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A 12-Year Review of the National Coastal Safety Report

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A 12-Year Review of the National Coastal Safety Report A 12-year review of the national coastal safety report Shane Daw ESM Surf Life Saving Australia AFAC17 CONFERENCE PAPER A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM Surf Life Saving Australia INTRODUCTION The Australian coastline is one of the country’s most popular recreation destinations and a place of activity and enjoyment. However, each year many people are injured on our beaches or end up in situations that ultimately cost them their lives. Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) undertakes research to understand what, where and when these coastal drowning deaths occur. Annually, a detailed analysis of annual coastal drownings and long-term trends is provided in the National Coastal Safety Report (NCSR) (Surf Life Saving Australia 2016). The report also includes information about the Australian community’s coastal visitations and their perceptions regarding coastal hazards. This analysis provides critical evidence based insights and understanding to address water safety issues, drowning prevention and to provide education for the community. SLSA’s national drowning reduction strategy and service plan is outlined in the Total Service Plan. It is created using an iterative process of analysis and review to identify coastal safety issues of national importance. It also identifies so-called Blackspot areas, areas with a concentration of coastal/ocean incidents and a high probability or risk of ongoing recurrence. SLSA has identified the Local Government Areas (LGAs) listed below (Table 1) as blackspots and has distributed funding to projects in these areas (2014-16). These LGAs are priorities for conducting coastal risk assessments and implementing drowning prevention activities via the Beach Drowning Blackspot Reduction Program. Table 1. Blackspot LGAs by state. New South Byron Shire Queensland Cairns Region Wales City of Coffs Harbour City of the Gold Coast City of Randwick City of Townsville Sutherland Shire Gladstone Region Warringah Noosa Shire Waverley Redland City Wyong Shire Sunshine Coast Victoria Mornington Peninsula South Alexandrina Council Shire Australia City of Victor Harbor Surf Coast Shire District Council of Robe District Council of Yankalilla Wattle Range Council Western City of Stirling Tasmania Circular Head Council Australia City of Wanneroo City of Clarence Huon Valley Council Northern City of Darwin Territory 1 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia The identified coastal safety issues, priorities and blackspot areas form the basis of the National Safety Agenda. The Agenda influences lifesaving operations, drives public education and informs SLSA’s Research Plan. The current Top 10 Safety Agenda points are: 1. Rip Currents 6. International Tourists 2. Boating 7. Snorkeling and Diving 3. Rock Fishing 8. Over 55 Years 4. Watercraft 9. Dangerous Marine Creatures 5. Toxicity and Health 10. New Migrants The research published in the National Coastal Safety Report identifies Rip Currents as the number one hazard on Australia’s coastline. They account for more deaths per year than sharks, floods and cyclones combined (Brander et al. 2013). The Rip Current Campaign, just as the Beach Drowning Blackspot Reduction Program, is a direct result of implementation of the detailed NCSR analysis into evidence-based drowning prevention and resilience-building initiatives. METHODOLOGY At the core of the NCSR is data, including population and drowning data, rescue statistics and operational data, as well as coastal risk assessments and an annual National Coastal Safety Survey, which explores attitudes and behaviours of the Australian public regarding the coast and safety. With 12 years (2004-16) of drowning data now collected, SLSA is reviewing the trends, initiatives and findings to look at the changes that have taken place during this period. The objective is to identify future trends and potential strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to address coastal drowning deaths. THE AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITY ANALYSIS Information about community swimming abilities, behaviours and attitudes to coastal safety was gathered from the SLSA National Coastal Safety Survey, conducted by Omnipoll Market Research. IPSOS SOCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE RESEARCH Information about swimming attitudes and behaviours, risk perceptions and strategies, rip current identification and safety, information needs and sources, and interventions was collected by Ipsos Social Research Institute (2016). CAPABILITY AND RESCUE ANALYSIS Information on rescues, lifeguards and support services was extracted from SurfGuard, a web-based application SLS members, clubs, state offices and SLSA uses to record a suite of information. DROWNING DATA ANALYSIS SLSA collects incident data from SurfGuard, the SLS Incident Report Database (IRD), the SurfCom management system, the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) and by monitoring the media reports for drowning incidents. The NCIS is considered the ‘golden standard’ when there is a 2 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia discrepancy in the detail collected from different data sources. Deaths are excluded in the NCSR if they are reported as ‘intentional deaths’, they are inland/ocean locations, or ‘drowning/immersion’ is not a contributing factor as noted by the coroner. DROWNING DATA LIMITATIONS The NCIS may take several years to close a case and report the final cause of death (COD). In the process, some cases are amended prior to their closure, resulting in changes to the classification of cases in our datasets. Therefore, the number of coastal drowning deaths may change from previously reported annual totals in earlier years. More details on the methodology can be found in the National Coastal Safety Report (Surf Life Saving Australia 2016). CAPABILITY Surf Life Saving (SLS), through its team of dedicated volunteers and professionals, has significant capability to provide coastal surveillance patrols and aquatic search and rescue operations, working in close partnership with police and other emergency services. In the financial year of 2015-16 SLS performed 13,034 rescues (Fig. 1). The vast majority (85%) of these occurred in NSW and QLD (11,139 total). Rescue numbers were up from the previous year 2014-15 when 12,690 rescues were performed. Figure 1. Rescues per Local Government Area (LGA) and state in 2015-16. SLS lifesavers, lifeguards and support services personnel performed rescues across 103 LGAs around Australia during 2015-16. 3 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia SLS support services personnel responded to 1,418 requests for assistance from emergency services (Fig. 2). Over half of these (51%) occurred in NSW. The emergency responses were up significantly from the previous year 2014-15 when 1,005 emergency responses were performed. Figure 2. Emergency response per Local Government Area (LGA). SLS support services personnel responded to requests for assistance from emergency services across 95 LGAs around Australia during 2015-16. 4 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia COASTAL DROWNING DEATHS SLS has 12 years (2004- 16) of drowning data collected. Over that period, a total of 1,168 coastal drowning deaths were counted (Fig 3). 5 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia Figure 3. Coastal drowning deaths by activity during 2004-16. 6 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia Currently, the 12-year average for coastal drowning deaths in Australia is 97 and the rate per 100,000 population is 0.44 per year. The number of deaths for 2015-16 is 130 and the rate is 0.54, significantly higher than the 12-year average (Fig. 4). Figure 4. Twelve-year trend of national coastal drowning deaths numbers and crude drowning rates 2004-16. Males make up 86% (n = 1,004) of all coastal drowning deaths. Factors like medical conditions, injuries, alcohol and drugs contribute significantly to coastal drownings. Medical conditions or injuries contribute to 22% of all coastal drowning deaths and alcohol and/or drugs contribute to 11% of all coastal drownings. Notably, rip currents contribute to 20% of all coastal drowning deaths. The majority of coastal drowning deaths occurred at a beach (48%, n = 561), offshore (21%, n = 245), or at rock/cliff locations (20%, n = 234). In 2015-16 beach drownings were exactly as the average would suggest (48%, n = 63), however offshore drownings were above the average (26%, n = 34) and rock/cliff related drownings were slightly lower (19%, n = 25) (Fig. 5). Figure 5. Location of coastal drowning deaths 2015-16. The national rates of activity types being undertaken when coastal drowning deaths occur varies over time (Fig. 6). Swimming and wading consistently ranks as the activity with the highest fatality rate, followed by boating and rock fishing. 7 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia The 2015-16 rate for rock fishing represents the only activity below the 12-year average (0.05 vs. 0.06 average rate over 100,000 pop.). All other activity rates are above the 12-year average rate. ‘Other’ activities include hang-gliding, jumping into water and unintentional falls. Figure 6. Twelve-year coastal drowning deaths by activity. COASTAL VISITATION AND ACTIVITY The National Coastal Safety Survey (2014, 2015, 2016) assessed coastal visitation and activity participation of the Australian public (Fig. 7). More than half of the Australian population visit the coast at least once per year to swim, making it the most popular coastal activity. The second most popular activity is land-based fishing with 21% of people participating at least once a year. Figure 7. Coastal visitation by activity in 2016. 8 A 12-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL COASTAL SAFETY REPORT Shane Daw ESM, Surf Life Saving Australia Australians rate themselves as less competent swimmers in the ocean than in other locations (Fig.
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