Use of Vegetable Oils As Fuel in Combustion Engine: Engineering Options

COBEM 2009

Use of Vegetable Oils as Fuel in Combustion Engine: Engineering options

G.O.M.VaG.O.M.Va ïïtilingomtilingom M.F.M.M.F.M. NogueiraNogueira

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 1 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 SCOPE

• Introduction

• Vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines

• Constraints to overcome

• Engineering options

• Example

• Engineering options for tomorrow

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 2 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction

Necessity of new fuels

Source: IEA 2008

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 3 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction

NECESSITY OF NEW COMING FUELS AROUND 2010 !!

AT THE ENGINEERING LEVEL, CAR MANUFACTURERS ARE CONSIDERING 2030 (with 20-30 % non fossil fuel)

TO DAY TARGET IS ONLY CO 2 REDUCTION

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 4 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction

The place of diesel and gasoline as unique liquid fuels for engines will decline soon.

Existing biofuels are:

Ethanol spark ignition engines (Brazil has made it famous worldwide)

Vegetable oils pure and esterified compression ignition engines

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 5 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 History of vegetable oils as fuel

SINCE NEOLITHIC PERIOD : 9000 before J.C.

BUT: APARITION OF PETROL LAMPS IN 1853

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 6 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 History of vegetable oils as fuel

Rudolf DIESEL (1858 – 1913)

1900 : test of some vegetable oils in his engine

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 7 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Natural Crude, pure, neat,…Vegetable oils

LCV coconut oil: 41 MJ/kg • Characteristics close to diesel oil LCV Diesel oil: 44 MJ/kg Density coconut oil: 0.92 • History: Density Diesel oil: 0.83

- Mr. Diesel himself in 1900 - World War II - Banned from research in the 50’ - interest renewed at the end of 70’ - But: last International Congress in 1982.

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 8 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Overall performance

CONSUMPTION L/H POWER OUTPUT kW direct injection New Holland LM430 direct injection New Holland LM430 30 90

80 25 70

20 60

50 15 DIESEL 40 DIESEL 10 SUNFLOWER 30 SUNFLOWER 20 5 10

0 0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY direct injection New Holland LM430 40%

35%

30%

25%

DIESEL 20% SUNFLOWER

15%

10% 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 9 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Well known for their tendency for thermal or oxidative polymerisation… leading to carbon deposits.

Piston after 200 hrs. with diesel Piston after 21 hrs. with fuel at idle speed-no load sunflower oil at idle speed-no load WHY ? COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 10 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (1)

Long term operation eventually leads to engine breakdown.

CARBON DEPOSIT MECHANICAL DAMAGES Injection pumps, rings, cylinder liner,…

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 11 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (2)

CARBON DEPOSITS valves,…

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 12 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (3)

CARBON DEPOSITS nozzle,

Nozzle tip after 21 hours running on pure refined sunflower oil Idle speed – no load COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 13 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 VEGETABLE OILS / DIESEL FUEL

CH2 O CO R CHO COR' C21 H 44

CH2 OCOR''

TRIGLYCERIDES > 90 %

HEATING VALUE : 35 – 41 (MJ/kg) HEATING VALUE : 43 – 44 (MJ/kg)

DENSITY : 0.91 – 0.94 ( 20°C). DENSITY : 0.83 (20°C).

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 14 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSTRAINTS (1)

PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS

DIESEL : - 35 °C

RAPESEED : - 11 °C

Coconut Oil : + 23 °C

VISCOSITY AT 40 °C : gazole < 5 Crude SENSITIVITY to COLD COND.

Palm Oil = 38 (mm 2/s) Beginning of solidification

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 15 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Crude palm oil at 26°C ; fractionating in two phase s

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 16 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSTRAINTS (2)

2. MINOR COMPONENTS : CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS GUMS, WAXES,…

CH2 OCO R • partial Glycerides CHO COR'

(1 – 10 %) CH2 OH

• Free Fatty Acids O C (0.5 – 5 %) OH injection • non-saponifiables, pigments… (0.5 – 2 %)

tocopherols

H HO

1.EVAPORATION OF DROPLETS at 630 °C H 3C O At 440 °C, only Diesel is totaly evaporated. HO Sterols

CH2 O CO R

CH O CO R' • Phosphatides (0.1 – 1 %) OH CH2 O P 3. BAD PROPERTIES : siccativity OR'' (sunflower : yes, rapeseed oil : no) O

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 17 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Both physical and chemical constraints must be « overcome »

Making biodiesel (esterification) is a solution!

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 18 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Reducing the viscosity is a necessity: 1. To keep a nominal flow rate in feeding line 2. To avoid mechanical damage on injection pumps (lack of lubrication due to high visco) 3. To keep an average droplet size and spray pattern respecting atomization conditions

Options: 1. Over sizing tubes, lines and filters 2. Not necessary with inline pumps and Bosch rotary type VE

3. Increasing opening pressure (bars: 150 200 IDI; 220 300 DI)

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 19 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

If vegetable oil temperature can be under 100°C => larger surface of filtration If vegetable oil can become solid => heated filters and feeding lines

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 20 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

AC electrical heaters under and inside a coconut oil tank

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 21 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Heating and filtration unit – coconut oil 2004 GENSET. 300KVA Power Station of ENERCAL (Utility) New Caledonia

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 22 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Heating and filtration unit – coconut oil 2004 GENSET. 300KVA Power Station of ENERCAL (Utility) New Caledonia

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 23 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

IDI: opening pressure 200 bars ; DI opening pressure 300 bars

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 24 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 How to reduce viscosity ?

HEATING UP THE VEG OIL

100

60 DIESEL FUEL 50 VEGE OIL

mm2/s 40 DIESEL @ 20°C

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 °C

GOOD! BUT TEMP. Must be > 120°C COLD STARTING ??

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 25 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 How to reduce viscosity ?

MIXING WITH A LESS VISCOUS FUEL (diesel fuel, Biodiesel, kero,…)

50 DIESEL FUEL 40 VEGE OIL DIESEL @ 20°

mm2/s 30 MIXT 50/50 MIXT 20/80 20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 °C

OVER 20%, heating up the mixture is a necessity COLD STARTING ????

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 26 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Means to reduce viscosity are a necessity for technical reasons. BUT: Unless the « additive » is chemically modifying the vegetable oil, there is no lowering in chemical constraints.

} Vegetable oils do not distillate completely. Some part is not evaporated and polymerize on combustion chamber walls. Then pyrolysis is occurring leading to carbon deposit formation. If the average temperature of the chamber is above 500°C then remaining veg oil is sublimating: combustion is complete and there is no carbon deposit.

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 27 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Movies: evaporation of a droplet of mixture diesel fuel/refined rapeseed oil

• 1: pure diesel fuel @ 350°C • 2: mixture 50/50 @ 350°C • 3: mixture 50/50 @ 500°C

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 28 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

DIESEL FUEL 350°C MIXT 50/50 350°C MIXT 50/50 5 00°C

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 29 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

In conclusion:

1. Atomization conditions must be respected,

2. Average temperature of combustion chamber must be > 500°C

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 30 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions Vegetable oils:

1. In standard Diesel engines by either: • adapting the “fuel” and making Biodiesel (esterification with methanol or ethanol).

• using pure vegetable oils or mixtures under internal thermal conditions allowing their complete combustion (2- tank systems)

• using IDI engines (Indirect injection system)

2. In specifically designed engines modified to burn vegetable oils at any percentage

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 31 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions

Vegetable oils:

1. In standard Diesel engines by either : adapting the “fuel” and making Biodiesel (esterification with methanol or ethanol).

• Viscosity is close to diesel fuel one atomization

• Distillation of Biodiesel is total (almost) (chemical structure is modified)

•

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 32 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 METHYL ESTER OF VEGETABLE OIL

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 33 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions

Vegetable oils:

1. In standard Diesel engines by either: • adapting the “fuel” and making Biodiesel (esterification with methanol or ethanol).

• using pure vegetable oils or mixtures under internal thermal conditions allowing their complete combustion using a 2- tanks system

• using IDI engines (Indirect injection system)

2. In specifically designed engines modified to burn vegetable oils at any percentage

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 34 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN THE REQUESTED TEMPERATURE IN ORDER TO USE VEGETABLE OIL ?

INDIRECT INJECTION : YES DIRECT INJECTION : YES, IF As soon as engine at idle: Tmoy > 500 °C Power output > 70 % of MAX. If not NO !

PUISSANCE MOTEUR

kW 160 140 120 T > 500 °C ; PMAX 100 80 60 T < 500 °C ; P = 71 % PMAX 40 20 0 tr/mn 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 35 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 SYSTEM OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT or 2 TANKS SYSTEM

KIT for 2-TANKS SYSTEM

Renault dci 270 Ch (2006)

Common Rail injection SUNFLOWER OIL

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 36 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 DIESEL DIRECT INJECTION SUNFLOWER OIL SYSTEM OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT

Renault dci 270 Ch (2006)

BUT RUNNING ON SUNFLOWER OIL only WHEN LOAD > 65 %

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 37 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IVORY COAST SYSTEM OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT or 2 TANKS SYSTEM

Genset 320 kVA – crude Palm Oil (2006)

BUT RUNNING ON PALM OIL only WHEN LOAD > 50 % => 160 kVA

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 38 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EXAMPLE OF MIXTURES OF COCONUT OIL in STANDARD DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES

BUT RUNNING ON CNO AT LOAD > 50 % => > 200 kVA

Cummins genset , 400 KVA, 10-20 % CNO in DIESEL FUEL Savai’i EPC Power station, Samoa (2005) COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 39 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EXAMPLE OF MIXTURES OF COCONUT OIL in STANDARD DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES

BUT RUNNING ON 15 to 20 % CNO only WHEN LOAD > 50 %

Figure 21: UNELCO Generators in Port Vila running on coconut oil fuel blend (Source: UNELCO)

4MW MAN 9L32/40 generators on blends fuel/coconut oil UNELCO Port Vila – 2006 Coconut oil is mixed or not to diesel fuel according to the load. (similar to a 2 tank-system) COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 40 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions

Vegetable oils:

1. In standard Diesel engines by either: • adapting the “fuel” and making Biodiesel (esterification with methanol or ethanol).

• using pure vegetable oils or mixtures under internal thermal conditions allowing their complete combustion (2- tank systems)

• using IDI engines (Indirect injection system)

2. In specifically designed engines modified to burn vegetable oils at any percentage

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 41 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI )

INDIRECT INJECTION

No modifications, only adaptation Up to 100 % vegetable oil. Heat exchanger and/or mixture with diesel fuel to reduce vegetable oil viscosity & Some settings COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 42 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 DIESEL INDIRECT INJECTION EXAMPLE SETTINGS

400 000 km • injectors opening with rapeseed pressures: 200 bars oil (CIRAD)

IDI coconut oil powered car in PNG. (Atul Raturi, 2006)

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 43 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CRUDE COCONUT OIL AS FUEL IDI ADAPTED ENGINES

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: Fiji: Vanuabalavu 80 kVA* (2000) & Welagi 45 kVA (2001) Coconut Oil as fuel (10 nuts = 1 litre equivalent Diesel Fuel)

* First place in the World to produce grid electricity with its own vegetable oil (April 2000).

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 44 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions

Vegetable oils:

1. In standard Diesel engines by either: • adapting the “fuel” and making Biodiesel (esterification with methanol or ethanol).

• using pure vegetable oils or mixtures under internal thermal conditions allowing their complete combustion (2- tank systems)

• using IDI engines (Indirect injection system)

2. In specifically designed engines modified to burn vegetable oils at any percentage

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 45 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Modification of pistons Example of combustion chamber

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 46 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Example of combustion chamber

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 47 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

DIESEL DIRECT INJECTION In specifically designed engines

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 48 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 In specifically designed engines

Tractor Biocombustible Yumz D-65 M, Sunflower or soja UBPC Victoria 2, Camagüey – CUBA (2003) COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 49 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Tractor Yumz (Camagüey - Cuba)

Spare Piston modified Piston

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 50 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Example of a 60 kVA genset UFPA, Belém, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica 1st phase : 2 tanks system Diesel fuel substitution in vol. 60% 2nd phase: use of additives to speed up the combustion kinetics 3rd phase : modification of pistons Diesel fuel substitution 100%

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 51 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 UFPA, DIESEL DIRECT INJECTION CRUDE SOYBEAN OIL or PALM OIL

1st phase SYSTEM OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT or 2 TANK SYSTEM

Genset Cummins 60 kVA (UFPA,Brazil, 2009) Control module

Running on Diesel Fuel from 0 to 30 kVA (load < 50 %)

COBEM2009Running, 20th on Internationalpure vege Congress Oil from of Mechanical 30 to 60 Engineeri kVA ng (load– “Engineering > 50 %) for the future”. 52 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 UFPA, DIESEL DIRECT INJECTION CRUDE SOYBEAN OIL or PALM OIL

3rd phase

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 53 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 UFPA, DIESEL DIRECT INJECTION CRUDE SOYBEAN OIL or PALM OIL

3rd phase Example of a modified combustion chamber

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 54 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 EngineeringEngineering OptionsOptions ForFor tomorrowtomorrow ??

Investigation to undertake with HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines + EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Example : NADI (Narrow Angle Direct Injection). Homogeneous combustion at low load and conventional diesel combustion at high load.

• High injection pressure (1600 b.) and fuel temp. (140°C) good atomization • Sophisticated electronic control of injection can be adapted for 2 tanks system

Advantages: Low NOx and particulate at low load (HCCI mode with diesel fuel) Low NOx and particulate at high load (conventional mode with vegetable oils)

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 55 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 ThankThank youyou forfor youryour attentionattention !! MuitoMuito obrigadoobrigado !! MerciMerci dede votrevotre attentionattention !!

COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009