DOCSLIB.ORG

Report on Impact of the Tribal Sub-Plan Implementation In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report on Impact of the Tribal Sub-Plan Implementation In Report on Impact of the Tribal Sub-Plan Implementation in Improving the Socio-Economic Condition of the Tribal People with Special Focus on Reduction of Poverty Level covering the States of Assam and Tamil Nadu Submitted to The Planning Commission New Delhi Institute of Social Sciences 8 Nelson Mandela Road New Delhi - 110 070 December 2003 1 Impact of the Tribal Sub-Plan Implementation in Improving the Socio-Economic Condition of the Tribal People with Special Focus on Reduction of Poverty Level covering the States of Assam and Tamil Nadu Submitted to The Planning Commission New Delhi Project Director Dr. P.S.K. Menon ISS Research Team Prof. Bakshi D. Sinha Ms. Archana Ghosh Ms. E.K. Santha Ms. Usha Gopinath Institute of Social Sciences 8 Nelson Mandela Road New Delhi – 110 070 Tel: 26121902, 26895370 Fax: 91-11-26137027 e-mail: [email protected] www.issin.org 2 The sub-Plan must attempt, in broad terms, answers to the main issues facing the tribal communities in these areas. It is at this level that a basic policy frame will have to be evolved which could be at variance from the general approach in the sectoral programmes. In many cases it may be necessary to look at the problem unfettered by the existing formal, procedures or legal frame. The final course may be defined only after fully examining the impact of all the factors on the tribal life. The State must bring up these issues, where necessary, to the Union Government level so that they can be considered at the highest level before anything is allowed to stand in the way of fast development of these people. …….Planning Commission 3 CONTENTS FOREWORD i PREFACE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 6 Profile of the Scheduled Tribes and the Tribal Areas CHAPTER 3 15 Planning for Tribal Development CHAPTER 4 33 The Survey CHAPTER 5 84 Conclusions and Recommendations CASE STUDY 90 EPILOGUE 99 REFERENCES 103 ANNEXURES 104 SCHEDULES 124 4 FOREWORD It is universally accepted that despite considerable overt attention, the tribal areas and the tribal people in our country lag woefully behind others in development and the tribals continue to be I among the weakest and the most exploited section of the society. Before and after Independence, particularly in the context of special provisions in the Constitution for the protection and promotion of the interests of the Scheduled Tribes, various plans and programmes were designed to promote their development. One wonders whether tribal development sector was not a laboratory to experiment with different formulae as panacea for their ills. From the strategy of Backward Classes Sector till the beginning of fifth plan relying on flow of benefits from general sectors of development with area specific approach like Special Multipurpose Tribal (SMPT) and Tribal Development (TD) Blocks has now reached the tribal sub plan approach. Since the Fifth Five Year Plan the emphasis has been on predetermined quantification of funds in identified areas of tribal concentration called ITDP and assured budgetary and accounting mechanism to avoid diversion and lapse of funds. The subject matter of this study report is in relation to assessment of tribal sub plan approach with focus on reduction of poverty levels covering the States Assam and Tamil Nadu. Our efforts in analyzing the secondary data and the results of the field survey do not present a very happy scenario. In fact, in size and intensity there has not been any appreciable reduction in poverty levels. One wonders whether it is not a fact that even after some twenty million years of life upon this planet, a substantial part of the humanity is still as Hobbes once described it as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”. Look at the condition of some people in parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia in particular the marginalized groups like Scheduled Tribes in our own country. They just subsist, impoverished due to severe erosion of livelihood resources base – land, water, forest - with delayed and inadequate government assistance. It is in this context that decentralized Panchayati Raj system assumes importance whether it be Scheduled or non-Scheduled Areas. Participatory decentralized democracy hold promise, it can work and yield results but interference from vested interests must stop. With separate administrative arrangements at the Centre and in the States for pursuing tribal development with special dispensation under PESA 1996, it is to be hoped that the pace of development in tribal areas, would increase manifold bringing substantial benefits. The Institute would like to place on record its appreciation to the project team headed by Dr. PSK Menon. We are grateful to the Planning Commission for giving us an opportunity to study in depth the plan strategy towards a deserving group. We trust that this report would be useful in strengthening tribal development programmes to ensure realization of envisaged objectives. GEORGE MATHEW DECEMBER 2003 DIRECTOR 5 PREFACE ribal development has been based on a two dimensional approach, (a) promotion of developmental Tprogrammes through planned efforts and (b) protection of the interests of the Scheduled Tribes through constitutional, legal and administrative support. Positive discrimination has been a deliberate strategy to enable the neglected groups to develop. Notwithstanding fifty years of continuous attention to tribal problems, exploitation of tribals forms a leit motif in the tribal canvas of today. In this connection the observations of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in their third report (1994-96) is relevant. It was stated that “When our national leaders and Constitution makers were occupied with the thoughts of making the new born India a better place to live in, of securing economic and social justice for the various people subjected to centuries of exploitation, of removing poverty, illiteracy, squalor, hunger and disease, they were very clear that all this is impossible without ensuring special treatment for the deprived. However, it is clear that all the gains of development have not reached the intended class and have been usurped by the better off in many cases. Each and every act of development that the Commission has reviewed for judging the condition of SCs/STs shows that their position today in rural India and urban slums has not improved substantially even after fifty years”. “ ……The very will to give priority to the upliftment of SCs/STs in the National Agenda is missing. The approach and methodology adopted by these public bodies does not match the urgency with which these issues need to be tackled:…….” The exploitation has to end; it has to be the first and the foremost concern of all those responsible for tribal development. The tribal sub-plan strategy held hopes for integrated development of tribal areas. However, three decades of its implementation has not brought about any perceptible change in the life of the majority of tribal people. We have traversed long distance without any significant gains. The tribes themselves had no access to planning and implementation for their development. The bureaucracy, with some direction from its political masters, decided what was good for the tribes. Also, the concern and anxiety of the knowledgeable well intentioned NGOs and activists were not given due consideration. Left wing extremism was allowed to prevail in some tribal areas. The statistical and cultural data base for planning has been and continues to be weak. Even where available, recourse/resort is not taken to such resources while planning. Projects and proposals and schemes formulation were weak. 6 All these were to change for good with the strategy of Tribal Sub-Plan concept from the beginning of the Fifth Five Year Plan. Unfortunately, this has not happened. Tribal sub-plan mechanism involving area specific development and special schemes for numerically small and economically and socially more marginalized vulnerable groups, has not made much headway. In particular, the state perception for planning was deficient both in micro and macro planning. Further, it is alleged that the implementation of TSP has been mostly with untrained, inefficient, insensitive and often untrustworthy hands. In general, the implementation of the policy of affirmative action has often been mindless and therefore sterile. Immediately after the tribal sub plan strategy was initiated, the Planning Commission sent to the States and Union Ministry/Departments comprehensive guidelines on the preparation of TSP. But these were not followed fully and the exercise that was undertaken was more of a nature of financial allocation without relevance to the field conditions. This ultimately resulted in an unsatisfactory implementation of plans and programmes for the tribal people. The study in Assam and Tamil Nadu supports these views. One cannot afford to be pessimistic though past experience offers no other choice. To change things we have to change the implementation mechanism lock, stock and barrel. Conceptually, TSP approach is sound and can be relied upon. PESA 1996 offers a route to prosperity, but again faithful implementation is a sine qua non. Let us hope that the tribals will have better days ahead under government patronage but through self rule within the ambit of Panchayati Raj. This study sponsored by the Planning Commission has enabled us to examine in depth the problems in implementing TSP particularly in reducing poverty levels of Scheduled Tribes and for which we are grateful to them. PSK MENON DECEMBER 2003 PROJECT DIRECTOR 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT he Institute of Social Sciences expresses its deep sense of gratitude to all those individuals and T institutions for extending their help and cooperation in completing this study satisfactorily. It would be difficult and also unfair to single out persons and institutions for special mention but it would be less than fair not to mention the advice and guidance provided by the officers of the Planning Commission, particularly the Adviser and officers of the Backward Classes Division and those from the Socio-Economic Research Unit.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antrocom Journal of Anthropology ANTROCOM Journal Homepage
    Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology vol. 16. n. 1 (2020) 125-132 – ISSN 1973 – 2880 Antrocom Journal of Anthropology ANTROCOM journal homepage: http://www.antrocom.net Literacy Trends and Differences of Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal:A Community Level Analysis Sarnali Dutta1 and Samiran Bisai2 1Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor. Department of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India. Corresponding author: [email protected] keywords abstract Census data, India, Literacy, The present paper is based entirely on secondary sources of information, mainly drawn Tribal, West Bengal from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses of India and West Bengal. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the present literacy trends of the ethnic communities of West Bengal, and comparing the data over a decade (2001 – 2011). The difference between male and female has also been focused. The fact remains that a large number of tribal women might have missed educational opportunities at different stages and in order to empower them varieties of skill training programmes have to be designed and organised. Implementation of systematic processes like Information Education Communication (IEC) should be done to educate communities. Introduction The term, tribe, comes from the word ‘tribus’ which in Latin is used to identify a group of persons forming a community and claiming descent from a common ancestor (Fried, 1975). Literacy is an important indicator of development among ethnic communities. According to Census, literacy is defined to be the ability to read and write a simple sentence in one’s own language understanding it; it is in this context that education has to be viewed from a modern perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes in India
    SIXTH SEMESTER (HONS) PAPER: DSE3T/ UNIT-I TRIBES IN INDIA Brief History: The tribal population is found in almost all parts of the world. India is one of the two largest concentrations of tribal population. The tribal community constitutes an important part of Indian social structure. Tribes are earliest communities as they are the first settlers. The tribal are said to be the original inhabitants of this land. These groups are still in primitive stage and often referred to as Primitive or Adavasis, Aborigines or Girijans and so on. The tribal population in India, according to 2011 census is 8.6%. At present India has the second largest population in the world next to Africa. Our most of the tribal population is concentrated in the eastern (West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand) and central (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Andhra Pradesh) tribal belt. Among the major tribes, the population of Bhil is about six million followed by the Gond (about 5 million), the Santal (about 4 million), and the Oraon (about 2 million). Tribals are called variously in different countries. For instance, in the United States of America, they are known as ‘Red Indians’, in Australia as ‘Aborigines’, in the European countries as ‘Gypsys’ , in the African and Asian countries as ‘Tribals’. The term ‘tribes’ in the Indian context today are referred as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. These communities are regarded as the earliest among the present inhabitants of India. And it is considered that they have survived here with their unchanging ways of life for centuries. Many of the tribals are still in a primitive stage and far from the impact of modern civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Religion of Lower Assam of North East India
    TRIBAL RELIGION OF LOWER ASSAM OF NORTH EAST INDIA 1HEMANTA KUMAR KALITA, 2BHANU BEZBORA KALITA 1Associate Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, Goalpara College, 2Associate Professor, Dept of Assamese, Goalpara College E-mail: [email protected] Abstract - Religion is very sensitive issue and naturally concerned with the sentiment. It is a matter of faith and made neither through logical explanation nor scientific verification. That Religion from its original point of view was emerged as the basic needs and tools of livelihood. Hence it was the creation of human being feeling wonderful happenings bosom of nature at the early stage of origin of religion. It is not exaggeration that tribal people are the primitive bearer of religious belief. However religion for them was not academically explored rather it was regarded as the matter of reverence and submission. If we regard religion from the original point of view the religion then is not discussed under the caprice of ill design.. To think about God, usually provides no scientific value as it is not a matter of verification and material pleasant. Although to think about God or pray to God is also not worthless. Pessimistic and atheistic ideology though not harmful to human society yet the reverence and faith towards God also minimize the inter religious hazards and conflict. It may help to strengthen spirituality and communicability with others. Spiritualism renders a social responsibility in true sense which helps to understand others from inner order of heart. We attempt to discuss some tribal religious festivals along with its special characteristics. Tribal religion though apart from the general characteristic feature it ushers natural gesture and caries tolerance among them.
    [Show full text]
  • Meat Based Ethnic Foods of Rabha Tribe in Goalpara
    CIBTech Journal of Zoology ISSN: 2319–3883 (Online) Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/cjz.htm 2020 Vol.9, pp.100-106/Das et al. Research Article (Open Access) MEAT BASED ETHNIC FOODS OF RABHA TRIBE IN GOALPARA DISTRICT OF ASSAM *Utpala Das1, Pranabi Rabha2 and Jugabrat Das2 1Department of Assamese, Goalpara Girls’ College, Goalpara, Assam 2Department of Zoology, Goalpara College, Goalpara, Assam *Author for correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT A study was carried out from January, 2019 to December, 2019 in five remote villages densely populated by Rabha tribe in Goalpara district of Assam. The main objective was to documents the methods of preparation, key ingredients and significance of various meat based ethnic foods of this tribe. A total of 11 ethnic foods are described in this paper with elaborate description on their methods of preparation. All the foods are prepared with various ingredients including herbs like lemon leaf (Citrus limon), wild coriander (Eryngium foetidum), bay leaf (Cinnamomum tamala), curry leaf (Murraya koenigii), roselle leaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa) etc. The main ingredients of the described foods are meat of some animals like fish (Rasbora sp., Puntius sp., Labeo sp. etc.), crab (Sartoriana sp.), snail (Viviparus viviparus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). It is the need of hour to promote the ethnic foods of this tribe (Rabha) for their commercial production, which will create employment opportunity particularly for the local youth of this tribe. Keywords: Ethnic food, Rabha tribe, Meat, Goalpara district, Assam INTRODUCTION Cultural diversity of ethnic foods is the fruit of human wisdom, struggling with the various environments including sentiment in the long history (Chun, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • A Curriculum to Prepare Pastors for Tribal Ministry in India
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertation Projects DMin Graduate Research 2007 A Curriculum To Prepare Pastors for Tribal Ministry in India Calvin N. Joshua Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin Part of the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Joshua, Calvin N., "A Curriculum To Prepare Pastors for Tribal Ministry in India" (2007). Dissertation Projects DMin. 612. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin/612 This Project Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertation Projects DMin by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT A CURRICULUM TO PREPARE PASTORS FOR TRIBAL MINISTRY IN INDIA by Calvin N. Joshua Adviser: Bruce L. Bauer ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: A CURRICULUM TO PREPARE PASTORS FOR TRIBAL MINISTRY IN INDIA Name of researcher: Calvin N. Joshua Name and degree of faculty adviser: Bruce L. Bauer, DMiss. Date Completed: September 2007 Problem The dissertation project establishes the existence of nearly one hundred million tribal people who are forgotten but continue to live in human isolation from the main stream of Indian society. They have their own culture and history. How can the Adventist Church make a difference in reaching them? There is a need for trained pastors in tribal ministry who are culture sensitive and knowledgeable in missiological perspectives. Method Through historical, cultural, religious, and political analysis, tribal peoples and their challenges are identified.
    [Show full text]
  • A Probe Into the Socio-Economic and Cultural Transformation of the Forest Dwellers Rabha Community of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, in the 21St Century
    IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 25, Issue 7, Series 15 (July. 2020) 19-25 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org A probe into the Socio-Economic and Cultural Transformation of the Forest Dwellers Rabha Community of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, in the 21st Century Kamal Sarkar Assistant Professor Department of Geography Kurseong College, Kurseong, Darjeeling Abstract: Rabha’ or ‘Rava’s are indigenous tribal group of dooars of West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya state. They are also well known for their primitive and unique cultural heritage and livelihood practice like other tribal groups such as Toto, Mech, Bodo, Garo, and Bhutias of north Bengal. Rabhas are the second biggest forest village dwellers tribal community after Oraon in jalpaiguri district. A smaller part of Rabha people can speak, write and read two or more languages but traditional Rabha language are used among inter- community conversation. After the formation of new district Alipurduar, in Jalpaiguri the Ravas dwell only in four forest villages namely in Gosaiarhat forest village, Khuklung Basti, Mela Basti and Mogalkata forest village. They have an unrivaled socio-cultural characteristics and traditions. Some socio-cultural as well as economic transformations have been found among the forest dwellers Rabha communities. Maximum numbers of older generation follow and maintain their tradition, cultural heritage and various rituals strongly. Whereas majority of younger generation are influenced by Bengali culture and globalised fashion trends but in social festival or in community programme they feel comfortable to use their own language, dresses, ornaments and other traditions Key Word: Tribal groups; Forest dwellers Rabha; Socio-Economic transformations; Forest village.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India
    A book in the series Radical Perspectives a radical history review book series Series editors: Daniel J. Walkowitz, New York University Barbara Weinstein, New York University History, as radical historians have long observed, cannot be severed from authorial subjectivity, indeed from politics. Political concerns animate the questions we ask, the subjects on which we write. For over thirty years the Radical History Review has led in nurturing and advancing politically engaged historical research. Radical Perspec- tives seeks to further the journal’s mission: any author wishing to be in the series makes a self-conscious decision to associate her or his work with a radical perspective. To be sure, many of us are currently struggling with the issue of what it means to be a radical historian in the early twenty-first century, and this series is intended to provide some signposts for what we would judge to be radical history. It will o√er innovative ways of telling stories from multiple perspectives; comparative, transnational, and global histories that transcend con- ventional boundaries of region and nation; works that elaborate on the implications of the postcolonial move to ‘‘provincialize Eu- rope’’; studies of the public in and of the past, including those that consider the commodification of the past; histories that explore the intersection of identities such as gender, race, class and sexuality with an eye to their political implications and complications. Above all, this book series seeks to create an important intellectual space and discursive community to explore the very issue of what con- stitutes radical history. Within this context, some of the books pub- lished in the series may privilege alternative and oppositional politi- cal cultures, but all will be concerned with the way power is con- stituted, contested, used, and abused.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (Mar. 2016), PP 01-16 www.iosrjournals.org Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure Dr. Jyoti Dwivedi Department of Environmental Biology A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.) 486001India Abstract: In early India, people handcrafted jewellery out of natural materials found in abundance all over the country. Seeds, feathers, leaves, berries, fruits, flowers, animal bones, claws and teeth; everything from nature was affectionately gathered and artistically transformed into fine body jewellery. Even today such jewellery is used by the different tribal societies in India. It appears that both men and women of that time wore jewellery made of gold, silver, copper, ivory and precious and semi-precious stones.Jewelry made by India's tribes is attractive in its rustic and earthy way. Using materials available in the local area, it is crafted with the help of primitive tools. The appeal of tribal jewelry lies in its chunky, unrefined appearance. Tribal Jewelry is made by indigenous tribal artisans using local materials to create objects of adornment that contain significant cultural meaning for the wearer. Keywords: Tribal ornaments, Tribal culture, Tribal population , Adornment, Amulets, Practical and Functional uses. I. Introduction Tribal Jewelry is primarily intended to be worn as a form of beautiful adornment also acknowledged as a repository for wealth since antiquity. The tribal people are a heritage to the Indian land. Each tribe has kept its unique style of jewelry intact even now. The original format of jewelry design has been preserved by ethnic tribal.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Download
    Culture survival for the indigenous communities with reference to North Bengal, Rajbanshi people and Koch Bihar under the British East India Company rule (1757-1857) Culture survival for the indigenous communities (With Special Reference to the Sub-Himalayan Folk People of North Bengal including the Rajbanshis) Ashok Das Gupta, Anthropology, University of North Bengal, India Short Abstract: This paper will focus on the aspect of culture survival of the local/indigenous/folk/marginalized peoples in this era of global market economy. Long Abstract: Common people are often considered as pre-state primitive groups believing only in self- reliance, autonomy, transnationality, migration and ancient trade routes. They seldom form their ancient urbanism, own civilization and Great Traditions. Or they may remain stable on their simple life with fulfillment of psychobiological needs. They are often considered as serious threat to the state instead and ignored by the mainstream. They also believe on identities, race and ethnicity, aboriginality, city state, nation state, microstate and republican confederacies. They could bear both hidden and open perspectives. They say that they are the aboriginals. States were in compromise with big trade houses to counter these outsiders, isolate them, condemn them, assimilate them and integrate them. Bringing them from pre-state to pro-state is actually a huge task and you have do deal with their production system, social system and mental construct as well. And till then these people love their ethnic identities and are in favour of their cultural survival that provide them a virtual safeguard and never allow them to forget about nature- human-supernature relationship: in one phrase the way of living.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019-2020
    Indian Council of Social Science Research North-Eastern Regional Centre Forty-Third Annual Report ICSSR-NERC 2019-2020 Printed at : Modern Off set, Wahthapbroo, Shillong - 2, Meghalaya, : 0364-2243437, E-mail : modernoff [email protected] ii Annual Report - 2019-2020 CONTENTS Chapter Page No. Foreword .................................................................................................................................................. v Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1-2 1. Seminars, Workshops, Conferences ................................................................................... 3 - 98 1.1 Seminars sponsored by the NERC ........................................................................................ 3 1.2 Seminars organized by the NERC ...................................................................................... 97 2. Services Rendered to Scholars ..........................................................................................98-102 2.1 Study Grant ..............................................................................................................................98 2.2 Contingency Grant for Doctoral Scholars ........................................................................99 2.3 Research Projects ................................................................................................................. 101 3. Lectures ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Term to Designate The
    Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction term to designate the divisions in society. The present popular meaning in English language was acquired during the expansion of colonialism particularly in Asia and Africa. Tribe has been defined as a group of indigenous people having common name, language and territory tied by strong kinship bonds, practising endogamy, having distinct customs, rituals and believs etc. D. N. Ma lection of families or group of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have d and mentioned in successive presidential orders are called Scheduled Tribes. Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". Article 342 says that the President may, with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a state, after consultation with the Governor there of by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall, for the purposes of this constitution, is deemed to be scheduled tribes in relation to that state or Union Territory, as the case may be. As these communities are presumed to constitute the oldest ethnological society of the Adivasi adi vasi commonly used to designate them (Mann, 1996). The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/Union Territory specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.
    [Show full text]
  • Antrocom Journal of Anthropology ANTROCOM Journal Homepage
    Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology vol. 15. n. 2 (2019) 133-140 – ISSN 1973 – 2880 Antrocom Journal of Anthropology ANTROCOM journal homepage: http://www.antrocom.net Unity and Social Solidarity in a Tribal Village of Dooars Abhishek Kumar Assistant Professor (c), University Dept. of Anthropology, Ranchi University, Ranchi (Jharkhand, India), e-mail [email protected] keywords abstract Unity, Social Solidarity, Following Rudra Datt Singh’a work at Senapur (U.P.), this paper studies the Kodal Basti Tribal village, Dooars. village on the basis of Prof. Sing’s methodology. Kodal Basti is a tribal village in the Dooars region where the 100% ethnic population is tribal. Here live only the Oraon and Rabha communities, which belong respectively to the Proto-Australoid and Mongoloid stocks. The village economy is totally dependent on the forest, paddy cultivation and nut farming. In this article, based on field work where data were collected with the help of Observation, Interview, Schedule, FGD, and Case Study, their social, economical, political and religious unity are discussed in detail. Introduction Unity is a state of internal consistency and lack of persistent conflicts, which cannot be regulated. It is the sense of solidarity arising out of sharing common values such as cultural activities, language, religion etc. Societies are based upon the feeling of similarity by which people identify with one another. It can be either a physical similarity, emotional similarity or a similarity of a culture in a group like clothes, views, likes-dislikes. We can see a village as the smallest and best example of unity and social solidarity.
    [Show full text]