DOCSLIB.ORG

Self-Selection of Mexican Migrants in the Presence of Random Shocks:Evidence from the Panic of 1907

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Self-Selection of Mexican Migrants in the Presence of Random Shocks:Evidence from the Panic of 1907 Self-selection of Mexican migrants in the presence of random shocks:Evidence from the Panic of 1907 David Escamilla-Guerrero* [email protected] and Moramay Lopez-Alonso† [email protected] November 29, 2018 Abstract Using a unique data set consisting of individual border crossings, military recruitment records and passport applications, this paper estimates the selection pattern of Mexican migrants in the beginnings of the US-Mexico migration flow (1884-1910); and exploits the presence of two idiosyncratic shocks to evaluate their impact on short-run shifts in selection patterns. To estimate the initial selection pattern of Mexican migrants, we use height as a proxy for human capital. The results suggest that the first Mexican migrants belonged to the upper tail of the height distribution of the Mexican working class: migrants were positively self-selected. Additionally, the financial crisis of 1907 in the US and the presence of regional droughts in Mexico during 1908 modified significantly the selection patterns. Before the crisis, immigrants were 1.5 centimeters taller than the average soldier. During the panic, immigrants became less positively self-selected (0.9 centimeters taller), but return to a strong positive self-selection (2.1 centimeters taller) after the crisis. We argue that the stronger positive selection in the post-crisis period was influenced by droughts in Mexico. Keywords: labor migration, migrant self-selection, Panic of 1907, Mexico JEL Classification Numbers: F22, J61, N36, O15 Acknowledgments of DEG: I am especially grateful to my PhD supervisors Eric Schneider and Joan Rosés for their guidance and invaluable comments. I also want to thank Daniela Gutiérrez and Marco Villeda for their assistance on the data transcription. This research was developed with the financial support of: the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (2015-2018) - Scholarship No. 409165; the Mexican Ministry of Education Scholarship (2015-2016); the Radwan Travel and Discovery Fund (2016) - London School of Economics; the Pre-Dissertation Exploratory Grant (2017) - Economic History Association; the Research Fund for Graduate Students (2017) - Economic History Society; and my fellowship at the World Institute of Development Economics Research - United Nations. This research was benefited from the academic visit at El Colegio de México in 2016. I am specially grateful to Professor Graciela Márquez and Professor Gerardo Esquivel for their support during this period. I am grateful to Dr. Fernando Pérez and Dr. León Fernández for his comments during my academic visit at The Bank of Mexico in 2018. I am grateful for the mentorship of Dr. Miguel Niño-Zarazúa during my fellowship at the World Institute of Development Economics Research. All errors are mine. *London School of Economics - Department of Economic History †Rice University - Department of History. 1 1. Introduction Since Borjas(1987) formalized the basic Roy model (Roy, 1951), migrant selection has become a prolific topic in labor economics. Precisely, it provides a framework to understand the economic gains or loses from migration, which has been a core topic in the public sphere since the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913) (Spitzer & Zimran, 2018). While the literature on migrant selection acknowledges that the decision to migrate depends on systemic and idiosyncratic reasons, the factors that may explain shifts in selection patterns over time remain empirically unexplored (Abramitzky & Boustan, 2017, p.1325). Therefore, for more than one century, we have implemented immigration policies without understanding completely the mechanics behind migrant selection. This paper estimates the selection pattern of Mexican migrants in the beginnings of the US-Mexico migration flow (1906-1908) and exploits the presence of two idiosyncratic shocks to evaluate their impact on short-run shifts in selection patterns. To estimate the initial selection pattern of Mexican migrants, we use heights (as a proxy for human capital) of migrants, soldiers and passport holders. The migrant sample comes from individual border crossings from 1906 to 1908. The soldiers sample comes from military records of common soldiers and elite forces that proxy for two extreme points of the height distribution of the Mexican working class. The passport holders sample consists of passport applications representing the Mexican upper social class. Together, the military and passport records are used as comparison samples to determine whether the first Mexican migrants were drawn from the upper or lower tail of the height distribution in Mexico. The results suggest that the first Mexican migrants were positively self-selected: they belonged to the upper tail of the height distribution of the Mexican working class. Indeed, migrants were 1.7 centimeters taller than the average soldier; almost as tall (0.5 centimeters shorter) as the military elite forces; and 2.3 centimeters shorter than the passport holders. We also document that Mexican migrants might have ended up in the upper tail of the height distribution of a pool of migrant workers from different source countries that competed for low-skill jobs. Therefore, following the 2 basic Roy model, the beginnings of the Mexico-US migration flow were characterized by a positive selection of Mexican migrants on the basis of height. To evaluate if a random shock could influence short-run shifts in selection patterns, we focus on two events. First, we use the Panic of 1907 as a exogenous labor demand shock in the US side. The Panic of 1907 was one of the most severe financial crises in the US before the Great Depression (Frydman et al., 2015, p.928; Moen & Tallman, 1992, p.611; Odell & Weidenmier, 2004, p.1003), and it severely affected the credit system in the US. During this crisis, banks and financial institutions of many cities limited or suspended their cash payments (Andrew, 1908, p.497), and around 2 thousand firms and over one hundred state banks failed (Markham, 2002, p.32). The Panic of 1907 was a phenomena confined to the US (Johnson, 1908, p.455), which severely affected industries such as railways and mining where Mexican immigrants were mostly employed. In addition, the crisis occurred during a period when Mexicans could migrate to the US without restrictions. These facts provide a unique opportunity to understand how idiosyncratic demand shocks might modify migrant selection patterns in a free mobility setting. The results reveal that, before the panic, migrants were 1.5 centimeters taller than the average soldier. During the panic, migrants became less positively self-selected (0.9 centimeters taller), but returned to a strong positive self-selection (2.1 centimeters taller) after the crisis. This “U” pattern holds with all comparison samples (common soldiers, elite forces and passport holders) and when controlling for unobserved factors within migration regions and over time that might have influenced the individuals’ heights. Using the basic Roy model as theoretical framework, we show that the change in the selection pattern during the panic period might have occurred because the Mexican government implemented a repatriation program. This policy aimed to assist immi- grants that suddenly experienced economic hardship in the US due to the Panic of 1907. The program covered the transportation of immigrants back to Mexico eliminating the costs of returning home. As a consequence, the “best” individuals that initially emigrated to the US might have returned to Mexico, displacing relatively shorter 3 laborers. This excess of labor might have pushed displaced-individuals (relatively shorter) to emigrate. The fact that we observe migration flows (less positively selected) during the panic period implies that the shock devalued the observed and unobserved characteristics of Mexican migrants in the US, but not enough to discourage emigration completely. This suggests that Mexican immigrants might have not returned, unless mobility costs were sufficiently low. By eliminating the mobility costs, the repatriation program implemented during the Panic of 1907 influenced the immigrant’s decision to return, and therefore the migrant selection patterns during this period. In other words, government interventions can shift selection patterns over time (at least in the short-run), just as Abramitzky & Boustan(2017, p.1325) intuited. On the other hand, to explain the stronger positive selection observed in the post-panic period (relative to the pre-panic period), we exploit the presence of climate shocks in Mexico. Contreras(2005, p.123), Clark(1908, p.473) and Mayet et al.(1980, p.757) document the presence of regional droughts in Mexico from 1907 to 1908. As a consequence, there were important crop losses in some areas (Cardoso, 1980, p.12). We confirm the presence of such droughts using the Mexican Drought Atlas (Stahle et al., 2016) that provides reconstructions of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). According to the index scale, these climate shocks can be considered as mild or moderate droughts, but their persistence for two consecutive years might have pushed taller individuals to migrate during the post-panic period. Precisely, the results suggest that, in the post-panic period, the average migrant was as tall as the military elite, however those whose last permanent residence was in a state experiencing droughts were 0.5 centimeters taller than the military elite. This also holds for other groups. We believe that this stronger positive selection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Many Faces of Mexico by David J
    The Many Faces of Mexico by David J. Danelo David Danelo graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and served seven years as an infantry officer in the Marine Corps. In 2004, then-Captain Danelo served near Fallujah with the First Marine Expeditionary Force as a convoy commander, intelligence officer and provisional executive officer for a rifle company. His first book, Blood Stripes: The Grunt’s View of the War in Iraq (Stackpole: 2006), was awarded the 2006 Silver Medal (Military History) by the Military Writers Society of America. His most recent book is The Border: Exploring the U.S.-Mexican Divide (2008). He is a Senior Fellow in FPRI’s Program on National Security. Abstract: This article will reexamine basic assumptions about the geopolitics and character of the United States-Mexico border, take a closer look at current events that have affected the drug war and, finally, discuss possible policy responses beyond those routinely voiced in the public domain. eptember 2010 was a special time in Mexico. Billboards from Chihuahua to Chiapas celebrated the ‘‘bicentenario,’’ or the bicentennial celebra- S tion of Mexico’s declaration of independence from Spain. The patriotic festivities culminated on September 15, when revelers crowded the plazas of Mexico’s cities, cheeks painted in the tricolor of green, white and red. Just before midnight, in accordance with Mexico’s annual custom, city leaders read Father Miguel Hidalgo’s 1810 proclamation against colonial tyranny, and the crowd affirmed its conclusion with thunderous cries of ‘‘Viva Me´xico!’’ The Grito de Dolores, as the commemorated event is called, felt like a cross between July 4th in Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Charrería, Nationalism, and Manly Relevance in Modern Mexico
    CHARRERÍA, NATIONALISM, AND MANLY RELEVANCE IN MODERN MEXICO Angélica Castillo Reyna A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: John C. Chasteen Kathryn Burns Cynthia M. Radding Miguel La Serna Jocelyn Olcott © 2018 Angélica Castillo Reyna ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Angélica Castillo Reyna: Charrería, Nationalism, and Manly Relevance in Modern Mexico (Under the direction of John C. Chasteen) This dissertation offers two premises. First, there is a deep history of relationships between power, horsemanship, and constructions of masculinity in modern Mexico. Second, because of this history, Mexicans in various eras and situations have depended on rural equestrian costumes, identities, and traditions to influence, interpret, and navigate the world around them. Part 1 of this dissertation consists of three chapters and provides an overview of the development of Mexican equestrian customs and the ways that Mexicans in colonial, independent, and revolutionary Mexico used horsemanship to make their lives meaningful, central, and sustainable. Part II, composed of five chapters, shifts to a discussion of the emergence of the equestrian sport community of organized charrería and the way that organized charros continued the practice of transforming Mexico’s equestrian past into a form of strategic cultural capital. Post-revolutionary organized charros, cognizant of the rich equestrian history they had to draw upon, used the idea of Mexican horsemen’s historic contributions in order to claim relevance in post-revolutionary Mexico as the heirs and latest representatives of that historically-significant equestrian tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Fuimos a Sembrar Cultura. Los Maestros Y La Construcción De
    Investigación y Postgrado ISSN: 1316-0087 [email protected] .edu.ve Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Venezuela Pacheco, Lourdes C. Fuimos a sembrar cultura. Los maestros y la construcción de la escuela rural mexicana Investigación y Postgrado, vol. 28, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2013, pp. 87-118 Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Caracas, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=65841004004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto FUIMOS A SEMBRAR CULTURA. LOS MAESTROS Y LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA ESCUELA RURAL MEXICANA Lourdes C. Pacheco* [email protected] (UAN) Recibido: 16/01/2013 Aprobado: 22/03/2013 RESUMEN La formación del sistema educativo en México ha requerido de un actor central: los maestros rurales. Al término de la revolución mexicana, el in- cipiente Estado se propuso dos tareas: resolver el problema agrario y el educativo. El 78% de la población mexicana era analfabeta puesto que du- rante el porfiriato (1880-1910) se había privilegiado la educación en áreas urbanas, en tanto que la mayor parte de población radicaba en localidades rurales. ¿Quiénes fueron los maestros rurales que llevaron a cabo esa tarea? ¿Cuáles fueron las aportaciones de la educación rural a la construcción de país? Se presenta una aproximación a los maestros rurales, para lo cual se utilizó la técnica cualitativa de entrevista a cien maestros rurales del estado de Nayarit en el Pacífico mexicano.
    [Show full text]
  • Legacies of Revolution: Popular Militias and the Rule of Law
    Legacies of Revolution: Popular Militias and the Rule of Law Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer ∗ Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies Harvard University Department of Politics Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) [email protected] October 2018 Working draft. Abstract I examine why emerging revolutionary regimes delegate control over the use of violence to popular militias despite associated agency risks, and the long-run legacies for the rule of law. Drawing on a new geocoded dataset of over 1,700 semi-official peasant militias in postrevolutionary Mexico, I first argue that militias help central elites establish local control during early phases of revolutionary state-building and show that militia mobilization maps onto the geography of mass counterrevolutionary contention. I next document that militia mobilization stunts the development of institutions that underpin the rule of law in the long run. Historical reliance on militias foreshadows more rudimentary local civilian police forces today, weaker formal institutional channels to adjudicate local disputes, and vigilantism in the context of the Mexican drug war. Findings are based on various quantitative identification strategies, while archival materials support pathways connecting historical experience to long-term outcomes. The article provides unusually fine-grained insight into the formation of states with lax control over violent means and brings attention to dynamic inconsistency during state-building as a source of territorial variation in the strength of the rule of law. ∗I am grateful to Kenneth Roberts, Gustavo Flores-Macías, Tom Pepinsky, and Sid Tarrow for their guidance. I also thank Xiomara Chávez, Gustavo Gordillo, Fran Hagopian, Imke Harbers, Horacio Larreguy, Steve Levitsky, Nathan Nunn, Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra, Abbey Steele, Rachel Sweet, David Szakonyi, and Yuhua Wang for helpful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • A BRIEF HISTORY of MEXICO the Classic Period to the Present
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICO The Classic Period to the Present Created by Steve Maiolo Copyright 2014 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Section 1: The Maya The Mayan Creation Myth ........................................................................ 1 Ollama ..................................................................................................... 1 Mayan Civilization Social Hierarchy ....................................................................................... 2 Religion ................................................................................................... 3 Other Achievements ................................................................................ 3 The Decline of the Mayans ...................................................................... 3 Section 2: The Aztecs The Upstarts ............................................................................................ 4 Tenochtitlàn ............................................................................................. 4 The Aztec Social Hierarchy Nobility (Pipiltin) ....................................................................................... 5 High Status (not nobility) .......................................................................... 5 Commoners (macehualtin) ....................................................................... 6 Slaves ...................................................................................................... 6 Warfare and Education ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Carranza-Villa Split and Factionalism in the Mexican Revolution, 1913--1914
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Prelude to fratricide| The Carranza-Villa split and factionalism in the Mexican Revolution, 1913--1914 Joseph Charles O'Dell The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation O'Dell, Joseph Charles, "Prelude to fratricide| The Carranza-Villa split and factionalism in the Mexican Revolution, 1913--1914" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3287. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3287 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS. ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : 19 86 PRELUDE TO FRATRICIDE: THE CARRANZA-VILLA SPLIT AND FACTIONALISM IN THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, 1913-1914 by Joseph Charles O'Dell, Jr. B.A., University of Montana, 1984 Presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1986 pproved by: Examiners Dean, GraduaterTschool ^ $4 Date UMI Number: EP36375 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Rurales: Producto De Una Necesidad Social
    LOS RURALES: PRODUCTO DE UNA NECESIDAD SOCIAL Paul J. Vanderwood, San Diego State University La polic?a montada rural de M?xico, los famosos Rurales, fue producto de una necesidad social. A partir de su inde pendencia de Espa?a y durante m?s de cuarenta a?os el pa?s sufri? turbulencias econ?micas y pol?ticas, en gran parte re sultado de su herencia colonial. Los burgueses de la llamada Reforma, que para 1860 hab?an alcanzado un control muy limitado del gobierno, sab?an que para que M?xico se apro ximara a las naciones m?s avanzadas del mundo primero ten dr?a ?y esto era lo m?s importante? que instaurar el orden social interno. De ello depend?a el desarrollo social que pro met?a grandes beneficios para los hombres de la Reforma, la estabilidad pol?tica que aseguraba su posici?n en el poder y los reajustes sociales que les permitir?an desafiar los ba luartes tradicionales del prestigio. Esta tranquilidad interna, que era crucial, depend?a de la pacificaci?n efectiva del M? xico rural. Desde la Colonia, el bandidaje fue un mal end?mico del pa?s y aunque los virreyes intentaron extirparlo, sus esfuer zos no tuvieron mucho ?xito;1 tampoco lo tuvieron los de los i En lo que se refiere al bandidaje y a los intentos por erradicarlo en el per?odo colonial, ver: Alicia Baz?n Alarc?n, "El Real Tribu nal de la Acordada y la delincuencia en la Nueva Espa?a", Historia Mexicana, XIII, enero-marzo, 1964, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Autor Anónimo MEMORIAS DE VICTORIANO HUERTA
    Autor anónimo MEMORIAS DE VICTORIANO HUERTA ÍNDICE Primera edición cibernética, diciembre del 2010 Captura y diseño, Chantal López y Omar Cortés Haz click aquí, si deseas acceder al catálogo general de la Biblioteca Virtual Antorcha Biblioteca Carátula de la edición cibernética de Memorias de Presentación de Chantal CAPÍTULO Virtual Victoriano Huerta de autor anónimo López y Omar Cortés PRIMERO Antorcha MEMORIAS DE VICTORIANO HUERTA Autor anónimo ÍNDICE Presentación de Chantal López y Omar Cortés. MEMORIAS DE VICTORIANO HUERTA CAPÍTULO PRTMERO A mis hermanos.- Mi pasado.- La muerte de una época.- La salvación de Zapata.- La División del Norte.- Los militares políticos.- La corrupción del ejército.- Mi odio a Madero.- El fracaso de Díaz.- La sangre.- Mi compadre Joaquín.- El drama.- Ün sacrificio de 5,000 vidas. CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO Mis cómplices.- ¡Viva la República! - Papeles mojados.- Uha entrevista.- Mi amigo Gustavo.- Malos matadores.- La renuncia.- La fe de Madero.- El coco de México.- El único problema.- La blusa y el saco.- Lá insurrección de Don Porfirio. - ¿Linchamiento? - La sabiduría de los políticos.- ¡Yo, Presidente! - Mis primeras 5,000 víctimas.- Mis tanteadas.- El padrino de la Revolución.- Unos niños. CAPÍTULO TERCERO Lo que soportó Félix.- La piedad del licenciado Reyes.- Cómo daba.- El gobierno militar.- La prostitución de las cruces.- Mis hombres.- Las ambiciones de Mondragón.- Uno que quería la presidencia.- Mis ministros.- El vértigo del poder.- Mis cantores.- Mis aliados.- La campaña.- La matanza en detall.- Sacrificios.-
    [Show full text]
  • Los Rurales, La Policía Federal Del General Porfirio Díaz
    Edgar Sáenz López* A N T R O P O L O G Í A Resumen: La Policía Rural fue una institu- ción que vio su mayor esplendor durante el Los rurales, la policía federal Porfiriato. Su objetivo primordial —en apa- riencia— era cuidar de caminos y asaltos en pueblos y haciendas, pero sus actividades fueron poco eficientes. Fue una corporación del general Porfirio Díaz manejada desde el centro de México, lo que permitía bastante libertad a sus elementos, traduciéndose esto muchas veces en la omi- sión de sus actividades. La profesionaliza- ción de los rurales nunca pudo en realidad llevarse a cabo, a pesar de los esfuerzos por parte del gobierno. Entre sus elementos era común la indisciplina y la insubordinación, a Policía Rural que floreció durante el porfiriato no fue creada por así como los abusos contra la población. No Lel régimen del general Porfirio Díaz; sin embargo, fue durante esa adminis- faltaron los abusos de los jefes hacia la tropa. tración que la institución se consolidó sobre bases más sólidas que le per- Sin embargo, los rurales obedecían a un fin: la vigilancia de personas sospechosas para el mitieron subsistir, incluso durante el gobierno de Francisco I. Madero y el gobierno, lo cual cumplieron hasta su diso- periodo del general Victoriano Huerta. Finalmente, con el triunfo del ejér- lución en agosto de 1914. cito constitucionalista en agosto de 1914, la institución fue suprimida al Palabras clave: Policía Rural, Porfiriato, ban- igual que el ejército federal porfiriano. didaje, vigilancia, Revolución mexicana. El antecedente más cercano para comprender a la Policía Rural del Por- Abstract: Mexico’s Rural Police was an insti- firiato proviene del régimen de Benito Juárez.
    [Show full text]
  • Taft and Mexico: Neutrality, Intervention and Recognition, 1910-1913
    Taft and Mexico: neutrality, intervention and recognition, 1910-1913 Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Farrier, Paul Everest, 1934- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 06:54:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551865 TAFT AND MEXICO: NEUTRALITY, INTERVENTION AND RECOGNITION, 1910 - 1913 by Paul E. Farrier, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the HISTORY DEPARTMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 6 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at the Uni­ versity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. — \ / SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: i&C.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Selection of Mexican Migrants in the Presence of Random Shocks: Evidence from the Panic of 1907
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Escamilla-Guerrero, David; Lopez-Alonso, Moramay Working Paper Self-selection of Mexican migrants in the presence of random shocks: Evidence from the Panic of 1907 WIDER Working Paper, No. 2019/23 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Escamilla-Guerrero, David; Lopez-Alonso, Moramay (2019) : Self-selection of Mexican migrants in the presence of random shocks: Evidence from the Panic of 1907, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2019/23, ISBN 978-92-9256-657-9, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Helsinki, http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/657-9 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/211253 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
    Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) $15 million in exchange for the lost territory and $3.25 threatened to engulf the U.S. territory if Congress failed million in remuneration. The Senate ratified the treaty by to act quickly and decisively. a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10, 1848 (National Archives 2003, p. 72). BIBLIOGRAPHY More so than the Mexican-American War itself, the Brinkley, Alan. 2003. American History: A Survey. Boston: events that roused the bellicose passions of the American McGraw-Hill. people have been captured in cinematic history. Walt Davis, Kenneth C. 2003. Don’t Know Much about History. New Disney produced a three-episode television series about York: HarperCollins. Davy Crockett that included Davy Crockett at the Alamo Davis, Paul K. 1999. 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to (1955), a romantic story depicting a group of outnum- the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. bered Americans surrounded by a marauding army wait- Eisenhower, John S. D. 1986. Polk and His Generals. In Essays ing to pummel them. There also have been more than on the Mexican War, ed. Douglas W. Richmond, John S. D. twenty major motion pictures produced about Crockett’s Eisenhower, Miguel E. Soto, and Wayne Cutler, 34–65. famous execution after or death in battle at the Alamo. In College Station: Texas A&M Press. 1960 John Wayne directed and starred as Crockett in The Faulk, Odie B., and Joseph A. Stout Jr. 1973. The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations. Chicago: Sage. Alamo. In 2004 Billy Bob Thornton starred as Crockett in another film titled The Alamo alongside Dennis Quaid, Haynes, Sam W.
    [Show full text]