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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Analytical Framework UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Analytical Framework to Evaluate Emission Control Systems for Marine Engines A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical and Environmental Engineering by Varalakshmi Jayaram December 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. David R. Cocker III, Chairperson Dr. J. Wayne Miller Dr. Joseph Norbeck Copyright by Varalakshmi Jayaram 2010 The Dissertation of Varalakshmi Jayaram is approved: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California Riverside Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my advisors Dr. David Cocker and Dr. Wayne Miller for providing me with the opportunity, knowledge and resources to become a PhD, for giving me the independence to plan and manage entire projects and for pushing me beyond my comfort zone to broaden my perspective and develop an extensive skill set. Next I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Norbeck for his valuable comments during my qualifying exam and for being a part of my final thesis committee. Also Dr. Heejung Jung for sharing his insight on my work and overseeing the progress of the transfer line study. A special thanks to William A Welch for being there on every field expedition, providing an on-hands training in the field and showing me the importance of being positive and staying calm under tremendous pressure. I shall always be grateful to Kathy Cocker, Kent Johnson, Charles Bufalino, Mr. Kurt Bumiller, Don Pacocha and Joe Valdez, for accepting me as a part of the CE-CERT family, entertaining even my craziest ideas and providing me with the means and methods of making each project happen. To all the graduate and undergraduate students (Harshit Agrawal, Ajay Chowdry, Abhilash Nigam, M Yusuf Khan, Poornima Dixit, Karel Johnson, Cristina Hall, Mary Sheppy, Antony Turgman, James Gutierrez, David iv Torres, Charles Wardle, Sindhuja Ranganathan) who trained me or whom I trained, thank you all for providing me with the analytical and technical support. A special thanks to California Air Resources Board for providing the financial support without which none of this research could have happened. Finally I would like to thank my family and friends: my parents for taking turns staying with me during the most demanding periods of my program; my dear son, Krishna for being patient when I worked long hours and filling me with joy even in the dullest moments, Kavita Kothakonda and her beautiful daughters Vaishnavi and Vaibhavi for entertaining Krishna while I wrote several parts of this dissertation and my best friends Harshit Agrawal, Rajwant Bedi, Sindhuja Ranganathan and Bill Welch for talking me through the bad times and celebrating the good ones with me. The text of Chapter 3 of this dissertation, in part or in full, is a reprint of the material as it appears in the Journal of Air Waste Management Association Volume 60, December 2010, DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.60.12.1. v I dedicate this work to my parents Gomathy and Jayaram Rangan for providing me with the courage, support and encouragement to become a strong independent individual capable of supporting my son. Thank you Amma and Appa, you made this dissertation happen. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Analytical Framework to Evaluate Emission Control Systems for Marine Engines by Varalakshmi Jayaram Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California, Riverside, December 2010 Dr. David R. Cocker III, Chairperson Emissions from marine diesel engines are mainly uncontrolled and affect regional air quality and health of people living near ports. Many emission control strategies are evolving to reduce these emissions and their impacts. This dissertation characterizes the effectiveness of new technologies for reducing NOx and PM2.5 emissions from a range of marine diesel engines. Researchers, regulators and policy makers require these characterizations to develop emission inventories and suitable mitigation strategies. Three NOx control technologies were analyzed: injection timing retard, water in fuel emulsion, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Each significantly reduced NOx emissions. The SCR, however, increased PM2.5 emissions by 150-380% indicating a need for technology modification before implementation. Additionally, two fuel control strategies for PM2.5 based on cleaner burning fuels were evaluated: the effects of vii switching from high-sulfur heavy fuel oil to lower-sulfur marine distillate oil and switching from diesel to biodiesel blends were tested. Results showed significant PM2.5 reductions with minimal change in NOx; however, the biodiesel fuel increased formation of nucleation mode particles. In-use emission benefits of a diesel-electric hybrid tug were characterized. Activity data showed that the average load factors of tug boat engines were up to 83% lower than that specified in the certification cycles typically used for developing emission inventories. Reductions of 73% for PM2.5, 51% for NOx and 27% for CO2 were seen in comparison to a similar conventional tug. The majority of these reductions were attributed to the hybrid tug’s energy management system, which directs use of auxiliary power for propulsion. Additional in-use harbor-craft measurements showed significant ocean current effects with a three to six fold increase gaseous and PM2.5 emissions. Overall this research showed that 1) new control technologies should be evaluated in the pilot stage to ensure that they do not increase emissions, 2) use of certification cycle load factors can significantly overestimate emissions from marine applications, and 3) actual in-use measurements are needed for accurate localized inventories. Finally, a new activity and emissions based protocol was developed to establish emission benefits of a multi- powered diesel-electric hybrid system. viii Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Emissions from Marine Diesel Engines ............................................................... 1 1.1.1 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) ............................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Oxides of Sulfate (SOx) ................................................................................ 2 1.1.3 Particulate Matter (PM) ................................................................................ 3 1.1.4 Carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbons ........................................................... 3 1.1.5 Carbon dioxide .............................................................................................. 3 1.2 Control Technologies ........................................................................................... 4 1.3 Outline of Dissertation ......................................................................................... 6 2 Effect of Adding Water to Fuel on Emissions from a Large Marine Engine .............. 8 2.1 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Experimental Methods ....................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Test Engine ................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2 Test Fuels .................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Test Cycle ................................................................................................... 12 2.3.4 Sampling and Analysis ............................................................................... 13 2.3.5 Calculating Exhaust Flow Rates ................................................................. 16 2.3.6 Calculating Emission Factors ..................................................................... 16 2.4 Results and Discussions ..................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Gaseous Emissions...................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Total and Speciated PM2.5 Mass Emissions ................................................ 20 2.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 23 3 Effectiveness of Emission Control Technologies for Auxiliary Engines on Ocean Going-Vessels ........................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................. 24 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 25 3.3 Experimental Details .......................................................................................... 27 ix 3.3.1 Engine and Fuel Specifications ................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Test Cycle ................................................................................................... 29 3.3.3 Emission Measurements ............................................................................
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