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Use of Vegetable Oils As Fuel in Combustion Engine: Engineering Options

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Use of Vegetable Oils As Fuel in Combustion Engine: Engineering Options COBEM 2009 Use of Vegetable Oils as Fuel in Combustion Engine: Engineering options G.O.M.VaG.O.M.Va ïïtilingomtilingom M.F.M.M.F.M. NogueiraNogueira COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 1 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 SCOPE • Introduction • Vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines • Constraints to overcome • Engineering options • Example • Engineering options for tomorrow COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 2 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction Necessity of new fuels Source: IEA 2008 COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 3 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction NECESSITY OF NEW COMING FUELS AROUND 2010 !! AT THE ENGINEERING LEVEL, CAR MANUFACTURERS ARE CONSIDERING 2030 (with 20-30 % non fossil fuel) TO DAY TARGET IS ONLY CO 2 REDUCTION COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 4 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 IntroductionIntroduction The place of diesel and gasoline as unique liquid fuels for engines will decline soon. Existing biofuels are: Ethanol spark ignition engines (Brazil has made it famous worldwide) Vegetable oils pure and esterified compression ignition engines COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 5 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 History of vegetable oils as fuel SINCE NEOLITHIC PERIOD : 9000 before J.C. BUT: APARITION OF PETROL LAMPS IN 1853 COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 6 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 History of vegetable oils as fuel Rudolf DIESEL (1858 – 1913) 1900 : test of some vegetable oils in his engine COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 7 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Natural Crude, pure, neat,…Vegetable oils LCV coconut oil: 41 MJ/kg • Characteristics close to diesel oil LCV Diesel oil: 44 MJ/kg Density coconut oil: 0.92 • History: Density Diesel oil: 0.83 - Mr. Diesel himself in 1900 - World War II - Banned from research in the 50’ - interest renewed at the end of 70’ - But: last International Congress in 1982. COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 8 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Overall performance CONSUMPTION L/H POWER OUTPUT kW direct injection New Holland LM430 direct injection New Holland LM430 30 90 80 25 70 20 60 50 15 DIESEL 40 DIESEL 10 SUNFLOWER 30 SUNFLOWER 20 5 10 0 0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY direct injection New Holland LM430 40% 35% 30% 25% DIESEL 20% SUNFLOWER 15% 10% 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 9 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines Well known for their tendency for thermal or oxidative polymerisation… leading to carbon deposits. Piston after 200 hrs. with diesel Piston after 21 hrs. with fuel at idle speed-no load sunflower oil at idle speed-no load WHY ? COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 10 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (1) Long term operation eventually leads to engine breakdown. CARBON DEPOSIT MECHANICAL DAMAGES Injection pumps, rings, cylinder liner,… COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 11 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (2) CARBON DEPOSITS valves,… COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 12 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSEQUENCES (3) CARBON DEPOSITS nozzle, Nozzle tip after 21 hours running on pure refined sunflower oil Idle speed – no load COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 13 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 VEGETABLE OILS / DIESEL FUEL CH2 O CO R CH O CO R' C21 H 44 CH2 O CO R'' TRIGLYCERIDES > 90 % HEATING VALUE : 35 – 41 (MJ/kg) HEATING VALUE : 43 – 44 (MJ/kg) DENSITY : 0.91 – 0.94 ( 20°C). DENSITY : 0.83 (20°C). COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 14 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSTRAINTS (1) PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS DIESEL : - 35 °C RAPESEED : - 11 °C Coconut Oil : + 23 °C VISCOSITY AT 40 °C : gazole < 5 Crude SENSITIVITY to COLD COND. Palm Oil = 38 (mm 2/s) Beginning of solidification COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 15 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines Crude palm oil at 26°C ; fractionating in two phase s COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 16 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 CONSTRAINTS (2) 2. MINOR COMPONENTS : CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS GUMS, WAXES,… CH2 O CO R • partial Glycerides CH O CO R' (1 – 10 %) CH2 OH • Free Fatty Acids O C (0.5 – 5 %) OH injection • non-saponifiables, pigments… (0.5 – 2 %) tocopherols H HO 1.EVAPORATION OF DROPLETS at 630 °C H 3C O At 440 °C, only Diesel is totaly evaporated. HO Sterols CH2 O CO R CH O CO R' • Phosphatides (0.1 – 1 %) OH CH2 O P 3. BAD PROPERTIES : siccativity OR'' (sunflower : yes, rapeseed oil : no) O COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 17 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines Both physical and chemical constraints must be « overcome » Making biodiesel (esterification) is a solution! COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 18 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Reducing the viscosity is a necessity: 1. To keep a nominal flow rate in feeding line 2. To avoid mechanical damage on injection pumps (lack of lubrication due to high visco) 3. To keep an average droplet size and spray pattern respecting atomization conditions Options: 1. Over sizing tubes, lines and filters 2. Not necessary with inline pumps and Bosch rotary type VE 3. Increasing opening pressure (bars: 150 200 IDI; 220 300 DI) COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 19 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines If vegetable oil temperature can be under 100°C => larger surface of filtration If vegetable oil can become solid => heated filters and feeding lines COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 20 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines AC electrical heaters under and inside a coconut oil tank COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 21 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines Heating and filtration unit – coconut oil 2004 GENSET. 300KVA Power Station of ENERCAL (Utility) New Caledonia COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 22 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines Heating and filtration unit – coconut oil 2004 GENSET. 300KVA Power Station of ENERCAL (Utility) New Caledonia COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 23 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Diesel Engines IDI: opening pressure 200 bars ; DI opening pressure 300 bars COBEM2009 , 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering – “Engineering for the future”. 24 Symposium: Combustion and Environmental Engineering. Gramado-RS, Brazil, November 15-20, 2009 How to reduce viscosity ? HEATING UP THE VEG OIL 100 90 80 70 60 DIESEL FUEL 50 VEGE OIL mm2/s 40 DIESEL @ 20°C 30 20 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 °C GOOD! BUT TEMP. Must be > 120°C COLD STARTING ?? COBEM2009
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