DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Physical and Chemical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Physical and Chemical UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Physical and Chemical Characterization of Particulate and Gas Phase Emissions From Biomass Burning A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering by Seyedehsan Hosseini December 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Heejung Jung, Chairperson Dr. David Cocker Dr. Marko Princevac Dr. David Weise Copyright by Seyedehsan Hosseini 2012 The Dissertation of Seyedehsan Hosseini is approved: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements Although only my name is on the cover of this dissertation, I could have never finished this thesis and explored the hidden angles of my research without help of many people. My deepest gratitude is to my advisors Dr. Heejung Jung, Dr. David Cocker, and Dr. Wayne Miller for giving me the freedom to explore on my own and guidance to correct my mistakes, teaching me to have confidence to manage projects, question thoughts and express ideas. Their recommendations and instructions have enabled me to assemble and finish the dissertation effectively; I cannot thank them enough. Next, I would like to thank Dr. David Weise and Dr. Marko Princevac for being a part of my final thesis committee. Dr. Weise gave me tremendous insight into the statistical analysis of data. Dr. Princevac accompanied me during a few of my major field experiments without his help, I could have faced major problem. My special thanks go to William A. Welch for sharing his field experience with me, providing me hands-on training, and being with me in every single field test that I had. I will always be grateful to Kathy Cocker, Kurt Bumiller, and Charles Bufalino for accepting me as a member of CECERT family and their help with the test-preparation of laboratory and field experiments. I would also like to thank graduate and undergraduate students (Maryam Hajbabaei, Varalakshmi Jayaram, Poornima Dixit, Li Qi, Ping Tang, Xiaochen Tang, Ajay Chowdry, Harshit Agrawal, M Yusuf Khan, Nicholas Gysel, Daniel Short, Michael Giordano, Shunsuke Nakao, James Gutierrez, and Charles Wardle) for their technical and analytical support. iv A special thanks to the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) for providing the financial support without which none of this research could have happened. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends here and back home for their moral and emotional support I needed to complete my dissertation. Thanks Mom, Dad, Elham, Mehrnoosh, Mehran, and Maryam… The text of Chapter 3 of this dissertation, in part or in full, is a reprint of the material as it appears in the Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Volume 10, August 2010, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8065-2010 v Dedication I dedicate this work to my parents Masoomeh Irandoost and Jalil Hosseini for their endless love, encouragement, and support all through my life. You taught me perseverance, strength and commitment… vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Physical and Chemical Characterization of Particulate and Gas Phase Emissions From Biomass Burning by Seyedehsan Hosseini Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering University of California, Riverside, December 2012 Dr. Heejung Jung, Chairperson Biomass burning is a dynamic combustion process during which large concentrations of particles and trace gases are released into the atmosphere. Trace gases emitted by fires include significant amounts of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. This work surveys 18 different vegetation types of southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) U.S. commonly present in prescribed burns. The work provides key factors for prediction of Particulate Matter (PM) and gas phase emissions, and serves as a basis for atmospheric models used for land management. It was found that EC/TC ratio is the best surrogate for prediction of hydrocarbon emissions, performing better than the commonly used Modified Combustion Efficiency (MCE). The emissions factors were observed to decrease exponentially with elemental carbon to total carbon ratio (EC/TC ratio) used as an indirect measure of fire intensity. No regional/vegetation type dependency was observed for hydrocarbon emissions; the emissions tend to change with MCE and fire intensity. PM emission factors were found to correlate with EC/TC ratio or MCE. Metals, anion, and cation emissions were affected most directly by fuel composition. vii Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. References ................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter Two: Effect of low-density polyethylene on smoke emissions from debris pile burning ................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.1. Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 18 2.3. Experimental Techniques and Procedure ........................................................................... 20 2.3.1. Experimental design and fuel description ................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Sampling Media and Instrumentation.......................................................................... 22 2.3.3. Off-line Analytical Methods .......................................................................................... 23 2.4. Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1. Fire and Smoke Characteristics..................................................................................... 25 2.4.2. Fuel Composition Analysis ........................................................................................... 25 2.4.3. Emission Factors ............................................................................................................ 26 2.5. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................... 33 2.6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 34 2.7. References ............................................................................................................................... 35 viii Chapter Three: Particle Size Distributions from Laboratory-Scale Biomass Fires Using Fast Response Instruments ....................................................................................................................... 61 3.1. Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 61 3.2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 62 3.3. Experimental ........................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.1. Combustion Lab Facility ............................................................................................... 65 3.3.2. Particle Measurement System ....................................................................................... 65 3.3.3. Gas Measurement System ............................................................................................. 68 3.3.4. Experimental Fires ......................................................................................................... 69 3.4. Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 71 3.4.1. Particle size distribution from 7 to 520 nm measured by FMPS ............................. 71 3.4.2. Particle size distribution from 0.5 to 20 μm measured by APS ............................... 74 3.4.3. Evolution of particle size distribution (FMPS+APS)................................................ 75 3.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 77 3.6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 78 3.7. References ............................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter Four: Laboratory characterization of PM emissions from combustion of wildland biomass fuels ..................................................................................................................................... 105 4.1. Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 105 4.2. Introduction .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 'Marie Antoinette Factor' in the Diana Murder Coverup
    Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 26, Number 28, July 16, 1999 The ‘Marie Antoinette factor’ in the Diana murder coverup by Jeffrey Steinberg On July 2, 1999, a Paris appeals court rejected a petition of East India Company allies and assets—including the Duke from Mohamed Al Fayed, to compel Judge Herve´ Stephan to of Orle´ans, Lord George Gordon (of the famous London expand his investigation into the Aug. 31, 1997 fatal car crash “Gordon Riots” of 1779), Marat, Danton, and other leading that claimed the lives of Princess Diana, Dodi Fayed, and Jacobins—the France of the Marquis de Lafayette was their chauffeur, Henri Paul. For nearly two years, Judge Ste- brought down in a frenzy of self-cannibalism and violence, phan has been investigating the causes of the fatal car crash. leading to the dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte. Now, with some important allegations emerging, that could France was saved from post-Napoleon dismemberment link officials of the British intelligence services and members by the military-defense actions of France’s Maj.-Gen. Lazare of the British royal family to the wrongful deaths, the judge Carnot; but the exile of Carnot, by Britain’s Duke of Welling- has decided to shut down his probe, without questioning three ton, prevented Carnot from being appointed, with support of possibly key witnesses, or attempting to access classified U.S. the Prussian military, as President of France. Wellington’s government documents that could shed further light on the puppet, the Restoration monarchy, was appointed instead of events in Paris two years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Sro.Sussex.Ac.Uk
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details ‘Campaigning in poetry, governing in prose?’ The development of Conservative Party immigration policy in government and in opposition since 1945 Rebecca Partos Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics University of Sussex September 2016 2 Statement I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: 3 University of Sussex Rebecca Partos Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics ‘Campaigning in poetry, governing in prose?’ The development of Conservative Party immigration policy in government and in opposition since 1945 Summary This thesis seeks to explain the development of the British Conservative Party’s immigration policy from 1945 to 2015. It draws on Gamble’s contrasting of the ‘politics of power’ versus the ‘politics of support’ to consider the extent to which Conservative immigration policy is influenced by periods in government and periods in opposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Report from Copenhagen * Denmark: 11 Shot by Police * France
    Statewatch bulletin Vol 3 no 3 May-June 1993 IN THIS ISSUE: * Report from Copenhagen * Denmark: 11 shot by police * France: police kill four * PTA ruling * Economic League disbanded * Feature: Matrix-Churchill and public immunity interest IMMIGRATION right led by Jacques Chirac. In 1988 a government commission put forward the modified nationality proposals and Pasqua got them France: new immigration laws through the Senate in 1990. On 11 May 1993 the French national assembly began debating Government's racism changes to French nationality law, part of a wide-ranging package Pasqua's Immigration Minister, Jean-Claude Barreau, an ex-- of proposals on nationality and immigration put forward by Socialist Party member, has written virulent pamphlets on the threat France's new Interior Minister Charles Pasqua to, `stop illegal to French nationhood posed by the immigration of Muslims. He immigration and the spread of Islamic fundamentalism'. The claims that the statistics on immigrants in France grossly understate Gaullist-RPR veteran, architect in 1986 of a notorious law on the numbers of those in the country, because those who `prefer not immediate expulsions which did away with judicial control and led to declare their presence disappear from the statistics', and that they to mass deportations, lost no time in bringing the proposals to the hide, too, the `link between immigration and unemployment'. The assembly, having announced them just three weeks before, anti-immigrant project receives the wholehearted support of the immediately on taking office under the new right-wing right-wing press, which gleefully reiterates ministerial complaints administration. of the laxity of the Socialists' immigration policies, and their The package of assaults on immigrants' rights includes the statements that 80% of expulsion orders are not implemented and restoration to the police of widely abused powers to stop, search that one-third of drug cases involve immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Light Shines in the Darkness… John 1:5 OHLC Staff Home Phone
    The light shines in the darkness… John 1:5 OHLC Staff Home Phone Pastor: Jeffrey Spencer 360-320-4041 Pastor of Care Ministries Marc Stroud 360-632-4243 Preschool Director: Sara Harbaugh 360-941-1484 Volume 67, Issue 2 February 2020 Youth & Family Ministry Beth Stephens 619-729-3031 OAK HARBOR LUTHERAN CHURCH a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Parish Secretary: 1253 NW 2nd Avenue 360-679-1561 Rekann Brannon 360-969-0775 Oak Harbor, WA 98277 [email protected] Newsletter Editor: www.oakharborlutheran.org Martha Ellis 360-678-2264 Custodian: Salvador Carvallo 360-675-3957 IN THIS ISSUE: Church Phone 360-679-1561 Live like you were dying, pg. 2 Galatians study continues, pg. 3 Click on these links for the February newsletter inserts: Valentine’s Day Parents; Night Out! The ELCA’s monthly Prayer Ventures: pg. 3 http://www.elca.org/en/Resources/Prayer-Ventures Welcome, new members! The Northwest Washington Synod’s insert, The Spirit: pg. 4 https://faithconnector.s3.amazonaws.com/lutheransnw/files/publications/spirit/februa Lent begins in late February, ry_2020.pdf pg. 5 Focusing on Watoto, pg. 7 OHLC’s website: www.oakharborlutheran.org Update from Camp Lutherwood, This issue was snail -mailed January 29, 2020 pg. 8 1 month which give us an opportunity to be reminded of our own mortality. The first is our Pastor’s Page: Live Like You Were Dying annual will seminar with attorney For it was you who formed my inward parts; you knit me together in my Brock Stiles. Mr. Stiles is a member at mother’s womb…I come to the end—I am still with you.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservatives and Europe, 1997–2001 the Conservatives and Europe, 1997–2001
    8 Philip Lynch The Conservatives and Europe, 1997–2001 The Conservatives and Europe, 1997–2001 Philip Lynch As Conservatives reflected on the 1997 general election, they could agree that the issue of Britain’s relationship with the European Union (EU) was a significant factor in their defeat. But they disagreed over how and why ‘Europe’ had contributed to the party’s demise. Euro-sceptics blamed John Major’s European policy. For Euro-sceptics, Major had accepted develop- ments in the European Union that ran counter to the Thatcherite defence of the nation state and promotion of the free market by signing the Maastricht Treaty. This opened a schism in the Conservative Party that Major exacer- bated by paying insufficient attention to the growth of Euro-sceptic sentiment. Membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) prolonged recession and undermined the party’s reputation for economic competence. Finally, Euro-sceptics argued that Major’s unwillingness to rule out British entry into the single currency for at least the next Parliament left the party unable to capitalise on the Euro-scepticism that prevailed in the electorate. Pro-Europeans and Major loyalists saw things differently. They believed that Major had acted in the national interest at Maastricht by signing a Treaty that allowed Britain to influence the development of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) without being bound to join it. Pro-Europeans noted that Thatcher had agreed to an equivalent, if not greater, loss of sovereignty by signing the Single European Act. They believed that much of the party could and should have united around Major’s ‘wait and see’ policy on EMU entry.
    [Show full text]
  • Holders of Ministerial Office in the Conservative Governments 1979-1997
    Holders of Ministerial Office in the Conservative Governments 1979-1997 Parliamentary Information List Standard Note: SN/PC/04657 Last updated: 11 March 2008 Author: Department of Information Services All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this data. Nevertheless the complexity of Ministerial appointments, changes in the machinery of government and the very large number of Ministerial changes between 1979 and 1997 mean that there may be some omissions from this list. Where an individual was a Minister at the time of the May 1997 general election the end of his/her term of office has been given as 2 May. Finally, where possible the exact dates of service have been given although when this information was unavailable only the month is given. The Parliamentary Information List series covers various topics relating to Parliament; they include Bills, Committees, Constitution, Debates, Divisions, The House of Commons, Parliament and procedure. Also available: Research papers – impartial briefings on major bills and other topics of public and parliamentary concern, available as printed documents and on the Intranet and Internet. Standard notes – a selection of less formal briefings, often produced in response to frequently asked questions, are accessible via the Internet. Guides to Parliament – The House of Commons Information Office answers enquiries on the work, history and membership of the House of Commons. It also produces a range of publications about the House which are available for free in hard copy on request Education web site – a web site for children and schools with information and activities about Parliament. Any comments or corrections to the lists would be gratefully received and should be sent to: Parliamentary Information Lists Editor, Parliament & Constitution Centre, House of Commons, London SW1A OAA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle Over Britain
    The Battle over Britain Philip Dodd Open access. Some rights reserved. As the publisher of this work, Demos has an open access policy which enables anyone to access our content electronically without charge. We want to encourage the circulation of our work as widely as possible without affecting the ownership of the copyright, which remains with the copyright holder. Users are welcome to download, save, perform or distribute this work electronically or in any other format, including in foreign language translation without written permission subject to the conditions set out in the Demos open access licence which you can read here. Please read and consider the full licence. The following are some of the conditions imposed by the licence: • Demos and the author(s) are credited; • The Demos website address (www.demos.co.uk) is published together with a copy of this policy statement in a prominent position; • The text is not altered and is used in full (the use of extracts under existing fair usage rights is not affected by this condition); • The work is not resold; • A copy of the work or link to its use online is sent to the address below for our archive. By downloading publications, you are confirming that you have read and accepted the terms of the Demos open access licence. Copyright Department Demos Elizabeth House 39 York Road London SE1 7NQ United Kingdom [email protected] You are welcome to ask for permission to use this work for purposes other than those covered by the Demos open access licence. Demos gratefully acknowledges the work of Lawrence Lessig and Creative Commons which inspired our approach to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 14-12382 Doc 1 Filed 10/20/14 Page 1 of 3
    Case 14-12382 Doc 1 Filed 10/20/14 Page 1 of 3 ni in~r,.:.,~ ~......, ivnnnz~ United States Bankruptcy Court VOIUilt~ry PetltlOri District of Delaware Name of Debtor (if individual, enter Last, First, Middle): Name of Joint Debtor (Spouse)(Last, Pirst, Middle): Ultura (LA) Inc. All Other Names used Uy the Debtor in the last 8 years All Other Names used by the Joint Debtor in the last 8 years (include married, maiden, and trade names): (include married, maiden, and trade names): FDBA Rochem Membrane Systems, Inc. Last four digits of Soc. Sec. or Individual-Taxpayer I.D. (ITIN)/Complete EIN Last four digits of Soc. Sec. or Individual-Taxpayer I.D. (ITIN) No./Complete FIN (if more than one, state all) (if more than one, stake all) 26-3049624 Street Address of Debtor (No. and Street, City, and State): Street Address of Joint Debtor (No. and Street, City, and State): 3605 Long Beach Bivd. Suite 201 Long Beach, CA ZIP Code ZIP Code 90807 County of Residence or of the Principal Place of Business: County of Residence or of the Principal Placa of Business: Los Angeles Mailing Address of Debtor (if different from street address): Mailing Address of Joint Debtor (if different from street address): ZIP Code ZIP Code Location of Principal Assets of Business Debtor (if different from street address above): Type of Debtor Nature of Business Chapter of Bankruptcy Code Under Which (Form of Organization) (Check one box) (Check one box) the Petition is Tiled (Check one box) ❑ Individual (includes Joint Debtors) ❑Health Care Business 7 See Exhibit D ors page 2 of rhi.rform.
    [Show full text]
  • The Position of the British Government Towards Harmonisation Of
    The Position of the British Government towards Harmonisation of European Immigration Policy Kunihiro Wakamatsu Policy Paper No.23 Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations July 1997 University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL Author Kunihiro Wakamatsu is a PhD student in the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick. He obtained his BLA and MA from the University of Tokyo, Japan. Currently he is doing research on the British government’s policy making on immigration and has published two journal articles on this subject. Acknowledgement The author is grateful to Professor Zig Layton-Henry and Dr Daniele Joly, both at the University of Warwick, for their helpful comments in the preparation of this paper. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Framework of analysis 2 3 European regimes relating to immigration policy 5 4 The position of the British government 15 5 Conclusions 24 Bibliography 28 1 Introduction This paper examines the position of the British government towards European integration as demonstrated by its immigration policy. The term immigration policy embraces all policies relating to the movement of people across national borders. In this paper, emphasis is put on the position of the British government towards concrete European arrangements (‘regimes’), and the preferences underlying this position. European integration, which is promoted mainly by the European Union (EU), has affected national immigration policies in significant ways. In order to harmonise national policies, various international arrangements have been created, the most important being the Schengen Group and the EU itself. The co-existence of these two arrangements is relatively recent and followed the implementation of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in November 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Council of the European Union : 1993
    General Secretariat of the Council GUIDE TO THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 1993 General Secretariat of the Council GUIDE TO THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 1993 Notice to the reader This publication is produced by the General Secretariat of the Council. For any information and/or amendment please contact: Mr BUCCARELLA General Secretariat of the Council Rue de la Loi 170 B-1048 BRUSSELS Tel. 02/234 65 89 Fax 02/234 83 75 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994 ISBN 92-824-1091-9 © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1994 Printed in Italy Contents Page Council of the European Union 7 Presidency of the Council 9 Conference of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States 11 List of Representatives of the Governments of the Member States who regularly take part in Council meetings 13 Belgium 15 Denmark 16 Germany 18 Greece 21 Spain 24 France 25 Ireland 27 Italy 30 Luxembourg 34 Netherlands 35 Portugal 37 United Kingdom 39 Permanent Representatives Committee 45 Coreper II 46 Coreper I 48 Article 113 Committee 51 Special Committee on Agriculture 51 Standing Committee on Employment 51 Budget Committee 51 Scientific and Technical Research Committee (CREST) 52 Education Committee 52 3 Page Committee on Cultural Affairs 52 Select Committee on Cooperation Agreements between Member States and Third Countries 53 Energy Committee 53 Standing Committee on Uranium Enrichment (Copenur) 54 Working parties 54 Permanent Representations
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Control? Aspects of the Executive-Parliamentary Relationship
    RESEARCH PAPER 00/92 Shifting control? Aspects of 12 DECEMBER 2000 the executive-parliamentary relationship The key constitutional question of the relationship between the UK Parliament and the UK Government has come to the fore in recent months, sparked, in large measure by the Commons’ Liaison Committee’s two reports, Shifting the balance: select committees and the executive and Independence or control? The continuing programme of Commons modernisation has also fed this debate, especially recent innovations on programming of legislation and deferred divisions. This Research Paper seeks to examine, in broad terms, some major aspects of this issue, by addressing some key themes, examining the current debate, and noting other models of executive-parliamentary relations. It also looks briefly at prerogative power in the context of the debate. Other relevant Research Papers on modernisation, select committees and on constitutional reform generally are cited in the text. Barry K Winetrobe PARLIAMENT & CONSTITUTION CENTRE HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY Recent Library Research Papers include: 00/77 Unemployment by Constituency, August 2000 13.09.00 00/78 The Danish Referendum on Economic and Monetary Union 29.09.00 00/79 The Insolvency Bill [HL] [Bill 173 of 1999-2000] 17.10.00 00/80 Unemployment by Constituency – September 2000 18.10.00 00/81 Employment and Training Programmes for the Unemployed 19.10.00 00/82 Concessionary television licences 26.10.00 00/83 IGC: from Feira to Biarritz 27.10.00 00/84 Common European Security and Defence Policy: A
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Dispossessed', The'never-Possessed' and The
    The ‘Dispossessed’, and the ‘Bastards’ the ‘Never-Possessed’ ‘Dispossessed’, The the‘Never-Possessed’ The ‘Dispossessed’, and the‘Bastards’ Debunking Major’s Myths of the Eurosceptics the‘Never-Possessed’ Euroscepticism within the Conservative Party has been growing steadily since the Maastricth Rebellion of 1993. And yet the lessons of those turbulent months have yet to be learned properly. This book sets out clearly the reasons why some MPs rebelled and the‘Bastards’ and others did not - and points the way to the future. Debunking Major’s Myths of the Eurosceptics Between 1992 and 1993 the Maastricht Rebellion tore apart John Major’s Conservative Government. An ever-shifting group of Eurosceptic rebels consumed hours of Parliamentary time, derailed legislation and brought the government to the brink of collapse. Major denounced the rebels as the ‘Dispossessed’, the ‘Never-Possessed’ and the ‘Bastards’. This paper rebuts the myths about the Maastricht rebels. Luke Stanley Debunking Major’s Myths of the Eurosceptics Myths of Debunking Major’s With Prime Minister Cameron’s proposed renegotiation and referendum on EU The Bruges Group membership set to take place in 2017 recognising the factors affecting MPs’ willingness to defy the party line is vital. Should Cameron secure re-election at the head of a minority or slim-majority government, the ensuing Europe debate within the Conservative Party is likely to be even more divisive than Maastricht. Understanding MPs’ behaviour on Europe will allow the pro-withdrawal faction to assess the optimum methods of convincing MPs to side with them, as well as how to counter the Europhile faction’s attempts to poach their followers.
    [Show full text]