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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2017 149 ISSN 2250-3153 Rivers State: The Challenge of One-City State in the Geography of Underdeveloped Rural Region in Nigeria Kio-Lawson,Datonjo Dekor, J.B. Tobi Stanisslous,D. KpunpamoOwanate,B School of Environmental Technology Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Rivers State,Nigeria [email protected] Abstract A clinical study of the challenges confronting Rivers State, an oil producing state south of the deltaic region of Nigeria was carried out by this paper. These challenges were looked at from two perspectives; a state that has only succeeded in developing one city, the state capital after over 40years of existence and secondly, the implication for that city, Port Harcourt in a state characterized by mass of underdeveloped rural communities. This work is a product of months of intensive field work. Both primary and secondary information contributed greatly to give us a true picture of “the way things are” in our study area. From this picture we were able to draw a conclusion that there exist socio-economic and environmental ‘crises’ in the city of Port Harcourt. This paper was also able to prove that the failure of successive governments in the state to pursue their visions of developing secondary cities was responsible for such ‘crises’. The paper at the end has been able to provide answer to the question of ‘what is to be done’ in the face of the existing ‘crises’. Keywords: Crises, Population, City, Government 1. INTRODUCTION From the pre-colonial era evidence of urban bias in the development policies of the government was easily noticed. There was a colossal concentration of economic and social infrastructure in the few but rapidly growing urban centres and cities at the expense of the rural areas. Although the resources needed to sustain the city’s economy came from the hinterland, the urban areas were favoured in the distribution of social and economic infrastructure because of their strategic importance to the colonial masters; centres of administration and by their geographical location providedeasy avenue for the export of agricultural products needed to service the economy of the colonial masters back home. Port Harcourt was one of such cities in the then eastern region of Nigeria that enjoyed such favour from the colonial masters. This city came into existence through the Hargroove agreement signed between the colonial masters and some local chiefs from the Ikwerre and Okrika origin(the traditional owners of the land)in which 30,000 acres of land was ceded to the colonial masters in 1913 for administrative convenience(Akpogomeh, 1995). With a very insignificant population at that time the city grew rapidly in commerce and by 1963, the city was accommodating a population of 234,672 persons. Thus when Rivers State was created in 1967, Port Harcourt was the only city in the geographical territory ceded to the new state that qualified to wear the status of the state capital. This change in status increased the economic activities and human population in the city. It was the only urban area that offered job opportunities to the elites, where commerce strived and has a mass concentration of economic and social infrastructure. By the end of the1980s, its land mass had been overstretched by the competing land uses resulting into several social problems in the city(Kio-Lawson and Dekor 2014). By 2006, the city’s population was already close to 1.5 million persons leaving the question of “what is to be done” on the lips of every development scholars in the region. Both development scholars and successive government in the state had agreed in common that development of other urban centres in the state is one way of taking the population pressure away from the city. Several policies and programmes had been advanced by successive government towards this direction. As at 1996, there were over twenty of such urban centres in the state using population as criteria for definition. Some of these urban centres function as local council headquarters but in terms of development, theyare several miles away. Thus several years after the creation of Rivers State, Port Harcourt had remained the only primate city in the state. It had continued to be the final destination for most rural migrants in the region as well as highly favoured in the distribution of social and economic infrastructure in the state. The implications for such a state with a population of over 5million persons having just a city surrounded by a mass of traditional settlements miles away from development can be predicted. A more appropriate answer is undoubtedly needed to the question of “what is to be done” if any progress is to be recorded in the face of these implications. II.METHOD AND TECHNIQUES Rivers State was created in 1967 with Port Harcourt as the administrative capital. In 1987, another state, Bayelsa, was carved out of the state with a significant part of its population and geographical area ceded to the new state. Despite this development, Rivers www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2017 150 ISSN 2250-3153 State still stands as one of the highest oil producing states in the country, Nigeria. Its capital city, Port Harcourt, also boast of having the highest agglomeration of oil producing companies in the country. The state is administratively made up of twenty three local government areas housing approximately 1108 rural communities and few underdeveloped urban centres. The state is segmented politically into “Upland and Riverine” areas as a result of its geographical characteristics. The target populations for which this research study shall be primarily directed at are rural residents.A sample size of 345 rural communities was randomly selected from a total of 1108 communities. The twenty three local council areas were considered in the sample. From each local council area fifteen rural communities were randomly picked for the study. The “town hall meeting” approach was adopted in the study. In each community, a listing of all the identifiable local groups was made. Two representatives from the identified local groups in each community were drawn to participate in the “town hall meeting” for that community. Personal observation method was also helpful in the research. Relevant documented information from previous scholars also contributed greatly to the success of this research. The difficult geographical nature,the high level of insecurity occasioned by militant activities and poor communication network in rural Rivers State were major challenges that confronted this research work. Despite these challenges the study was a success. III.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RIVERS STATE Rivers State was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893. In 1893 it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate. In 1900 it became a part of the region that was merged with the chattered territories of the Royal Niger Company to form the colony of Southern Nigeria. It became part of the Eastern region when the regional structure was created in 1963. The state was officially created in 1967;one of the twelve states created by the military administration. Port Harcourt was chosen as the capital of the new state. In 1996, another state, Bayelsa was carved out of Rivers State. Today,it is one of the six states in the South-South geopolitical region of Nigeria. It is also one of the oil producing states in the Niger Delta. Its surface geology consists of fluvial sediments. The land surface can be grouped into three main divisions; the fresh water, the mangrove swamps and the coastal sand ridges-zone. Beside Port Harcourt that stands out as the only city in the state, the rest of the state is made up of rural communities and few underdeveloped urban centres. There are about 1108 rural communities scattered across the coastal plain of the Eastern Niger Delta with a population of more than five million people. The state is very poor in drainage; lying under water. There is so much surface water couple with high rainfall which had made virtually all parts of the state to suffer one form of flooding or the other in the year. This trend has limited agricultural practices which is a major occupation of the people. It has also become a major challenge to development efforts aimed at enhancing social welfare. However, beside agricultural activities which its rural population is noted for, the state is famous for its high reserves of oil and natural gas. Presently, the state is accounting for more than 40% of the country crude oil production (NDEBUMOG,2016). The geographical location of its capital, Port Harcourt with its beautiful and peculiar topography has earned it the name “Garden City”. The city is easily accessible by road, rail, air and sea. Its seaport and airport stands among the busiest in the country. With a population of over 1.5 million people, this capital city has the highest agglomeration ofoil companies in the country and is considered as one of the fastest growing cities in the country. Figure 1 Map of Nigeria Showing Rivers State IV.THE SPATIAL GROWTH OF PORT HARCOURT, THE CAPITAL OF RIVERSSTATE www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2017 151 ISSN 2250-3153 The geographical location known as Port Harcourt today was a product of an agreement reached between the Ikwerre and Okrika land owners on one hand and the Colonial Masters on the other hand. The agreement was signed in May 1913 which saw the ceding of 30 acres of land to the Colonial Masters.

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