick Andrews, DSN 581-2679, commercial (573) 596-0131 ext 6-2679. Combat Engineer Vehicle (CEV). The CEV has been brought out of retirement fo r use in the Waco investigation.The CEV and crew will be sent to Fort Hood, Texas. POC is CPT Kevin Hicks, DSN 581-8940, commercial {573) 596-0131 ext 6-8940/0224. TRADOC Program Integration Office-Terrain Data (TPIO-TD) Digital Terra in Data Requirements. TPIO-TD, which coordinates the Army's requirements for digital map data, is currently reviewing digital terrain data requirements submitted by numerous Army agencies and units. Requirements include high-resolution imagery, digital elevation models, and "smart" vector maps. TPIO-TD is consolidating these requirements and will forward them to the National Imagery and Mapping Agency this summer. These geospatial information requirements will be a topic of a breakout session at this year's ENFORCE Conference. POC is CPT Tom Stroud, DSN -5180, commercial (573) 596-0131 , ext. 3-5180. TRADOC System Manager (TSM) Handheld Standoff Minefield-Detection System (HSTAMIDS). This hand-held mine deteclor combines ground penetrating radar and improved metal-detection capabilities to provide a robust probability of detection (Pd) for large and small metallic and nonmelallic antitank and antipersonnel mines. HSTAMIDS will significantly improve detection of the smaller, low-metal antipersonnel mines. such as the PMA-3, witl1 a Pd that exceeds 95 percent. HSTAMlDS will reduce the frequency of false detections associated with detector operation in a metallic-cluttered environment, allow·1ng the detector operator to "tune-out" metallic clutter that affects the AN/PSS-12. Six HSTAMIOS prototypes have been purchased by the Army to support contractor developmental testing scheduled for Yuma and Aberdeen Proving Grounds in April and May 2000. The Basis of Issue Plan for HSTAMIDS will be determined before Milestone 111, Production and Fielding (FY03), based on training complexity and the level of soldier certification required to operate the system. Due to cost and training implications, HSTAMIDS fielding will supplement AN/PSS-12 systems already in the field and will not replace them on a one-for-one basis. Basic Hornet and Improved Hornet. The Hornet is a smart munition designed lo help the maneuver commander dominate his battlespace. The Basic Hornet engages tracked vehicles only and may be arm ed manually or by the M71 Modular Pack Mine System Remote Control Unit. Preplanned product improvement will result in an Improved Hornet munition with an advanced control station that operates through a standard Single-Channel, Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS). The Improved Hornet will Include a remote on/off/on control to provide safe passage of friendly forces during counterattack, retrograde, or withdrawal; recovery and redeployability of munitions before arming; munitions with a built-in Global Positioning System; two-way communication between munitions and the control station: a more lethal sublet munition; and an improved probability of kill of both heavy wheeled and tracked vehicles. The primary recipient of the Basic Hornet, which is in production now, will be the 82d Airborne Division. The basic load of Hornets for a combat engineer battalion is 260 munitions. The current program schedule calls for the Army to receive the first Basic Hornet munitions in 40FYOO. The entire force will receive the Improved Hornet, with fielding to begin in 4QFY04. Improved Hornet control stations will be fielded to units as a Class VII item beginning in FY03. The Basis of Issue Plan for the control station is being developed. The expectation is that mechanized combat engineer units will receive one control station per squad, and light units will receive one per platoon. Maneuver units will receive one control station per company and one per battalion headquarters. Information on both systems may be obtained al the TSM web site at http://www.wood.army.mil/TSM . POC for both systems is MAJ Mark Thompson, (573) 596-0131, ext. 3-7347. 48 Engineer April 2000 Lead the Way By Command Sergeant MajorArthur Laughlin U.S. Army Engineer School Have a Little Faith o March, I had the opportunity to brief LTG Ohle, the I don't believe the problem is in the recruits, so the problem DCSPER. For me, this was a true education. 1t allowed must be us. lf that is indeed true, bow do we change that? I me to see the workings oftl1e Army at the highest levels. How do we regain the ability to see the potential of these I came away from the briefing with the discovery that future NCOs? How do we accept the challenge to have a little I regardless of the level, things really don't cha11ge that much. faith? This is our challenge. NCOs must be willing to invest To my surprise, 1 saw firsthand the concern LTG Ohle had in our subordinates, allowing them to join our ranks. about what young soldiers and sergeants in our Army were As I visit soldiers in thefield, I hear first sergeants, platoon sayin,g and thinking. He asked if our regiment's ·soldiers were sergeants, and squad leaders tell me tbat soldiers must meet aware of Chief of Staff GEN Shinsek:i's initiative to change certain unit criteria to get boarded-criteria like appearing the structure and man the field Army at 100 percent. Hewanted before soldier-of-the-month boards or successfully serving as co know how our soldiers reacted to tlmt. He also asked how team leaders or squad leaders. Great, but only ifyou are using we were dding in the grow.Log of our young sergeants and these tools to identify talent really early. These are excellent what percentage of ourspecialists were on the promotion list. tools to develop soldiers before they are eligible for the primary I told him the results of my many conversations with our or secondary zone of consideration. regiment's senior NCOs, but l knew he had put his finger on Don't use this unit criterion to hold back eligible specialists a great weakness ln our regiment- a weakness we NCOs can from promotion. Here is where you have to have a little faith fix by having a little faith. or else you are holding your subordinates to a higher standard Our regiment falls dreadfully short of the Sergeant Major than l was or you were. Our regiment is irl need of sergeants. -of the Army's guidance to put 35 percent ofeligible specialists It is up to us to train, board, promote, and train some more. on a promotion list. In nearly all of our MOSs, we fall short So what are your standards? NCOs across the regiment have of where we need to be to build our sergeant ranks. We musl to be willing to invest in the potential of their subot:dinates. do better. As NCOs, we must have the faith in our specialists Take time and a little risk and have faith; your subordinates to know they wm be ab.le to accept the responsibilities placed will fo!Jow you. The odds of success are in your favor. upon them. We also must give ourselves credit for being who Beginning 1 May 2000, your MANSCEN NCO Academy we are and what we are capable ofas NCOs and trainers. Our will begin an associate degree program. This js the fir.st time specialists will emulate their leaders, of that you can be sure. I bave seen such a program. If you are an NCO attending Throughout my career, 1 have rarely seen an individual BNCOC or ANCOC, you will have an opportunity to earn an who is fully qualified before receiving that next stripe. The associate degree before returning to your unit. This is a great real training begins with pinning on ilie new rall.k. With the slep forward for your profession.al devclopmenl. More I additio.aat responsjbiUty, these young leaders grew in ability information is available at http://www. wood.army.miJ/mncoa/ and attitude to accept the challenges. They became juuior e ng in. htm. leaders and better NCOs because mentors worked with them It is v.'ith great pleasure that J am ahle to announce the to be, know, and do. Mentors coached, guided, and forgave selection of CSM Bill McDaniels to be the new MANSCEN m..istnkes as each young leader grew in experience and NCO Academy commandant. CSM McDaniels comes to us knowledge. I know this was true in my case and for my from the 864fh Engineer Battalion in Fort Lewis, Wash.ingt:on . generation of NCO )eaders. Our seni or leaders had a little He has big shoes to fill after the outstanding leadership of faith in us and, through their senior leadership and risk taking, CSM Jesus Gomez, but! am sure he wHl excel at this position. we became the NCOs we are today. So I ask you, why should Please pass your congratulations and support to him. He wiU it be any different today? assume his duties in June 00. As NCOs, we have always prided ourselves on seeing the Finally, the next time you encounter a subordinate, peer, potential in our young soldiers. We saw and developed the or superior who doubts your ability to get a tough mission qualities necessary to be a good leader. ll wasn't always an done, just look him or her in the eye and say. "Have a little easy call and, in some instances, we took a chance on soldiers faith. We can do this." Then, watch the twinkle in their eyes. and promoted them anyway. Our specialists deserve a twinkle from us! Now, either we are afraid to promote and train, or \ve Essayoos! d.on't really see potential in most of che soldiers we recrui l. April 2000 Engineer49