Die SS Und Die Wewelsburg – Heinrich Himmlers Ideales Machtmodell

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Die SS Und Die Wewelsburg – Heinrich Himmlers Ideales Machtmodell Die SS und die Wewelsburg – Heinrich Himmlers ideales Machtmodell MARKUS MOORS Einleitung Bis heute wird darüber gerätselt, »welche Funktion die Wewelsburg im Leben der SS einnehmen sollte«.1 Am 3. November 1933 hatte der Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himm- ler das dreieckige ehemalige Residenzschloss der Fürstbischöfe von Paderborn im südlichen Ostwestfalen erstmals besichtigt. Sofort beauftragte er den Münsteraner Architekten Hermann Bartels, Umbaupläne zu entwerfen. Wenige Monate später, am 22. September 1934, wurde die Wewelsburg feierlich der SS übergeben. Bis zur totalen Niederlage des »Dritten Reichs« waren das Schloss und das umgebende gleichnamige Dorf Schauplatz von Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen im Auftrag der SS sowie von SS- Bauplanungen, die immer größere Dimensionen annahmen. Von 1939 bis zu ihrer kriegsbedingten Einstellung im Frühjahr 1943 wurden die Bauarbeiten im Wesentli- chen von Häftlingen durchgeführt, die die SS in einem eigens errichteten Konzentra- tionslager am Ortsrand von Wewelsburg gefangen hielt. Von 1941 an war das Kon- zentrationslager Niederhagen knapp zwei Jahre lang ein selbständiges Hauptlager.2 Von den rund 3.900 Inhaftierten wurden 1.229 zu Tode gebracht. Von April 1942 bis März 1943 bediente sich zudem die Gestapo in Westfalen und Lippe des Konzentra- tionslagers Niederhagen als Exekutionsstätte. 56 Menschen wurden dort hingerichtet. Ab dem Frühjahr 1943 verblieb nur noch ein kleines Häftlingskommando für Instand- haltungsarbeiten in Wewelsburg. Auch der Bauleiter Bartels blieb mit einigen Mitar- beitern bis zum Kriegsende vor Ort und setzte seine Planungen unbeirrt fort. In der historischen Forschung wird Wewelsburg bis heute als ein Ort wahrgenom- men, an dem Heinrich Himmler besondere, wenn auch anhand der zeitgenössischen Quellen nicht genauer zu fassende ideologische Vorhaben zu verwirklichen beabsich- tigt habe. Nach wie vor haben dabei die grundlegenden Forschungen zur Geschichte der SS in Wewelsburg, die der Paderborner Historiker Karl Hüser 1982 erstmalig veröffentlichte,3 einen prägenden Einfluss auf das verbreitete Erscheinungsbild.4 Der Professor für westfälische Landesgeschichte sammelte die verfügbaren Quellen über die Geschehnisse vor Ort und verknüpfte sie mit seinen Kenntnissen über die germa- nophilen weltanschaulichen Vorlieben Himmlers sowie mit den nicht selten erkennbar 1 Longerich: Himmler, S. 306. 2 Den Aufbau des Lagers mussten die Häftlinge selbst verrichten. Zur Geschichte des Konzentrati- onslagers Niederhagen/Wewelsburg vgl. John(-Stucke): »Mein Vater wird gesucht«. 3 Hüser: Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945. Diese Arbeit bildete die Grundlage für die 1982 eröffnete, erste – dokumentarische – Dauerausstellung des Kreismuseums Wewelsburg zum Thema unter dem Titel »Kult- und Terrorstätte der SS«. 4 So beruft sich z. B. Longerich in seiner Himmler-Biographie im Hinblick auf Wewelsburg auf Hüser. 56 Heinrich Himmler und die SS apologetischen Nachkriegsaussagen zahlreicher Zeitzeugen. Dieses Datenkonglome- rat interpretierte er vor dem Hintergrund des recht unkritisch betrachteten zeitgenös- sischen katholischen Milieus des Paderborner Landes. Auf diese Weise glaubte Hüser, eine dreiteilige Entwicklung feststellen zu können: Von der anfänglichen Absicht, eine weltanschauliche Schule für höhere SS-Führer in der Wewelsburg einzurichten, habe Himmler die Aufgabenstellung für die »SS-Schule Haus Wewelsburg« (so der offizi- elle Titel der SS-Institution im Schloss seit November 1935) bald auf die »pseudowis- senschaftliche […] Grundlagenforschung zur Untermauerung der SS-Rassenlehre« verlagert, um schließlich ab etwa 1938 den Plan zu verfolgen, in der Wewelsburg eine »pseudo-religiöse Kultstätte« der SS zu etablieren.5 Im Zuge der Erarbeitung der neuen zeitgeschichtlichen Dauerausstellung des Kreis- museums Wewelsburg hat Jan Erik Schulte das Wewelsburg-Projekt der SS einer Neubewertung unterzogen. Dabei konzentrierte er sich auf das Treffen einiger SS- Gruppenführer in Wewelsburg im unmittelbaren Vorfeld des Überfalls auf die Sow- jetunion im Juni 1941, um davon ausgehend die Einschätzung zu entwickeln, die Wewelsburg sei »als weltanschauliches, mythisches Zentrum vorgesehen [gewesen], das zur Selbstvergewisserung Himmlers und seiner Führungsclique dienen sollte. Politische Weichenstellungen sollten hier ideologisch überhöht werden.«6 Im Lichte von drei Jahrzehnten intensivierter Forschung zur SS verband Schulte die angenommene beabsichtigte Funktion der Wewelsburg sehr viel deutlicher als Hüser mit der Gesamtentwicklung der SS, ohne jedoch dabei deren Einordnung als ein ge- nuin ideologisches Projekt in Frage zu stellen. Statt wie Hüser eine religiös-rituelle Überhöhung der SS-Ideologie anzunehmen, kam Schulte zu dem Schluss, dass es Himmler in der Wewelsburg um die ritualisierte ideologische Überhöhung der Ver- nichtungspolitik der SS durch deren wichtigste Exekutoren gegangen sei. Bei seiner Erläuterung der »ideologisch-mythischen Bedeutung« der Wewelsburg für den Reichsführer-SS griff Schulte auf dieselben Versatzstücke zurück, die schon Hüser herangezogen hatte: Himmlers Sichtweise auf das westfälisch-lippische Umland des Schlosses als vermeintliches sächsisches Kerngebiet Germaniens und damit der »arisch- nordischen Rasse«, den angeblichen Einfluss, den Himmlers weltanschaulicher Bera- ter Karl Maria Wiligut auf die Auswahl der Wewelsburg vor allem mit seinem behaup- teten Hinweis auf die Verortung der Sage von der »Schlacht am Birkenbaum« in Westfalen gehabt habe, Himmlers Aussagen zur künftigen Gestaltung des Gemein- schaftslebens der SS-Gruppenführer in der Wewelsburg, die er in der zweiten Hälfte der 1930er Jahre zumeist anlässlich von Gruppenführertagungen getätigt hatte und schließlich die begonnene Einrichtung einer sogenannten Gruft im Keller des Nord- turms der Wewelsburg, die vermutlich dem Totengedenken der SS dienen sollte. Interessanterweise enthalten sowohl Hüsers als auch Schultes Interpretationen Anknüpfungspunkte für eine Analyse der Funktion der Wewelsburg, die den Blick von dem weitschweifigen und nur in Umrissen zu beschreibenden Begriff der Ideo- logie weg auf einen konkreteren hierarchie- und machtpolitischen Aspekt lenken: So schrieb Hüser, »offenkundig sollte eine Aufgabe der Wewelsburg darin bestehen, 5 Hüser: Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945, S. 28, 71 und 119. 6 Schulte: Himmlers Wewelsburg und der Rassekrieg, S. 20. Vom 11. bis 15. Juni 1941 kamen in der Wewelsburg etwa ein Dutzend hochrangiger SS-Führer zusammen, darunter einige der wichtigsten Vorbereiter und Vollstrecker der bevorstehenden Mordaktionen der SS in Osteuropa..
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