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George Volceanov a Survey of English Literature From GEORGE VOLCEANOV A SURVEY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM BEOWULF TO JANE AUSTEN Third Edition © Editura Fundaþiei România de Mâine, 2007 Editurã acreditatã de Ministerul Educaþiei ºi Cercetãrii prin Consiliul Naþional al Cercetãrii ªtiinþifice din Învãþãmântul Superior Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naþionale a României VOLCEANOV, GEORGE A Survey of English Literature from Beowulf to Jane Austen / George Volceanov - Ed. a 3-a. -Bucureºti: Editura Fundaþiei România de Mâine, 2007 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-725-831-1 821.111.09.../17 Reproducerea integralã sau fragmentarã, prin orice formã ºi prin orice mijloace tehnice, este strict interzisã ºi se pedepseºte conform legii. Rãspunderea pentru conþinutul ºi originalitatea textului revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor. Tehnoredactor: Vasilichia IONESCU Bun de tipar: 7.05.2007; Coli tipar: 15,5 Format: 16/61×86 Editura Fundaþiei România de Mâine Bulevardul Timiºoara, Nr. 58, Bucureºti, Sector 6 Tel./Fax.: 021/444 20 91; www.spiruharet.ro e-mail: [email protected] UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET FACULTATEA DE LIMBI ªI LITERATURI STRÃINE Conf.univ.dr. GEORGE VOLCEANOV A SURVEY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM BEOWULF TO JANE AUSTEN Third Edition EDITURA FUNDAÞIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE Bucureºti, 2007 Reproducerea integralã sau fragmentarã, prin orice formã ºi prin orice mijloace tehnice, este strict interzisã ºi se pedepseºte conform legii. Rãspunderea pentru conþinutul ºi originalitatea textului revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor. CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................... 7 Theoretical Introduction ........................................................................ 9 Anglo-Saxon Literature ......................................................................... 13 Middle English Literature ..................................................................... 20 The Anonymous Poetry .......................................................... 21 The 14th Century (Ricardian) Poetry ....................................... 23 Geoffrey Chaucer .................................................................................. 26 English Medieval Drama ....................................................................... 31 The Renaissance Sonneteers ................................................................. 33 Edmund Spenser ..................................................................... 33 Philip Sidney ........................................................................... 35 Shakespeare’s Non-dramatic Poetry ...................................................... 37 Shakespeare’s Predecessors (1) ............................................................. 41 The Elizabethan World Picture ............................................... 44 Shakespeare’s Predecessors (2) ............................................................. 46 Christopher Marlowe .............................................................. 46 Thomas Kyd ............................................................................ 50 Shakespeare the Playwright ................................................................... 52 Shakespeare’s Great Tragedies ............................................... 56 Shakespeare’s Comedies ......................................................... 64 Shakespeare’s Chronicles ........................................................ 70 Shakespeare’s Roman Plays .................................................... 73 Shakespeare’s Romance Plays ................................................ 75 Shakespeare in the Light of Recent Critical Perspectives ....... 78 Shakespeare’s Contemporaries (Jacobean Drama) ................................ 81 Early 17th Century Poetry ...................................................................... 87 John Donne ............................................................................. 87 Andrew Marvell ...................................................................... 90 John Milton ........................................................................................... 91 John Bunyan .......................................................................................... 95 John Dryden .......................................................................................... 96 Restoration Drama ................................................................................. 99 5 The 18th Century Poetry ......................................................................... 104 The 18th Century Drama ........................................................................ 109 The Rise of the English Novel (1) ......................................................... 113 The Novel as a Complex Genre .............................................. 115 The Rise of the English Novel (2) ......................................................... 118 The Rise of the English Novel (3) ......................................................... 123 The 18th Century Mind. The Satire. The Apologue ................. 126 Daniel Defoe .......................................................................... 129 Samuel Richardson ................................................................. 132 Henry Fielding ........................................................................ 135 Laurence Sterne ...................................................................... 139 Tobias Smollett ....................................................................... 142 The Gothic Novel .................................................................... 144 William Blake -The Symbolic Cosmogony .......................................... 147 An Introduction to English Romanticism ............................................. 152 William Wordsworth .............................................................. 154 Samuel Taylor Coleridge ......................................................... 156 George Gordon Byron ............................................................. 158 Percy Bysshe Shelley .............................................................. 161 John Keats .............................................................................. 163 Jane Austen ........................................................................................... 166 Survey Support Texts ............................................................................ 169 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 241 Index of Authors .................................................................................. 243 6 PREFACE The course has been designed as a study into the evolution of literary forms and styles throughout various historical ages. It is intended to provide a basic introduction to a number of major critical- interpretative perspectives on literature. The formalistic and stylistic approaches as well as the historical-biographical and generic approaches are accompanied by comparative references to various national literatures; frequent cross-references mark analogies between two writers, two works or two trends in an attempt to attain a synthetic perspective on English literature. Writing literary history is an activity which might most suitably be defined as a mixture of plagiarism and editing, i.e. of plundering and compressing other authors’ works. Molière is considered to be the most plundered foreign author in English literature and I daresay that David Daiches is perhaps the most plundered literary historian in the scholarly works of Romanian academics. I am indeed indebted to Daiches’s literary history for much of the information contained in this book; but Andrew Sanders, with his excellent comments on canon and his introductory chapters, as well as Leon Leviţchi, with his textual-linguistic analyses, have also offered reliable guidance in various matters. Tom Stoppard, the famous present-day British dramatist, is the author of a 15 Minute Hamlet, an edited version of Shakespeare’s masterpiece. The most difficult part of my assignment in concocting this series of lectures has not been the search for sources, for bibliography, but the problem of editing, of squeezing together thirteen centuries of literary history in about one hundred and fifty pages. Stoppard’s aim in editing Shakespeare was to attain an irresistible comic effect. My purpose differs from Stoppard’s and yet, the effect may be the same. G.V. 7 8 THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION Literary history is one of the several branches generally known as literary science. Its scope and aims can be better defined by contrasting its related branches: 1)literary criticism deals with the description, interpretation and evaluation of a literary work; it is highly subjective in its assessment and its “diagnoses” often prove to be erroneous in the long run; 2)literary theory provides a set of general patterns concerning the making, the structure and the reception of a literary work; it deals with aesthetic categories such as genre, character, plot; it also theorizes the place held by literature among other arts; 3) comparative literature analyzes literary works, literary trends and movements that belong to different cultures; it studies the transnational circulation of ideas, themes, motifs, conventions and forms in an attempt to detect sources of inspiration, influences, models or mere similarities; 4) literary history has a selective function, it lists the works and the authors that make up the canon of a national literature.
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