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ASF-M-00156\Lst Coast Subterranean wetlands of arid Australia: remipedes, spelaeogriphaceans & diving beetles William Humphreys, Chris Watts, Remko Leys and Steve Cooper Western Australian Museum, South Australian Museum, Adelaide University Stable but dynamic Australia Data: Wilson Emergent since Proterozoic Bradbury WH Cretaceous inundation Islands of freshwater ancients and shore colonisation. Denudation: 6 km since Jurassic 12 km since Permian (Belton et al. 2004) changes geological Tainisopidea context: Christmas Island Karst areas 1000 km Current climate Arid zone — evaporation>rainfall Anchialine systems Circum-global distribution—tropics and subtropics mostlyEpicontinental in arid areas and oceanic anchialine systems ? Cape Range peninsula Exmouth Bundera Sinkhole Ningaloo The most important biodiversity site C-28 in Australia Cape Range — hydrological environment near the coast Terraces Cape Range Coastal plain Interface caves Freshwater lens Ocean Saltwater 100 m intrusion Groundwater estuary Ocean Height Sinkhole 2000 mm height 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 26 27 28 29 30 Sidereal day 1100 1000 900 800 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Ocean Height mm Bundera Sinkhole C-28 Large white gliding filiamentous sulphur oxidizing bacteria (chemolithoautotrophs) Thioploca tracking the oxic / anoxic boundary Motile filiaments (Beggiatoa spp.) on sediments and attached filaments on solid surfaces (commonly Thiotrix spp). Photo: Stefan Eberhard, Western Australia Museum Gradients: Depth profile: Bundera Sinkhole Temperature ORP Salinity pH H2S N-species profiles: Bundera Sinkhole H2 S NO 3 Cascade of N-species in upper few metres equivalent to the upper few mm of anoxic muds Remiped anchialine fauna • Structure highly predictable (~ generic composition) • Characteristically with atyid shrimps, thermosbaenaceans, hadziid amphipods, cirolanid isopods, remipeds, thaumatocypridid ostracods. • Many copepods (epacteriscid, psedocyclopiid, and ridgewayiid calanoids, halicyclopine cyclopoids, speleophriid misophrioids, superornatiremid harpacticoids.) • Only known from NW Australia, Canary Is, northern Caribbean (Grand Bahamas Banks, Cuba, Quintana Roo, Yucatan) Holocene marine transgression Holocene — rise from ~150 m drowned karst platforms, fragmented troglofauna and elevated anchialine fauna stygobites Fauna from Cape Range and environs anchialine system Milyeringa veritas Perciformes: Eleotridae 1of 2 stygobitic Bundera, CRP, BWI vertebrates in Oz Ophisternon Osteichthyes: 1of 2 stygobitic CRP candidum Synbranchidae vertebrates in Oz Halosbaena tulki Thermosbaenacea: New Order for SH CRP, BWI, Pilbara Halosbaenidae Stygiocaris stylifera Decapoda: Atyidae New genus, Bundera, CRP, BWI, endemic Pilbara Stygiocaris lancifera Decapoda: Atyidae CRP Haptolana pholeta Isopoda: Cirolanidae New gen. for SH CRP, BWI, Pilbara Halicylops Copepoda: Cyclopoida: CRP longifurcatus Cyclopidae Phyllopodopsyllus Copepoda: New genus for Oz CRP wellsi Harpacticoida Only stygal sp in gen. Fauna from suboxic section of Bundera Sinkhole Prionospio thalanji Polychaeta: Spionidae Only stygobite in genus Danielopolina kornickeri Ostracoda: Halocyprida: Thaumatocyprididae New Family for SH Lasionctes exleyi Remipedia: Nectiopoda: Speleonectidae New Class for SH Liagoceradocus branchialis Amphipoda: Hadziidae Bunderia misophaga Calanoida: Epacteriscidae New Family for SH Speleophria bunderae Copepoda: M isophrioida: Speleophriidae New Order for SH Stygocyclopia australis Calanoida: Pseudocyclopiidae New Family for Oz Lasionectes: Remipedia Lasionectes (Remipedia) Affinities of the anchialine fauna Halosbaena spp. (Thermosbaenacea) Variations on this theme in: Bunderia cf Enantronoides Epacteriscidae (Calanoida) Ophisternon : Synbranchidae Speleophria (Misophrioida) Danielopolina (Ostracoda: Thaumatocypridoidea) Stygocyclopia (Calanoida) Haptolana (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) Danielopolina (Thaumatocyprididae) Danielopol et al. 2000. Pokornyopsis feifeli Upper Jurassic marine crevicular palaeoenvironment (Aubrecht & Kozur 1995) Anchialine Danielopolina Tethys 1 Plate positions 175 Ma Pokornyopsis feifeli Tethys Li and Powell v. 6.0 Pokornyopsis feifeli Atlantic opening 110Ma Tethys Recent developments Danielopolina • Tethyan fauna on (Thaumatocypridoidea) Christmas Island, a sea mount island • Microceratina (Cytheruridae) spread through the Tethys Sea (Namiotko et al. 2004) First description of soft parts of this Miocene genus Enigmatic Western Shield Pilbara: cyclone affected arid region with episodic rainfall Western Fortescue Plain aquifer: lacustrine limestone Spelaeogriphacea Tethys Li and Powell v. 6.0 Spelaeogriphacea Water mites Mideopsellinae Arrenuroidea: Mideopsidae Cave and interstitial habitats Mideopsellides Tiramideopsis Africa India Australia Antarctica Data from Harvey 2001 Phreatoicidea: Hypsimetopodidae hypogean epigean? Nichollsia Pilbaraphreatoicus °Since Jurassic denudation processes Hyperoedesipus removed ~5 km of cover rock. Africa India Forcing a change in geological context? Australia Antarctica °Kohn,G.D.F. et al. Wilson, 2002. Australia n Journal of Earthpers. Sciences Comm.49: 697 2002-717. Groundwater calcretes Shallow, thin (~ 10 m) carbonate deposits in arid zone associated with palaeovalleys Gascoyne palaeovalley Photos: Remko Leys Palaeovalleys constrained landscape evolution and groundwater flow Groundwater Calcrete Quaternary K-T boundary Divide of Archaean rocks Yilgarn calcrete stygofauna • Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) • ‘Terrestrial’ isopods (Oniscidea) • Bathynellacea • Amphipoda • Ostracoda • Copepoda Groundwater calcretes are associated with salt lakes (playas) Windarra calcrete near salt lake cf. anchialine systems 0 -.5 Salin-PSS -1 Bathynellacea, Cyclopoida, Routine -1.5 Harpacticoida, Amphipoda, -2 purging of -2.5 Dytiscidae -3 bores -3.5 destroys -4 -4.5 biologically -5 important -5.5 -6 information -6.5 -7 . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 DO-mg/L -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 ORP-mV Subterranean waterbeetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) surface Now Limbodessus Tjirtudessus Nirridessus Liodessus 1mm Dytiscidae L. compactus Limbodessus macrotarsus Nirripirti arachnoides Photo: C.H.S.Watts Summary of taxonomic data 50 species from 22 calcrete aquifers 12 8 4 frequency 0 1 2 3 4 number of species / locality Waterbeetle calcretes karstification and erosion phylogenetic tree formed of calcretes mitochondrial DNA - two tribes - 36 subterranean lineages (in black) - 23 surface lineages (in grey) - Average climatic conditions: blue: relatively humid Bidessini yellow: arid conditions - subterranean lineages Hydroporini < 10 million years old Million years ago Waterbeetle Sympatric species phylogenetic tree from different lineages/tribes mitochondrial DNA - localities: Austin Downs Cunyu Mineral Bore Cunyu Sweetwaters Well Yuinmery Depot Springs Three Rivers Pinnacles - multiple ancestral species colonised the same calcrete Mya 350,000 km2 — 2/3 size France Dytiscidae Bidessoides 8 spp. Subterranean Dytiscidae occur in Copelatinae Hydroporinae: Bedessini Hydroporini Stygal data: Watts et al. Epigean data: C.H.S.Watts Poraster 8 spp. 1, All subterranean species are within the arid area. 2, Not all calcretes within arid area have stygobitic dytiscids. 3, Epigean species largely occur outside the arid area 4, Aridity + calcrete necessary but not complete requirement for stygal dytiscids Stygal data: Watts et al. Epigean data: C.H.S.Watts Oniscidea • 19 species belonging to 2 genera : • Haloniscus 17 species • Androphiloloscia 2 species 1 mm 1 mm Haloniscus searlei Haloniscus n. sp. 12 Lake Keilambete, VIC Carnegie, Jimmys Well, WA All collection sites # # Stygobites Epigean Haloniscus n. sp. 4 Haloniscus n. sp. 12 Haloniscus n. sp. 8 4 9 11 12 Haloniscus longiantennatus Haloniscus n. sp. 13 8 Haloniscus stilifer Andricophiloscia pedisetosa Haloniscus tomentosus Haloniscus n. sp. 3 Andricophiloscia n. sp. 6 3 Haloniscus n. sp. 10 Haloniscus n. sp. 11 1 Haloniscus n. sp. 5 7 10 2 5 Haloniscus sp. Haloniscus n. sp. 9 Yilgarn Region (Western Australia) MURCHISON: 1, Old Cue; 2, Windimurra; 3, Yarrabubba. GASCOYNE: 4, Three Rivers. RAESIDE: 5, Yuinmery; 6, Lake Mason; 7, Perrinvale. CAREY: 8, Bubble Well; 9, Uramurdah; 10, Laverton Downs. CARNEGIE: 11, Jundee South; 12, Jimmys Well. (Map based on 1: 2,500,000 Hydrogeological Map of Western Australia 1989 compiled by D.P. Commander) BES 9462.1 Maximum Parsimony 89 BES 9461.1 100 BES 9461 Haloniscus n. sp. 2 85 BES 6667 BES 9458 Length=1749 BES 9465.1 79 100 Haloniscus n. sp. 6 NT BES 9467.1 61 100 BES 6685 BES 9493 Haloniscus n. sp. 1 BES 8086 Haloniscus n. sp. 7 BES 9886.1 98 BES 9891.1 BES 9887.1 100 BES 6573 Haloniscus searlei EPIGEAN BES 9892.1 100 BES 9913 BES 9912 BES 6655 Haloniscus sp. BES 8101 100 Haloniscus n. sp. 3 BES 5637 BES 6601 Haloniscus n. sp. 8 BES 10527 Haloniscus stilifer 52 BES 9888.1 Andricophiloscia stepheni BES 9890 ???? BES 6455 Haloniscus longiantennatus BES No Nr Haloniscus n. sp. 12 BES 10290 Haloniscus n. sp. 10 51 BES 10257 Haloniscus n. sp. 9 BES 10410 Andricophiloscia n. sp. A. ell. Armadilloniscus ellipticus (Detonidae) 100 BES 9924 Porcellionides pruinosus (Porcellionidae) BES 9895 BES 10201 Haloniscus anophthalmus BES 7416.1 Laevophiloscia yalgooensis (Philosciidae) BES 8956 Haloniscus n. sp. 5 BES 11448 Tylos neozelanicus (Tylidae) BES 11441 Pygolabis humphreysi (Tainisopidea) BES 9923 Deto marina (Detonidae) AY051333L. per. Ligia perkinsi (Ligiidae) 10 changes 5626 7270 Preliminary amphipod 8094M 5626.2 Paroo phylogeny:
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