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Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola (1463-1494) And Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) ABSTRACT and Renaissance Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) played a key role in the making of modern thought. Philosophy He extended the humanist critique of medieval pessimism into an PAUL RICHARD BLUM exaltation of the agency of humans. Department of Philosophy He advocated universal knowledge as Loyola University Maryland liberation, suggested philosophical 4501 North Charles Street syncretism and concordance between Baltimore, MD 21210 philosophy and biblical wisdom based on the understanding that Centre for Renaissance Texts, knowledge is what makes a human Faculty of Arts, being human. Palacký University Olomouc [email protected] A presentation on Giovanni Pico della Mirandola should have at least nine hundred chapters – but I will reduce it to four or five.* * Presented at Istituto Italiano di Cultura, New York, on 11 November 2014. Since Sheila Rabin was talking on Pico’s stance on astrol- ogy, this topic was left out. Only references to primary sources are given. For Pico’s bi- ography and philosophy see, among others, Dougherty 2008; Toussaint 2010. - This study is a result of research funded by the Czech Science Foundation as the project GA ČR 14- 37038G “Between Renaissance and Baroque: Philosophy and Knowledge in the Czech Lands within the Wider European Context”. PAUL RICHARD BLUM 23 GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA (1463–1494) AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY 1 PICO CONTRIBUTED TO THE pessimism is this famous saying of DISCOVERY OF THE HUMAN BEING Pope Innocent III (1161–1216): AS THE CENTER OF THE WORLD “Indeed man is shaped like an Let me start with a quotation upside down tree. His hair forms the about philosophy: “Philosophy is roots; his head and neck the trunk; man’s knowledge of himself. … Man, the breast and stomach the stock; the if he acquires a true knowledge of arms and legs the branches. Man is himself, viz. of his own spirituality a plant tossed to and fro by the wind and corporeality, comprises the and, like straw, dried out by the sun.”2 knowledge of everything…”1 It was the humanist Giannozzo If I had let you guess the author, Manetti (1396–1459) who opposed you certainly would have come up this view by saying: with Pico or some other Renaissance “…the fruits proper to man are not thinker. For it makes philosophizing those shameful and incidental kinds of a feature of humanity that expands on filthiness … mentioned above; rather ever ything there is. However, it is from our human fruits are to be deemed the Isaac Israeli in the early Middle Ages. many operations of intelligence and Closer to our expectations of medieval will.” 1 Isaac Israeli [ca. 832-ca. 932], Book of definitions, in: Altmann, Stern 2009, p. 27. 2 Murchland 1966. 24 To the humanists, man is man in individual. He clothes it in this speech action. And Pico will elaborate on that of God to Adam saying that humans and drive it to near exhaustion. In order have no predetermined position in the to show that, I simply quote one of his hierarchy of things. A human being can most famous statements in his Oration ascend to the level of angels or degrade on the Dignity of Man: to the baseness of beasts, depending on “[God] … took man, …set him in the how one uses one’s mind. middle of the world, and said to him: The progress from the image of ‘We have given you, Adam, no fixed seat man as an uprooted tree to that of the or form of your own, no talent peculiar individual intellect as the center of to you alone. … Once defined, the the world was life-changing. Giordano nature of all other beings is constrained Bruno, about 100 years later, would within the laws We have prescribed for extend it to the theory of the cosmos, them. But you, constrained by no limits, claiming that the center of the world may determine your nature for yourself, is, wherever one happens to stand. And according to your own free will ... We yet, when Descartes would say, another have set you at the centre of the world so 50 years after that, the “I think” is the that from there you may … easily gaze only thing that is certain, he is still upon whatever it contains. … you may, banking on Pico’s discovery: Man is as the free and extraordinary shaper of man in action, and the world is the yourself, fashion yourself in whatever place where man is at the center. form you prefer. It will be in your power to degenerate into the lower forms of 2 PICO WAS PROBABLY THE life, which are brutish. Alternatively, FIRST ENCYCLOPEDIST, THAT IS, you shall have the power … to be reborn HE BELIEVED IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO into the higher orders, those that are divine.’ …”1 KNOW TOO MUCH, AND ALL THERE IS Here we see the specific humanist TO KNOW IS WORTH KNOWING take on humanity: after the medieval The quotation from the Oration on the thinkers and theologians had realized Dignity of Man is the most popular. But in that the essence of human beings and this speech that apparently elevated the of being human consists in reflecting appreciation of humanity there followed upon oneself and thus experience life a second part, in which Pico calls for as misery, the humanists say: to be a universal system of knowledge that miserable does not exclude thinking includes all disciplines and traditions. about it, and human awareness of Since no place in the chain of being filthiness is the mother of invention. is assigned to him, man is a Divine Now in a giant leap, Pico concludes afterthought after the completion of that the status of being human utterly the universe, a being meant to oversee, depends on the spiritual powers of the and thus to appreciate, the perfection of God’s masterwork; and that requires 1 Pico della Mirandola 2012. PAUL RICHARD BLUM 25 GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA (1463–1494) AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY appropriate skills. Therefore he called If man is at the center of the world, upon the world of learning to embrace the world is worth knowing as far as all intellectual achievements of the possible. ancients and of his contemporaries. Pico was in agreement with Truth is contained in all sciences, and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (1401­1464) it is the call for humanity to find and who discovered the coincidence of unfold it. Pico’s syncretism is condensed contraries in the power of the human in the formula: “I am not sworn into the mind.2 Nicholas died one year after Pico words of any one.” was born. Actually, Pico planned to I should now mention that this pay a visit to the Cardinal’s legendary famous Oration was intended as library in Germany. But more the opening speech of a mammoth importantly, Pico’s project of an all- disputation to be held in Rome in encompassing debate triggered the 1487.1 Pico invited the entire world of projects of producing an encyclopedia learning and even promised to pay the of all that can be known. Most of these expenses for those who attended. For projects were pursued in the 17th and this disputation Pico had prepared no 18th centuries and came to a completion less than nine hundred theses, which he with the Encyclopedia Britannica and promised to be able to defend. present day’s Wikipedia. Within parentheses, it should be stated that such publication of theses 3 AS A SYNCRETIST (THAT IS for public discussion was academic ONE WHO COMBINES VIRTUALLY ALL practice and as an event nothing out of SCHOOLS OF THINKING), PICO WAS the ordinary. We might also remember the famous 95 theses that Martin Luther AGAINST DOGMATISM, INCLUDING nailed at the church gate in Wittenberg, THAT OF THE RENAISSANCE merely 30 years later in 1517. Again, he PLATONISTS did not intend to start a religious war, To pay every branch of learning its due but just posted his program inviting comes with a price: Does it mean that everyone to challenge his ideas. everyone has his or her own mind and Still, the number 900 sounds everyone is right? In a way yes, but also somewhat exaggerated. Even more, no. First of all, not to be sworn into any Pico said, he could easily have one’s school is the necessary condition expanded the number by elaborating for intellectual curiosity. On the flip even more on details. Those 900 theses side, it means that understanding were grouped by schools of thought, a school of knowledge does not entail including scholasticism, Platonism, endorsing it. Therefore, Pico was able Cabala, and many others. The message to present theses of some scholastics is this: human thought is one for all and that he did not endorse; and to ‘defend’ it evolves and diversifies indefinitely. them in the great disputation would 1 Farmer 1998. 2 Nicholas of Cusa 1981. 26 have meant explaining their validity ruler of Florence, Cosimo de’Medici, without proclaiming them. who appointed Ficino to translate Most importantly, intellectual works by Plato and the Neo-Platonists curiosity – to be a polymath or an from Greek into Latin. Ficino also intellectual omnivore, as Anthony commented on all those works, among Grafton had it – is the opposite of others on Plato’s Symposium.3In doing dogmatism. Pico wanted to know all so, Ficino denounced Aristotelian dogmas of the world without being scholasticism as un­Christian and dogmatic. And here was his enemy: the created his own system that should meanwhile popular Platonism of the reconcile dogmatics with ancient Renaissance.
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