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New Species of Cortinarius Sect. Austroamericani, Sect. Nov., from South American Nothofagaceae Forests

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New Species of Cortinarius Sect. Austroamericani, Sect. Nov., from South American Nothofagaceae Forests Mycologia ISSN: 0027-5514 (Print) 1557-2536 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/umyc20 New species of Cortinarius sect. Austroamericani, sect. nov., from South American Nothofagaceae forests Beatriz San-Fabian, Tuula Niskanen, Kare Liimatainen, Pepijn W. Kooij, Alija B. Mujic, Camille Truong, Ursula Peintner, Philipp Dresch, Eduardo Nouhra, P. Brandon Matheny & Matthew E. Smith To cite this article: Beatriz San-Fabian, Tuula Niskanen, Kare Liimatainen, Pepijn W. Kooij, Alija B. Mujic, Camille Truong, Ursula Peintner, Philipp Dresch, Eduardo Nouhra, P. Brandon Matheny & Matthew E. Smith (2018): New species of Cortinarius sect. Austroamericani, sect. nov., from South American Nothofagaceae forests, Mycologia, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1515449 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1515449 Published online: 29 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 61 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=umyc20 MYCOLOGIA https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1515449 New species of Cortinarius sect. Austroamericani, sect. nov., from South American Nothofagaceae forests Beatriz San-Fabian a, Tuula Niskanen a, Kare Liimatainen a, Pepijn W. Kooij a, Alija B. Mujic b,c, Camille Truongb,c, Ursula Peintnerd, Philipp Dreschd, Eduardo Nouhrae, P. Brandon Matheny f, and Matthew E. Smithc aJodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; bInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; cDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, PO Box 110680, Gainesville, Florida 32611; dInstitute of Microbiology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; eInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 334 Hesler Biology Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY In this study, we document and describe the new Cortinarius section Austroamericani. Our results Received 19 January 2018 reveal high species diversity within this clade, with a total of 12 recognized species. Of these, only Accepted 21 August 2018 C. rufus was previously documented. Seven species are described as new based on basidiomata KEYWORDS collections. The four remaining species are only known from environmental sequences. All Agaricales; diversity; DNA examined species form ectomycorrhizal associations with species of Nothofagaceae and are barcoding; ectomycorrhizal currently only known from Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. The phylogenetic analysis based fungi; Patagonia; species on the nuc rDNA internal transcriber spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and partial 28S gene (28S) delimitation; southern sequences shows that this section is related to other taxa from the Southern Hemisphere. Species temperate forests; 8 new taxa in this group do not belong to subg. Telamonia, where C. rufus was initially placed. Cortinarius rufus and the newly described C. subrufus form a basal clade within sect. Austroamericani that has a weakly supported relationship with the core clade. Because the two species are morphologically similar to species from the core clade and share their distribution and Nothofagaceae associations, we include them here as part of sect. Austroamericani sensu lato (s.l.) until more material is available to refine the delimitation. INTRODUCTION (1887a, 1887b), whereas the largest contribution was made by Moser and Horak (1975) and Horak (1980) The genus Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray is one of the most from Andino-Patagonian forests. Singer and Moser species-rich ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genera of (1965), Garrido (1988), Valenzuela and Esteve- Agaricales. Cortinarius species are ecologically impor- Raventós (1994), and Garnica et al. (2002) were also tant and critical for nutrient cycling in forests, espe- involved in the discovery and description of Cortinarius cially at higher latitudes (Bödeker et al. 2014). They are species from South America. DNA sequencing of ECM also used as indicators of valuable forests (e.g., roots subsequently revealed that Cortinarius are also Vesterholt 1991). This genus is one of the most widely highly abundant and speciose on the roots of distributed ECM genera throughout the Northern and Nothofagaceae host trees (Nouhra et al. 2013). Southern Hemispheres (Kirk et al. 2008). However, Cortinarius diversity in the Southern Hemisphere In southern South America, temperate Nothofagaceae remains insufficiently studied compared with the diver- forests host a high diversity of previously unknown sity in the Northern Hemisphere (Peintner et al. 2004; Cortinarius species that have not been reported from Garnica et al. 2005). Cortinarius is the most species- other regions (Truong et al. 2017a). This suggests that rich genus in southern South American Nothofagaceae there are probably many species and lineages that are forests, with approximately 250 species described from endemic to the region but that these taxa have not been the region to date (Garnica et al. 2002, 2003; Romano formally recognized in the past. It is critical to name these and Lechner 2014). The earliest publications of South species and lineages so that the unique biodiversity of this American Cortinarius species are from Spegazzini region can be conserved. The extensive explorations and CONTACT Tuula Niskanen [email protected] © 2018 The Mycological Society of America Published online 29 Nov 2018 2 SAN-FABIAN ET AL.: SOUTH AMERICAN CORTINARII mycological collections made by the authors in and molecular data, we studied the species limits and Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia will contribute to a phylogenetic placement of Patagonian specimens col- better understanding of this hyperdiverse genus globally lected in 2016 and 2017. The purpose of this paper is to and in South America. In addition to potentially endemic (i) determine the number of species that belong to this lineages, the Cortinarius mycobiota of South America also group based on morphological and molecular data; (ii) has similarities to those of other Austral regions, i.e., describe the previously unknown species as new; (iii) Australia-Tasmania and New Zealand. For example, provide the taxonomic placement of the studied speci- Peintner et al. (2004) and Garnica et al. (2005) previously mens; and (iv) produce DNA barcodes for all of these showed that the Pseudotriumphantes clade is shared species for the RefSeq (Schoch et al. 2014) and UNITE between South America and Oceania (Australia- databases (Kõljalg et al. 2013). Tasmania and New Zealand) and is only found in the Southern Hemisphere. Such “southern Gondwana” con- MATERIALS AND METHODS nections are probably explained by the presence of spe- cific host plants in the Southern Hemisphere that are Material. —Sixteen collections made Mar–May 2016 absent in other regions and vice versa (Tedersoo et al. and 2017 (Southern Hemisphere autumn) from 2010; Kuhar et al. 2017;Truongetal.2017b). These Nothofagaceae forest sites in Patagonia (Argentina and Gondwanan hosts harbor unique ECM associations and Chile) were studied. Dried fungal material is deposited some lineages not found in the Northern Hemisphere in the Museum Botánico of Córdoba (CORD) or Museo (Truong et al. 2017a). Some lineages of Cortinarius have Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile (SGO), and the representative species in both the Northern and Southern duplicates in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K). We also Hemispheres, including sections Anomali, Delibuti,and examined the type specimen of C. rufus M.M. Moser Obtusi, among others (Garnica et al. 2005). Generally, (IB19630369) preserved in the mycological collection of species from different geographic regions form distinct the herbarium Innsbruck (IB). Herbarium acronyms monophyletic subgroups within these sections (Garnica follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers [continuously et al. 2005). They are also associated with different host updated]). Collectors are represented by their initials: plants in the Southern Hemisphere (i.e., Nothofagus, Camille Truong (CT), Matthew E. Smith (MES), Eucalyptus) from those in the Northern Hemisphere Meinhard Moser (MM), and Tuula Niskanen (TN). (i.e., Fagaceae, Betulacea, Malvaceae, Salicaceae, or Collections indicated with MES numbers were made by Pinaceae) (Niskanen et al. 2008). numerous collaborators associated with the University The structure of ECM fungal communities depends of Florida and University of Tennessee research team as strongly on their host associations (Tedersoo et al. 2008, part of National Science Foundation grant DEB-1354802 2012). Nouhra et al. (2012) studied forests dominated by (see collection data for more details). the evergreen N. dombeyi and the deciduous N. pumilio, as well as how the community composition of hypo- geous fungi is affected by whether the host is evergreen Morphological studies.—Macroscopic descriptions or deciduous. They found that the evergreen forests (N. are based on observations of basidiomata at different dombeyi), occurring in warmer, wetter, more acidic, and stages of development when possible and made from lower altitude areas, showed a greater species richness notes and photographs of fresh material. The and biomass production. A later study by Nouhra et al.
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